Near infrared characteristics of air plasma induced by nanosecond laser

Wang Xing-Sheng; Ma Yan-Ming; Gao Xun; Lin Jing-Quan

doi:10.7498/aps.69.20190753

Abstract

The near infrared emission from laser induced air plasma has been investigated in a range of 1100–2400 nm. The infrared spectra of air plasma consist of linear spectral and continuum radiation. Most of the spectral features observed are identified, including atomic lines of O I and N I and molecular bands of N₂. The spectra show trace of blackbody background emission and the plasma temperature is estimated from Planck law. We find that the continuum radiation is mainly origins mainly from the blackbody emission of plasma. There is a limitation of plasma temperature estimation by using Boltzmann method. For example, the local thermodynamic equilibrium must be satisfied, and the trend of change in plasma temperature can be estimated within a few microseconds after the laser shot. In this paper, the plasma temperature in 15 μs after laser irradiation is estimated from the Planck law, and the temperature of air plasma is estimated to be about 3900 K, which can compensate for the shortcomings of Boltzmann method. It is found that the neutral atomic spectra of N and O both may contribute to the radiation of the air plasma at 1128 nm. Then we keep the air pressure in the vacuum chamber at 80 kPa, and change the nitrogen and oxygen content in the chamber. The infrared spectrum data show that the oxygen content in the mixed gas only affect the radiation of 1128 nm wavelength. The binary linear regression analysis shows that oxygen contributes much to the radiation of 1128 nm wavelength. This can be explained by the difference in ionization potential between molecule O₂ and N₂. The infrared radiation intensities of the air plasma at 1128 nm under 20−80 kPa are obtained, and they are compared with the calculated results obtained with the fitting formula. The predicted value is very close to the experimental value and the relative error is negligibly at the pressure of 30−80 kPa. The study of the characteristics of infrared emission from laser induced plasma is of great significance for understanding and using the physical mechanisms of laser-matter interaction.

Keywords:

PACS:

95.85.Jq	(Near infrared (0.75-3 μm))
52.70.Kz	(Optical (ultraviolet, visible, infrared) measurements)

Authors and contacts

School of Science, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China

Corresponding author: Gao Xun, lasercust@163.com ; Lin Jing-Quan, linjingquan@cust.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61575030), the Natural Science Foundation of Jilin, China (Grant No. 20180101283JC), the Department of Education of Jilin, China (Grant No. JJKH20190539KJ), and Funds from Changchun University of Science and Technology, China (Grant No. XJJLG-2017-10)

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1. 引　言

脉冲激光诱导等离子体是一种非常重要的宽谱电磁波辐射源, 辐射范围覆盖真空紫外、紫外、可见、红外、太赫兹甚至到微波波段^[1-6]. 极紫外光刻技术^[7]、激光诱导击穿光谱技术^[8]、白光雷达技术^[9]、太赫兹探测技术^[10]、激光探地雷达技术^[11]以及X射线天文探测技术^[12]都是依赖激光产生等离子体的辐射而发展的相关应用. 这些技术广泛应用于物理、化学、电子信息、生命科学、材料科学、天文学、大气与环境监测、通讯雷达、国家安全与反恐等重要领域. 然而, 现有的理论和实验研究主要集中在等离子体的极紫外、紫外、可见、太赫兹和微波辐射, 激光等离子体的红外辐射的相关实验和理论研究较少, 因此有必要对其特性进行研究.

20世纪30年代, Brackett^[13]和Pfund^[14]研究发现高压放电诱导氢气的等离子体在红外波段存在光谱辐射. 而高压放电诱导氦气、氙气等^[15,16]气体激发产生的等离子体也能产生红外光谱辐射, 并被实验测量. 氮气和氧气作为地球大气的主要成分, 其等离子体的红外辐射特性也引起研究人员的注意. Saum等^[17,18]研究0.5—10 Torr (1 Torr = 1.33322 × 10² Pa)气压条件下放电管中诱导氮气和氧气产生的等离子体在1—5 μm波段的红外光谱. 然而, 以上这些研究都是在真空放电管中进行的, 产生的红外辐射都是放电等离子体辐射的. 而放电等离子体和激光等离子体具有较大的差异^[19], 如放电等离子体的温度相对激光等离子体来说要低很多, 电子密度也小很多. 因此这两种等离子体的辐射特性应该会有较大差异. 美国的Adamson等^[20]发现激光诱导产生的空气等离子体在化学红外波段, 2100—1700 cm^–1(4.76—5.88 μm)具有较强的辐射, 甚至比常用于传统红外吸收谱测量的glow bar (硅碳棒)还要强25倍. 他们认为激光等离子体产生的红外辐射可以作为一种新型红外源用于时间分辨红外吸收谱测量. 而激光等离子体在近红外波段的辐射特性方面的相关研究, 国内外还尚未有相关报道. 所以, 开展激光诱导空气等离子体的近红外辐射特性方面的研究是十分必要的.

