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The stretching and breaking processes of stilbene-based molecular junctions, which contain S or N atoms in the terminal groups, are studied by using density functional theory. The numerical results show that for pyramid-shaped gold electrodes, a stretching force of about 0.59 nN is needed to break the molecular junction with —S terminals, which is larger than the force of 0.25 nN that is required by the molecule to stretch —SH terminals away from pyramid-shaped gold electrode. However, it is obviously smaller than the force of about 1.5 nN that is needed by the molecule to break —S terminals from planar-shaped gold electrode. If the terminal group is —NH2 or —NO2, the force for breaking the molecular junction is about 0.45 nN or 0.33 nN, respectively. More delocalized molecular orbitals formed by the coupling between the frontier occupied orbitals of molecule and electrodes, higher stretching force for breaking molecular junction is required. The natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis shows that more NBO net charges that the terminal atom possesses can enhance the stability of the molecule-electrode contact if there is no bonding orbital formed between end group of molecule and electrode. Based on the numerical results and the combination with previous studies, it can be found that —S terminal and —NH2 terminal show evident properties in distinguishing tip structures of gold electrodes, which provides useful information for precisely controlling the interactions and interface structures between molecule and electrodes.
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Keywords:
- single-molecule device /
- molecular junction stretching /
- molecular junction breaking /
- natural bond orbital /
- interface distinguishing
[1] Xu B, Tao N J 2003 Science 301 1221Google Scholar
[2] Schneider N L, Johansson P, Berndt R 2013 Phys. Rev. B 87 045409Google Scholar
[3] Rubio G, Agraït N, Vieira S 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 2302Google Scholar
[4] Frei M, Aradhya S V, Koentopp M, Hybertsen M S, Venkataraman L 2011 Nano Lett. 11 1518Google Scholar
[5] Reed M A, Zhou C, Muller C J, Burgin T P, Tour J M 1997 Science 278 252Google Scholar
[6] Zhao Z K, Liu R, Mayer D, Coppola M, Sun L, Kim Y S, Wang C K, Ni L F, Chen X, Wang M N, Li Z L, Lee T, Xiang D 2018 Small 14 1703815Google Scholar
[7] Liu R, Bi J J, Xie Z, Yin K K, Wang D Y, Zhang G P, Xiang D, Wang C K, Li Z L 2018 Phys. Rev. Applied 9 054023Google Scholar
[8] Brandbyge M, Mozos J L, Ordejón P, Taylor J, Stokbro K 2002 Phys. Rev. B 65 165401Google Scholar
[9] Li Z L, Zou B, Wang C K 2006 Phys. Rev. B 73 075326Google Scholar
[10] Kang L S, Zhang Y H, Xu X L, Tang X 2017 Phys. Rev. B 96 235417Google Scholar
[11] Miao Y Y, Qiu S, Zhang G P, Ren J F, Wang C K, Hu G C 2018 Phys. Rev. B 98 235415Google Scholar
[12] 闫瑞, 吴泽文, 谢稳泽, 李丹, 王音 2018 物理学报 67 097301Google Scholar
Yan R, Wu Z W, Xie W Z, Li D, Wang Y 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 097301Google Scholar
[13] Ji W F, Li Z L, Shen L, Kong D X, Zhang H Y 2007 J. Phys. Chem. B 111 485Google Scholar
[14] Chen L J, Feng A, Wang M N, Liu J Y, Hong W J, Guo X F, Xiang D 2018 Sci. China Chem. 61 1368Google Scholar
[15] Yi X H, Liu R, Bi J J, Jiao Y, Wang C K, Li Z L 2016 Chin. Phys. B 25 128503Google Scholar