本文针对纳秒激光诱导空气等离子体1100—2400 nm范围内的近红外辐射特性进行研究, 研究了脉冲能量对激光空气等离子体红外辐射的影响, 并对1100—2400 nm范围内的红外光谱成分进行指认. 为研究N原子和O原子跃迁辐射对1128 nm的红外光谱强度的贡献大小, 利用二元线性回归分析了氮气和氧气含量变化对1128 nm辐射波长的光谱贡献.

2. 实验装置

纳秒激光诱导空气等离子体近红外辐射特性的实验装置如图1所示. 实验采用重复频率为10 Hz, 脉宽为8 ns, 输出波长为532 nm的Nd:YAG激光器(continuum, Power8000)作为诱导空气等离子体的激光光源, 激光光束直径为10 mm, 激光光束为垂直偏振, 最大输出能量为300 mJ. 实验中经532 nm半波片和格兰棱镜组成的能量衰减系统改变诱导空气等离子体的激光脉冲能量, 采用分光束方法, 用能量计实时测量诱导空气等离子体的激光脉冲能量, 实验中激光能量稳定性为±1.5%. 532 nm激光光束经焦距为30 mm的平凸透镜聚焦击穿真空腔室内的气体产生等离子体. 真空腔中的气压变化由机械泵控制, 利用压阻计测量腔室内气体压强. 空气等离子体的红外辐射经L2和L3两个CaF₂透镜(f = 75 mm)组成的光谱收集系统聚焦在红外光谱仪的狭缝上, 在光谱仪狭缝前放置一个长波通滤光片(Thorlabs, FEL1100, cut-on wavelength 1100 nm)来消除激光散射和等离子体中短波辐射产生的高阶衍射对红外光谱的影响. 实验所用的红外光谱仪为Czerny-Turner型光栅光谱仪(型号为MS5204i, SOL instruments. Ltd), 实验中入射狭缝和出射狭缝宽度为0.2 mm, 光谱分辨率为8 nm. 实验中使用的光栅为300 lines/mm、闪耀波长1500 nm, 在1100—2400 nm光谱范围内光栅效率都大于40%. 空气等离子体红外光谱辐射由一个TEC制冷的PbSe单点探测器(波长响应1000—4500 nm, Electro-Optical Systems Inc.)进行探测. PbSe单点探测器输出的光谱信号经由门积分平均器Boxcar可获得时间分辨的等离子体发射光谱, 实验中Boxcar的采集延时和门宽均固定为15 μs. 为了提高信噪比和光谱数据的稳定性以及减小实验误差, 采集10个脉冲取样平均. 实验中光谱仪采集得到的光谱相对强度最大值为65535, 强度最小可精确到1. 文中给出的光谱相对强度值是考虑FEL1100滤光片的透过率以及探测器的光谱响应度对实验采集到的数据修正后的结果. 实验室内安装空气净化设备, 所用的空气取自实验室的洁净空气.

$图 1 纳秒激光诱导空气等离子体近红外辐射实验装置\r\nFig. 1. Experiment setup for the near infrared emissions from ns laser-induced air plasma.$

图 1 纳秒激光诱导空气等离子体近红外辐射实验装置

Fig. 1. Experiment setup for the near infrared emissions from ns laser-induced air plasma.

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3. 结果与讨论

金属腔室内气体压强为80 kPa, 不同脉冲能量激光诱导空气等离子体的1100—2400 nm范围内红外辐射光谱如图2所示. 由图2可知, 空气等离子体的红外光谱由连续谱和线状谱两部分组成, 随着激光能量的增加, 空气等离子体的红外辐射的连续谱和线状谱强度都随之增强. 一般而言, 激光等离子体的连续辐射光谱主要来源于电子-离子的复合辐射、轫致辐射和等离子体热辐射. 随着激光等离子体的向外快速膨胀, 复合辐射和轫致辐射均会随着等离子体的温度降低快速减弱, 一般只能持续百纳秒到几个微秒的时间^[21,22]. 图2中的空气等离子体红外光谱为激光作用后15 μs获得的, 因此复合辐射和轫致辐射对连续谱的贡献已经很小了, 可以忽略, 因此空气等离子体红外辐射光谱中连续谱主要来源于等离子体的热辐射贡献.

$图 2 不同能量下激光诱导空气等离子体在激光作用15 μs后测到的红外辐射光谱\r\nFig. 2. IR emissions of laser-induced air plasma varied with laser energy after 15 μs delay time.$

图 2 不同能量下激光诱导空气等离子体在激光作用15 μs后测到的红外辐射光谱

Fig. 2. IR emissions of laser-induced air plasma varied with laser energy after 15 μs delay time.

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图3为入射激光能量为300 mJ, 光谱采集延时和门宽均为15 μs, 腔室内气体压强为80 kPa条件下, 激光诱导空气和氮气等离子体的红外辐射光谱. 从图3可看出, 在相同的实验条件下, 纳秒激光诱导的空气与氮气等离子体红外辐射光谱均由线状光谱(原子光谱)和分子光谱带叠加在连续光谱上组成, 且原子光谱和分子光谱的波长位置均相同, 但空气等离子体红外辐射光谱强度整体上均高于氮气等离子体. 空气和氮气的等离子体红外辐射光谱存在如下几点不同: 1)利用普朗克公式 ${M_{b\lambda}} = \dfrac{{8{\text{π}}hc}}{{{\lambda ^5}}}\dfrac{1}{{{{\rm e}^{hc/(\lambda k_{\rm B}T)}} - 1}}$ , 其中 ${M_{b\lambda}}$ 为光谱辐射出射度, T为温度, c为光速, h为普朗克常数, k_B为玻尔兹曼常数. 将实验获得的光谱数据基于普朗克公式进行光谱辐射拟合, 可得到等离子体温度. 基于辐射定律对等离子体温度进行拟合计算得到空气等离子体温度为(3900 ± 20) K, 而氮气等离子体温度为(3600 ± 10) K; 2)比较波长1128 nm处等离子体红外光谱强度, 发现氮气等离子体低于空气等离子体. 结果表明空气等离子体的1128 nm红外辐射由N原子和O原子的共同贡献. 根据NIST原子光谱数据库(National Institute of Standards and Technology Atomic Spectra Database)对图3中的激光诱导空气等离子体红外辐射光谱进行光谱指认, 空气等离子体红外辐射中的分立线谱(如1128, 1246, 1358, 1475, 1558 nm)来源于N和O的原子跃迁产生的, 原子光谱的指认信息如表1所示; 带状光谱来源于氮气的分子振动跃迁产生, 波长为1750 nm和波长2252 nm宽带辐射分别来源于氮分子的振动能级 ${{\rm{B}}^3}{\Pi _{\rm{g}}}\text-$ ${{\rm{A}}^3}{\Sigma _{\rm{u}}}$ 1-4 band^[23]和 ${{\rm{W}}^3}{\Delta _{\rm{u}}}\text-{{\rm{B}}^3}{\Pi _{\rm{g}}}$ 3-0 band^[24]. 由于实验用的红外光谱仪的入射和出射狭缝宽度都为0.2 mm, 远大于原子光谱测量的最优狭缝宽度, 并且光谱仪的分辨率约为8 nm, 因此实验测量得到的单个谱峰内可能包含多个光谱成分. 如波长为1128, 1246, 1358 nm的谱峰就可能包含多个光谱成分. Saum等^[17,18]在放电管中研究氮气和氧气的红外光谱也发现这一现象.