[16] Xie F, Fan Z Q, Chen K Q, Zhang X J, Long M Q 2017 Org. Electron. 50 198Google Scholar
[17] Li Z L, Sun F, Bi J J, Liu R, Suo Y Q, Fu H Y, Zhang G P, Song Y Z, Wang D Y, Wang C K 2019 Physica E 106 270Google Scholar
[18] Jia C C, Migliore A, Xin N, Huang S Y, Wang J Y, Yang Q, Wang S P, Chen H L, Wang D M, Feng B Y, Liu Z R, Zhang G Y, Qu D H, Tian H, Ratner M A, Xu H Q, Nitzan A, Guo X F 2016 Science 352 1443Google Scholar
[19] Fan Z Q, Sun W Y, Jiang X W, Zhang Z H, Deng X Q, Tang G P, Xie H Q, Long M Q 2017 Carbon 113 18Google Scholar
[20] Zhang Y P, Chen L C, Zhang Z Q, Cao J J, Tang C, Liu J Y, Duan L L, Huo Y, Shao X F, Hong W J, Zhang H L 2018 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140 6531Google Scholar
[21] Meng L N, Xin N, Hu C, Wang J Y, Gui B, Shi J J, Wang C, Shen C, Zhang G Y, Guo H, Meng S, Guo X F 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 1450Google Scholar
[22] Zhang G P, Mu Y Q, Zhao J M, Huang H, Hu G C, Li Z L, Wang C K 2019 Physica E 109 1Google Scholar
[23] Aviram A, Ratner M A 1974 Chem. Phys. Lett. 29 277Google Scholar
[24] Fan Z Q, Chen K Q 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 96 053509Google Scholar
[25] Hu G C, Zhang Z, Li Y, Ren J F, Wang C K 2016 Chin. Phys. B 25 057308Google Scholar
[26] Li D D, Wu D, Zhang X J, Zeng B W, Li M J, Duan H M, Yang B C, Long M Q 2018 Phys. Lett. A 382 1401Google Scholar
[27] Wei M Z, Wang Z Q, Fu X X, Hu G C, Li Z L, Wang C K, Zhang G P 2018 Physica E 103 397Google Scholar
[28] 俎凤霞, 张盼盼, 熊伦, 殷勇, 刘敏敏, 高国营 2017 物理学报 66 098501Google Scholar
Zu F X, Zhang P P, Xiong L, Yin Y, Liu M M, Gao G Y 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 098501Google Scholar
[29] Guo C L, Wang K, Zerah-Harush E, Hamill J, Wang B, Dubi Y, Xu B Q 2016 Nat. Chem. 8 484Google Scholar
[30] Hu G C, Zhang Z, Zhang G P, Ren J F, Wang C K 2016 Org. Electron. 37 485Google Scholar
[31] 崔焱, 夏蔡娟, 苏耀恒, 张博群, 陈爱民, 杨爱云, 张婷婷, 刘洋 2018 物理学报 67 118501Google Scholar
Cui Y, Xia C J, Su Y H, Zhang B Q, Chen A M, Yang A Y, Zhang T T, Liu Y 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 118501Google Scholar
[32] An Y P, Zhang M J, Wu D P, Wang T X, Jiao Z Y, Xia C X, Fu Z M, Wang K 2016 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18 27976Google Scholar
[33] Fu H Y, Sun F, Liu R, Suo Y Q, Bi J J, Wang C K, Li Z L 2019 Phys. Lett. A 383 867Google Scholar
[34] Zeng J, Xie F, Chen K Q 2016 Carbon 98 607Google Scholar
[35] Yu C J, Miao Y Y, Qiu S, Cui Y J, He G M, Zhang G P, Wang C K, Hu G C 2018 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 51 345302Google Scholar
[36] Wang M, Li X T, Li Y, Zuo X, Li D M, Cui B, Liu D S 2018 Org. Electron. 58 63Google Scholar
[37] Zhao W K, Zou D Q, Sun Z P, Xu Y Q, Yu Y J, Yang C L 2018 Chem. Electro. Chem. 5 1
[38] Zuo X, Han L, Li H M, Li X T, Zhao J F, Cui B, Liu D S 2019 Phys. Lett. A 383 640Google Scholar
[39] Qiu S, Miao Y Y, Zhang G P, Ren J F, Wang C K, Hu G C 2019 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 479 247Google Scholar
[40] Wang Z Q, Li Y F, Niu X, Wei M Z, Dong M M, Hu G C, Li Z L, Wang D Y, Wang C K, Zhang G P 2019 Org. Electron. 64 7Google Scholar
[41] Song H W, Kim Y S, Jang Y H, Jeong H J, Reed M A, Lee T 2009 Nature 462 1039Google Scholar
[42] Jiang J, Kula M, Lu W, Luo Y 2005 Nano Lett. 5 1551Google Scholar
[43] Xiang D, Jeong H, Kim D K, Lee T, Cheng Y J, Wang Q L, Mayer D 2013 Nano Lett. 13 2809Google Scholar