表 1 氮原子和氧原子的红外光谱指认

Table 1. Identification of the observed emission lines of NI and OI

Species	λ/nm	A_ki/s^–1	Lower state		Upper state
Species	λ/nm	A_ki/s^–1	Term symbol	J	Term symbol	J
O I	1128.6317	2.32 × 10⁷	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3p ³P	1	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3d ³D°	2
O I	1128.6406	1.29 × 10⁷	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3p ³P	1	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3d ³D°	1
O I	1128.6914	3.09 × 10⁷	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3p ³P	2	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3d ³D°	3
O I	1128.7029	7.74 × 10⁶	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3p ³P	2	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3d ³D°	2
O I	1128.7318	1.72 × 10⁷	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3p ³P	0	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3d ³D°	1
O I	1129.5103	5.34 × 10⁶	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3p ⁵P	1	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)4s ⁵S°	2
O I	1129.7682	8.90 × 10⁶	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3p ⁵P	2	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)4s ⁵S°	2
O I	1130.2378	1.25 × 10⁷	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3p ⁵P	3	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3d ⁵S°	2
N I	1129.167	1.20 × 10⁷	2s²2p²(³P)3p ⁴D°	7/2	2s²2p²(³P)4s ⁴P	5/2
N I	1131.389	1.00 × 10⁷	2s²2p²(³P)3p ⁴D°	5/2	2s²2p²(³P)4s ⁴P	3/2
N I	1132.318	8.19 × 10⁶	2s²2p²(³P)3p ⁴D°	3/2	2s²2p²(³P)4s ⁴P	1/2
N I	1246.1253	1.82 × 10⁷	2s²2p²(³P)3p ²D°	3/2	2s²2p²(³P)3d ²F	5/2
N I	1246.9615	2.18 × 10⁷	2s²2p²(³P)3p ²D°	5/2	2s²2p²(³P)3d ²F	7/2
N I	1358.1323	5.76 × 10⁶	2s²2p²(³P)3 s ²P	3/2	2s²2p²(³P)3p ²S°	1/2
N I	1358.7710	6.31 × 10⁶	2s²2p²(³P)3p ²D°	5/2	2s²2p²(³P)4s ²P	3/2
N I	1360.227	1.07 × 10⁷	2s²2p²(³P)3p ²P°	1/2	2s²2p²(³P)3d ²D	3/2
N I	1362.418	1.33 × 10⁷	2s²2p²(³P)3p ²P°	3/2	2s²2p²(³P)3d ²D	5/2
N I	1475.7073	1.06 × 10⁶	2s²2p⁴ ⁴P	5/2	2s²2p²(³P)3p ⁴D°	7/2
N I	1558.2287	6.5 × 10⁶	2s²2p²(³P)3p ²P°	3/2	2s²2p²(³P)4s ²P	3/2

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$图 3 80 kPa气压下激光诱导空气和氮气等离子体红外辐射光谱\r\nFig. 3. IR emissions of laser-induced air and N2 plasma under 80 kPa.$

图 3 80 kPa气压下激光诱导空气和氮气等离子体红外辐射光谱

Fig. 3. IR emissions of laser-induced air and N₂ plasma under 80 kPa.

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实验探测的空气等离子体辐射波长为1128 nm的红外光谱可能由N原子和O原子跃迁辐射谱线叠加而成, 因此有必要探讨N原子和O原子跃迁辐射对1128 nm的红外光谱强度的贡献大小进行评估. 我们固定真空腔室内气体总压强为80 kPa, 改变腔室内氧气和氮气的压强 ${P_{{{\rm{O}}_2}}}:{P_{{{\rm{N}}_2}}}$ 分别为16 kPa∶64 kPa, 13.33 kPa∶66.67 kPa, 11.43 kPa∶68.57 kPa, 10 kPa∶70 kPa, 测得不同压强比的氧气和氮气混合气体激光诱导等离子体的红外辐射如图4所示. 从图4可知, 改变腔室内氧气和氮气的气体压强比例, 只有波长1128 nm附近的强度有明显变化.

$图 4 O2和N2气体不同压强比的激光诱导等离子体红外辐射光谱\r\nFig. 4. IR emissions of laser-induced plasma of mixed gas with different pressure.$

图 4 O₂和N₂气体不同压强比的激光诱导等离子体红外辐射光谱

Fig. 4. IR emissions of laser-induced plasma of mixed gas with different pressure.

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基于二元线性回归分析方法, 分析N原子和O原子辐射对1128 nm的红外光谱的贡献. 腔室内气体组分气体压强变量 ${{{ P}}_{{{{\rm O}}_2}}}$ = [16.00, 13.33, 11.43, 10.00], ${{{ P}}_{{{\rm{N}}_2}}}$ = [64.00, 66.67, 68.57, 70.00]来表示. 对于理想气体的混合气体, 由道尔顿定律可知, 组分气体的容积百分数 ${V_{{{\rm{O}}_2}}}/V = {P_{{{\rm{O}}_2}}}/P$ , ${V_{{{\rm{N}}_2}}}/V = {P_{{{\rm{N}}_2}}}/P$ , 金属腔体体积为V = 141 L(真空腔尺寸: 直径为600 mm, 高为500 mm). 腔内氧气和氮气气体组分含量分别为C₁和C₂, 因此

$\begin{aligned} & {C_1} = {\rho _{{{\rm{O}}_2}}} \cdot {V_{{{\rm{O}}_2}}} = \left\{ {{\rm{40}}{\rm{.33,33}}{\rm{.60,28}}{\rm{.801,25}}{\rm{.20}}} \right\},\\ & {C_2} = {\rho _{{{\rm{N}}_2}}} \cdot {V_{{{\rm{N}}_2}}} = \left\{ {{\rm{141}}{\rm{.00,146}}{\rm{.88,151}}{\rm{.07,154}}{\rm{.22}}} \right\}. \end{aligned}$

实验测量1128 nm处的光谱相对强度y = {167300, 153326, 146521, 137718}. 利用二元线性回归法对光谱数据进行拟合结果如图5所示, 得到1128 nm光谱强度与氧气和氮气气体组分含量关系式为y = 2350.8C₁ + 512.70C₂, 相关系数R² = 0.99, R²值接近于1, 说明二元线性回归法用来分析氧气和氮气气体组分含量对1128 nm光谱的贡献是可行的. 由二元线性回归法结果可知, C₁的系数较大, 表明混合气体中O原子辐射对光谱1128 nm的贡献大于N原子辐射.

$图 5 二元线性回归分析结果\r\nFig. 5. The fitting result of binary linear regression analysis.$

图 5 二元线性回归分析结果

Fig. 5. The fitting result of binary linear regression analysis.

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腔室内气体主要由氮气和氧气组成, 在高功率密度的纳秒激光场作用下, 氮气分子和氧气分子发生电离/解离过程^[25]:

$\begin{aligned} & {{\rm{N}}_2} \to {\rm{N}}_2^ + + {\rm{e,}}\;{{\rm{O}}_2} \to {\rm{O}}_2^ + + {\rm{e,}}\\ & {\rm{N}}_2^ + \to {\rm{N}} + {{\rm{N}}^ + },\;{\rm{O}}_2^ + \to {\rm{O}} + {{\rm{O}}^ + }. \end{aligned}$

氮气分子和氧气分子的电离势分别为15.6 eV和12.1 eV. 在相同的激光场作用下, 激光作用区域内的O₂分子将比N₂分子更容易被电离/解离. 因此, 腔室内氧气分子的含量变化对1128 nm光谱辐射强度变化影响较大. 由于腔室内氮气的含量远远大于氧气, 在实验中的激光条件下, 激光电离的氮气含量变化不大, 而且氧原子在其他辐射波长没有贡献, 因此, 红外光谱其他部分随着氮气氧气组分含量改变变化不大. 实验中光谱采集延时为激光作用后15 μs, 因此中心波长1128 nm光谱辐射既有来源于激光作用时电离/解离产生的原子辐射, 也有来源于一价离子和电子的复合( ${{\rm{N}}^ + } + {\rm{e}}$ $\to {\rm{N, }}\;{{\rm{O}}^ + } + {\rm{e}} \to {\rm{O}}$ )产生的原子辐射.

O原子辐射对光谱1128 nm的贡献大于N原子辐射的, 可以从以下几个方面来理解: 首先, 从电离难易程度来看, 氧分子的电离势小于氮分子, 激光作用区域内的O₂分子将比N₂分子更容易被电离/解离; 其次, 从谱线辐射贡献能力的角度来看, 中性氧原子O I在1128 nm附近比中性氮原子N I存在更多的辐射谱线, 且跃迁几率均大于中性氮原子的跃迁几率, 如表1所列.