[44] Li Z L, Fu X X, Zhang G P, Wang C K 2013 Chin. J. Chem. Phys. 26 185Google Scholar
[45] Guo C Y, Chen X, Ding S Y, Mayer D, Wang Q L, Zhao Z K, Ni L F, Liu H T, Lee T, Xu B Q, Xiang D 2018 ACS Nano 12 11229Google Scholar
[46] Motta S D, Donato E D, Negri F, Orlandi G, Fazzi D, Castiglioni C 2009 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 6591Google Scholar
[47] Wang Q L, Liu R, Xiang D, Sun M Y, Zhao Z K, Sun L, Mei T T, Wu P F, Liu H T, Guo X F, Li Z L, Lee T 2016 ACS Nano 10 9695Google Scholar
[48] Jiang Z L, Wang H, Wang Y F, Sanvito S F, Hou S M 2017 J. Phys. Chem. C 121 27344Google Scholar
[49] Liu R, Wang C K, Li Z L 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 21946Google Scholar
[50] Li Z H, Smeu M, Afsari S, Xing Y J, Ratner M A, Borguet E 2014 Angew. Chem. 126 1116Google Scholar
[51] Zou D Q, Zhao W K, Cui B, Li D M, Liu D S 2018 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 20 2048Google Scholar
[52] Xu B Q, Xiao X Y, Yang X M, Zang L, Tao N J 2005 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 2386Google Scholar
[53] Li X T, Li H M, Zuo X, Kang L, Li D M, Cui B, Liu D S 2018 J. Phys. Chem. C 122 21763Google Scholar
[54] Li Z L, Bi J J, Liu R, Yi X H, Fu H Y, Sun F, Wei M Z, Wang C K 2017 Chin. Phys. B 26 098508Google Scholar
[55] 樊帅伟, 王日高 2018 物理学报 67 213101Google Scholar
Fan S W, Wang R G 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 213101Google Scholar
[56] Batra A, Darancet P, Chen Q, Meisner J S, Widawsky J R, Neaton J B, Nuckolls C, Venkataraman L 2013 Nano Lett. 13 6233Google Scholar
[57] Bao D L, Liu R, Leng J C, Zuo X, Jiao Y, Li Z L, Wang C K 2014 Phys. Lett. A 378 1290Google Scholar
[58] Li Z L, Zhang G P, Wang C K 2011 J. Phys. Chem. C 115 15586Google Scholar
[59] Xu B Q, Li X L, Xiao X Y, Sakaguchi H, Tao N J 2005 Nano Lett. 5 1491Google Scholar
[60] Chen I W P, Tseng W H, Gu M W, Su L C, Hsu C H, Chang W H, Chen C H 2013 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52 2449Google Scholar
[61] Frei M, Aradhya S V, Hybertsen M S, Venkataraman L 2012 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 4003Google Scholar
[62] 刘然, 包德亮, 焦扬, 万令文, 李宗良, 王传奎 2014 物理学报 63 068501Google Scholar
Liu R, Bao D L, Jiao Y, Wan L W, Li Z L, Wang C K 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 068501Google Scholar
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表 1 M-S, M-SH, M-NH2和M-NO2体系分子与电极间的结合能、末端原子与电极间的成键轨道数、末端原子的孤对电子数以及末端原子的NBO净电荷数
Table 1. Binding energies between the molecules and the electrodes, the numbers of bonding orbitals between the terminal atoms and the electrodes, the numbers of lone electrons on the terminal atoms and the NBO net charges on the terminal atoms for M-S, M-SH, M-NH2 and M-NO2 molecular junctions.
体系 M-S M-SH M-NH2 M-NO2 结合能E/eV 0.505 0.229 0.277 0.186 成键轨道数 1 0 0 0 孤对电子数 2 2 1 3 NBO净电荷 S (–0.056) S (0.020) N (–0.910) O (–0.412) -
[1] Xu B, Tao N J 2003 Science 301 1221Google Scholar
[2] Schneider N L, Johansson P, Berndt R 2013 Phys. Rev. B 87 045409Google Scholar
[3] Rubio G, Agraït N, Vieira S 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 2302Google Scholar
[4] Frei M, Aradhya S V, Koentopp M, Hybertsen M S, Venkataraman L 2011 Nano Lett. 11 1518Google Scholar
[5] Reed M A, Zhou C, Muller C J, Burgin T P, Tour J M 1997 Science 278 252Google Scholar
[6] Zhao Z K, Liu R, Mayer D, Coppola M, Sun L, Kim Y S, Wang C K, Ni L F, Chen X, Wang M N, Li Z L, Lee T, Xiang D 2018 Small 14 1703815Google Scholar