最后, 对二元线性回归拟合公式的适用性进行验证, 在激光能量为300 mJ、延时和门宽均为15 μs条件下, 分析20—80 kPa压强下激光诱导空气等离子体辐射波长为1128 nm的光谱强度实验值与预测值, 相对误差定义为: |预测值–实验值|/实验值, 数据分析结果如表2所列.

表 2 波长1128 nm红外光谱强度拟合公式预测值与实验值对比

Table 2. Comparison between predicted value and experimental value of the intensity of 1128 nm.

气体	气压/kPa	预测值	实验值	相对误差/%
Air	80	169842	166903	1.76
	70	148612	153136	2.95
	60	127382	140317	9.21
	50	106151	117673	9.79
	40	84921	88516	4.06
	30	63691	56575	12.56
	20	42460	27964	51.80

下载: 导出CSV

| 显示表格

由表2可知, 基于二元线性回归在气压为30—80 kPa范围内能较好的预测空气等离子体辐射在波长1128 nm处光谱强度, 相对误差均小于12.6%. 但在气压为20 kPa时1128 nm光谱强度预测值与实验值存在较大偏差, 相对误差达到51.8%. 这是因为激光在电离氮气和氧气的过程中产生的中间物之间可能发生一系列化学反应^[26], 导致最终产生的氮原子与氧原子与氮气和氧气的贡献能力存在一定偏差.

4. 结　论

开展了波长532 nm纳秒激光诱导大气等离子体红外辐射特性的研究, 空气等离子体的红外辐射光谱由连续谱和线状谱组成. 线谱主要来源于N, O原子光谱和氮分子的振动光谱, 而连续谱主要来源于等离子体的热辐射. 基于黑体辐射定律得到空气等离子体的温度为3900 K, 高于氮气等离子体温度3600 K. N原子和O原子跃迁辐射对中心波长为1128 nm的红外光谱强度均有贡献, 二元线性回归分析表明氧原子辐射对1128 nm光谱辐射贡献较大. 本文的工作对于人们深刻理解和掌握激光与物质相互作用的物理规律及机制具有重要意义.

References

[1]	Murnane M M, Kapteyn H C, Rosen M D, Falcone R W 1991 Science 251 531 Google Scholar
[2]	Knudtson J T, Green W B, Sutton D G 1987 J. Appl. Phys. 61 4771 Google Scholar
[3]	Civis S, Ferus M, Kubelík P, Jelinek P, Chernov V E 2012 Astron. Astrophys. 541 A125 Google Scholar
[4]	Zhong H, Karpowicz N, Zhang X C 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 261103 Google Scholar
[5]	Aspiotis J A, Barbieri N, Bernath R, Brown C G, Richardson M, Cooper B Y 2006 Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 6219 621908
[6]	Forestier B, Houard A, Durand M, Andre Y B, Prade B, Dauvignac J Y, Perret F, Pichot C, Pellet M, Mysyrowicz A 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 96 141111 Google Scholar
[7]	Wu B, Kumar A 2007 J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B: Microelectron. Nanometer Struct. 25 1743 Google Scholar
[8]	Rusak D A, Castle B C, Smith B W, Winefordner J D 1997 Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 27 257 Google Scholar
[9]	张立文, 林晨, 辛立, 高军毅 2008 强激光与粒子束 20 1603 Zhang L W, Chen L, Li X, Gao J Y 2008 High Power Laser Part. Beams 20 1603
[10]	Thomson M D, Kreß M, Loffler T, Roskos H G 2007 Laser Photonics Rev. 1 349 Google Scholar
[11]	Nakajima H, Shimada Y, Somekawa T, Fujita M, Tanaka K A 2009 IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. 6 718 Google Scholar
[12]	Giacconi R 2003 Rev. Mod. Phys. 75 995 Google Scholar
[13]	Brackett F S 1922 Astrophys. J. 56 154 Google Scholar
[14]	Pfund A H 1924 J. Opt. Soc. Am. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 9 193 Google Scholar
[15]	Steffey W W 1926 IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag. 21 55
[16]	Meggers W F, De- Bruin T L, Humphreys C J 1929 Science 69 406
[17]	Saum K A, Benesch W M 1970 Appl. Opt. 9 1419 Google Scholar
[18]	Saum K A, Benesch W M 1970 Appl. Opt. 9 195 Google Scholar
[19]	Tanaka H, Akinaga K, Takahashi A, Okada T 2004 Appl. Phys. A 79 1493 Google Scholar
[20]	Adamson A W, Cimolino M C 1984 J. Phys. Chem. B 88 488 Google Scholar
[21]	El-RabiiH, Victorov S B, Yalin A P 2009 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42 075203 Google Scholar
[22]	Harilal S S, Skrodzki P J, Miloshevsky A, Brumfield B E, Phillips M C, Miloshevsky G 2017 Phys. Plasmas 24 063304 Google Scholar
[23]	Radziemski L J, Cremers D A, Bostian M, Chinni R C, Navarro-northrup C 2007 Appl. Spectrosc. 61 1141 Google Scholar
[24]	Lofthus A, Krupenie P H 2009 J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 6 113
[25]	Smith D, Adams N G, Miller T M 1978 J. Chem. Phys. 69 308318
[26]	Shneider M N, Zheltikovs A M, Miles R B 2011 Phys. Plasmas. 18 063509 Google Scholar

Cited By

期刊类型引用(1)

王卫江，贾凯，房瑞娜，邢昊，黄云，张滢，马超群，王浟. 激光诱导等离子体辐射特性的研究综述. 激光技术. 2022(04): 499-510 .

百度学术

其他类型引用(1)

图 1 纳秒激光诱导空气等离子体近红外辐射实验装置

Figure 1. Experiment setup for the near infrared emissions from ns laser-induced air plasma.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 不同能量下激光诱导空气等离子体在激光作用15 μs后测到的红外辐射光谱

Figure 2. IR emissions of laser-induced air plasma varied with laser energy after 15 μs delay time.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 80 kPa气压下激光诱导空气和氮气等离子体红外辐射光谱

Figure 3. IR emissions of laser-induced air and N₂ plasma under 80 kPa.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 O₂和N₂气体不同压强比的激光诱导等离子体红外辐射光谱

Figure 4. IR emissions of laser-induced plasma of mixed gas with different pressure.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 二元线性回归分析结果

Figure 5. The fitting result of binary linear regression analysis.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 氮原子和氧原子的红外光谱指认

Table 1. Identification of the observed emission lines of NI and OI

Species	λ/nm	A_ki/s^–1	Lower state		Upper state
Species	λ/nm	A_ki/s^–1	Term symbol	J	Term symbol	J
O I	1128.6317	2.32 × 10⁷	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3p ³P	1	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3d ³D°	2
O I	1128.6406	1.29 × 10⁷	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3p ³P	1	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3d ³D°	1
O I	1128.6914	3.09 × 10⁷	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3p ³P	2	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3d ³D°	3
O I	1128.7029	7.74 × 10⁶	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3p ³P	2	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3d ³D°	2
O I	1128.7318	1.72 × 10⁷	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3p ³P	0	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3d ³D°	1
O I	1129.5103	5.34 × 10⁶	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3p ⁵P	1	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)4s ⁵S°	2
O I	1129.7682	8.90 × 10⁶	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3p ⁵P	2	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)4s ⁵S°	2
O I	1130.2378	1.25 × 10⁷	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3p ⁵P	3	2s²2p³(⁴S⁰)3d ⁵S°	2
N I	1129.167	1.20 × 10⁷	2s²2p²(³P)3p ⁴D°	7/2	2s²2p²(³P)4s ⁴P	5/2
N I	1131.389	1.00 × 10⁷	2s²2p²(³P)3p ⁴D°	5/2	2s²2p²(³P)4s ⁴P	3/2
N I	1132.318	8.19 × 10⁶	2s²2p²(³P)3p ⁴D°	3/2	2s²2p²(³P)4s ⁴P	1/2
N I	1246.1253	1.82 × 10⁷	2s²2p²(³P)3p ²D°	3/2	2s²2p²(³P)3d ²F	5/2
N I	1246.9615	2.18 × 10⁷	2s²2p²(³P)3p ²D°	5/2	2s²2p²(³P)3d ²F	7/2
N I	1358.1323	5.76 × 10⁶	2s²2p²(³P)3 s ²P	3/2	2s²2p²(³P)3p ²S°	1/2
N I	1358.7710	6.31 × 10⁶	2s²2p²(³P)3p ²D°	5/2	2s²2p²(³P)4s ²P	3/2
N I	1360.227	1.07 × 10⁷	2s²2p²(³P)3p ²P°	1/2	2s²2p²(³P)3d ²D	3/2
N I	1362.418	1.33 × 10⁷	2s²2p²(³P)3p ²P°	3/2	2s²2p²(³P)3d ²D	5/2
N I	1475.7073	1.06 × 10⁶	2s²2p⁴ ⁴P	5/2	2s²2p²(³P)3p ⁴D°	7/2
N I	1558.2287	6.5 × 10⁶	2s²2p²(³P)3p ²P°	3/2	2s²2p²(³P)4s ²P	3/2