[7] Liu R, Bi J J, Xie Z, Yin K K, Wang D Y, Zhang G P, Xiang D, Wang C K, Li Z L 2018 Phys. Rev. Applied 9 054023Google Scholar
[8] Brandbyge M, Mozos J L, Ordejón P, Taylor J, Stokbro K 2002 Phys. Rev. B 65 165401Google Scholar
[9] Li Z L, Zou B, Wang C K 2006 Phys. Rev. B 73 075326Google Scholar
[10] Kang L S, Zhang Y H, Xu X L, Tang X 2017 Phys. Rev. B 96 235417Google Scholar
[11] Miao Y Y, Qiu S, Zhang G P, Ren J F, Wang C K, Hu G C 2018 Phys. Rev. B 98 235415Google Scholar
[12] 闫瑞, 吴泽文, 谢稳泽, 李丹, 王音 2018 物理学报 67 097301Google Scholar
Yan R, Wu Z W, Xie W Z, Li D, Wang Y 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 097301Google Scholar
[13] Ji W F, Li Z L, Shen L, Kong D X, Zhang H Y 2007 J. Phys. Chem. B 111 485Google Scholar
[14] Chen L J, Feng A, Wang M N, Liu J Y, Hong W J, Guo X F, Xiang D 2018 Sci. China Chem. 61 1368Google Scholar
[15] Yi X H, Liu R, Bi J J, Jiao Y, Wang C K, Li Z L 2016 Chin. Phys. B 25 128503Google Scholar
[16] Xie F, Fan Z Q, Chen K Q, Zhang X J, Long M Q 2017 Org. Electron. 50 198Google Scholar
[17] Li Z L, Sun F, Bi J J, Liu R, Suo Y Q, Fu H Y, Zhang G P, Song Y Z, Wang D Y, Wang C K 2019 Physica E 106 270Google Scholar
[18] Jia C C, Migliore A, Xin N, Huang S Y, Wang J Y, Yang Q, Wang S P, Chen H L, Wang D M, Feng B Y, Liu Z R, Zhang G Y, Qu D H, Tian H, Ratner M A, Xu H Q, Nitzan A, Guo X F 2016 Science 352 1443Google Scholar
[19] Fan Z Q, Sun W Y, Jiang X W, Zhang Z H, Deng X Q, Tang G P, Xie H Q, Long M Q 2017 Carbon 113 18Google Scholar
[20] Zhang Y P, Chen L C, Zhang Z Q, Cao J J, Tang C, Liu J Y, Duan L L, Huo Y, Shao X F, Hong W J, Zhang H L 2018 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140 6531Google Scholar
[21] Meng L N, Xin N, Hu C, Wang J Y, Gui B, Shi J J, Wang C, Shen C, Zhang G Y, Guo H, Meng S, Guo X F 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 1450Google Scholar
[22] Zhang G P, Mu Y Q, Zhao J M, Huang H, Hu G C, Li Z L, Wang C K 2019 Physica E 109 1Google Scholar
[23] Aviram A, Ratner M A 1974 Chem. Phys. Lett. 29 277Google Scholar
[24] Fan Z Q, Chen K Q 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 96 053509Google Scholar
[25] Hu G C, Zhang Z, Li Y, Ren J F, Wang C K 2016 Chin. Phys. B 25 057308Google Scholar
[26] Li D D, Wu D, Zhang X J, Zeng B W, Li M J, Duan H M, Yang B C, Long M Q 2018 Phys. Lett. A 382 1401Google Scholar
[27] Wei M Z, Wang Z Q, Fu X X, Hu G C, Li Z L, Wang C K, Zhang G P 2018 Physica E 103 397Google Scholar
[28] 俎凤霞, 张盼盼, 熊伦, 殷勇, 刘敏敏, 高国营 2017 物理学报 66 098501Google Scholar
Zu F X, Zhang P P, Xiong L, Yin Y, Liu M M, Gao G Y 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 098501Google Scholar
[29] Guo C L, Wang K, Zerah-Harush E, Hamill J, Wang B, Dubi Y, Xu B Q 2016 Nat. Chem. 8 484Google Scholar
[30] Hu G C, Zhang Z, Zhang G P, Ren J F, Wang C K 2016 Org. Electron. 37 485Google Scholar
[31] 崔焱, 夏蔡娟, 苏耀恒, 张博群, 陈爱民, 杨爱云, 张婷婷, 刘洋 2018 物理学报 67 118501Google Scholar
Cui Y, Xia C J, Su Y H, Zhang B Q, Chen A M, Yang A Y, Zhang T T, Liu Y 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 118501Google Scholar
[32] An Y P, Zhang M J, Wu D P, Wang T X, Jiao Z Y, Xia C X, Fu Z M, Wang K 2016 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18 27976Google Scholar
[33] Fu H Y, Sun F, Liu R, Suo Y Q, Bi J J, Wang C K, Li Z L 2019 Phys. Lett. A 383 867Google Scholar
[34] Zeng J, Xie F, Chen K Q 2016 Carbon 98 607Google Scholar
[35] Yu C J, Miao Y Y, Qiu S, Cui Y J, He G M, Zhang G P, Wang C K, Hu G C 2018 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 51 345302Google Scholar
[36] Wang M, Li X T, Li Y, Zuo X, Li D M, Cui B, Liu D S 2018 Org. Electron. 58 63Google Scholar
[37] Zhao W K, Zou D Q, Sun Z P, Xu Y Q, Yu Y J, Yang C L 2018 Chem. Electro. Chem. 5 1
[38] Zuo X, Han L, Li H M, Li X T, Zhao J F, Cui B, Liu D S 2019 Phys. Lett. A 383 640Google Scholar
[39] Qiu S, Miao Y Y, Zhang G P, Ren J F, Wang C K, Hu G C 2019 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 479 247Google Scholar
[40] Wang Z Q, Li Y F, Niu X, Wei M Z, Dong M M, Hu G C, Li Z L, Wang D Y, Wang C K, Zhang G P 2019 Org. Electron. 64 7Google Scholar
[41] Song H W, Kim Y S, Jang Y H, Jeong H J, Reed M A, Lee T 2009 Nature 462 1039Google Scholar
[42] Jiang J, Kula M, Lu W, Luo Y 2005 Nano Lett. 5 1551Google Scholar
[43] Xiang D, Jeong H, Kim D K, Lee T, Cheng Y J, Wang Q L, Mayer D 2013 Nano Lett. 13 2809Google Scholar
[44] Li Z L, Fu X X, Zhang G P, Wang C K 2013 Chin. J. Chem. Phys. 26 185Google Scholar
[45] Guo C Y, Chen X, Ding S Y, Mayer D, Wang Q L, Zhao Z K, Ni L F, Liu H T, Lee T, Xu B Q, Xiang D 2018 ACS Nano 12 11229Google Scholar
[46] Motta S D, Donato E D, Negri F, Orlandi G, Fazzi D, Castiglioni C 2009 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 6591Google Scholar
[47] Wang Q L, Liu R, Xiang D, Sun M Y, Zhao Z K, Sun L, Mei T T, Wu P F, Liu H T, Guo X F, Li Z L, Lee T 2016 ACS Nano 10 9695Google Scholar
[48] Jiang Z L, Wang H, Wang Y F, Sanvito S F, Hou S M 2017 J. Phys. Chem. C 121 27344Google Scholar
[49] Liu R, Wang C K, Li Z L 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 21946Google Scholar
[50] Li Z H, Smeu M, Afsari S, Xing Y J, Ratner M A, Borguet E 2014 Angew. Chem. 126 1116Google Scholar
[51] Zou D Q, Zhao W K, Cui B, Li D M, Liu D S 2018 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 20 2048Google Scholar
[52] Xu B Q, Xiao X Y, Yang X M, Zang L, Tao N J 2005 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 2386Google Scholar
[53] Li X T, Li H M, Zuo X, Kang L, Li D M, Cui B, Liu D S 2018 J. Phys. Chem. C 122 21763Google Scholar
[54] Li Z L, Bi J J, Liu R, Yi X H, Fu H Y, Sun F, Wei M Z, Wang C K 2017 Chin. Phys. B 26 098508Google Scholar
[55] 樊帅伟, 王日高 2018 物理学报 67 213101Google Scholar
Fan S W, Wang R G 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 213101Google Scholar
[56] Batra A, Darancet P, Chen Q, Meisner J S, Widawsky J R, Neaton J B, Nuckolls C, Venkataraman L 2013 Nano Lett. 13 6233Google Scholar
[57] Bao D L, Liu R, Leng J C, Zuo X, Jiao Y, Li Z L, Wang C K 2014 Phys. Lett. A 378 1290Google Scholar
[58] Li Z L, Zhang G P, Wang C K 2011 J. Phys. Chem. C 115 15586Google Scholar
[59] Xu B Q, Li X L, Xiao X Y, Sakaguchi H, Tao N J 2005 Nano Lett. 5 1491Google Scholar
[60] Chen I W P, Tseng W H, Gu M W, Su L C, Hsu C H, Chang W H, Chen C H 2013 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52 2449Google Scholar
[61] Frei M, Aradhya S V, Hybertsen M S, Venkataraman L 2012 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 4003Google Scholar
[62] 刘然, 包德亮, 焦扬, 万令文, 李宗良, 王传奎 2014 物理学报 63 068501Google Scholar
Liu R, Bao D L, Jiao Y, Wan L W, Li Z L, Wang C K 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 068501Google Scholar
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