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 波长1128 nm红外光谱强度拟合公式预测值与实验值对比

Table 2. Comparison between predicted value and experimental value of the intensity of 1128 nm.

气体	气压/kPa	预测值	实验值	相对误差/%
Air	80	169842	166903	1.76
	70	148612	153136	2.95
	60	127382	140317	9.21
	50	106151	117673	9.79
	40	84921	88516	4.06
	30	63691	56575	12.56
	20	42460	27964	51.80

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Murnane M M, Kapteyn H C, Rosen M D, Falcone R W 1991 Science 251 531 Google Scholar
[2]	Knudtson J T, Green W B, Sutton D G 1987 J. Appl. Phys. 61 4771 Google Scholar
[3]	Civis S, Ferus M, Kubelík P, Jelinek P, Chernov V E 2012 Astron. Astrophys. 541 A125 Google Scholar
[4]	Zhong H, Karpowicz N, Zhang X C 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 261103 Google Scholar
[5]	Aspiotis J A, Barbieri N, Bernath R, Brown C G, Richardson M, Cooper B Y 2006 Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 6219 621908
[6]	Forestier B, Houard A, Durand M, Andre Y B, Prade B, Dauvignac J Y, Perret F, Pichot C, Pellet M, Mysyrowicz A 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 96 141111 Google Scholar
[7]	Wu B, Kumar A 2007 J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B: Microelectron. Nanometer Struct. 25 1743 Google Scholar
[8]	Rusak D A, Castle B C, Smith B W, Winefordner J D 1997 Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 27 257 Google Scholar
[9]	张立文, 林晨, 辛立, 高军毅 2008 强激光与粒子束 20 1603 Zhang L W, Chen L, Li X, Gao J Y 2008 High Power Laser Part. Beams 20 1603
[10]	Thomson M D, Kreß M, Loffler T, Roskos H G 2007 Laser Photonics Rev. 1 349 Google Scholar
[11]	Nakajima H, Shimada Y, Somekawa T, Fujita M, Tanaka K A 2009 IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. 6 718 Google Scholar
[12]	Giacconi R 2003 Rev. Mod. Phys. 75 995 Google Scholar
[13]	Brackett F S 1922 Astrophys. J. 56 154 Google Scholar
[14]	Pfund A H 1924 J. Opt. Soc. Am. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 9 193 Google Scholar
[15]	Steffey W W 1926 IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag. 21 55
[16]	Meggers W F, De- Bruin T L, Humphreys C J 1929 Science 69 406
[17]	Saum K A, Benesch W M 1970 Appl. Opt. 9 1419 Google Scholar
[18]	Saum K A, Benesch W M 1970 Appl. Opt. 9 195 Google Scholar
[19]	Tanaka H, Akinaga K, Takahashi A, Okada T 2004 Appl. Phys. A 79 1493 Google Scholar
[20]	Adamson A W, Cimolino M C 1984 J. Phys. Chem. B 88 488 Google Scholar
[21]	El-RabiiH, Victorov S B, Yalin A P 2009 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42 075203 Google Scholar
[22]	Harilal S S, Skrodzki P J, Miloshevsky A, Brumfield B E, Phillips M C, Miloshevsky G 2017 Phys. Plasmas 24 063304 Google Scholar
[23]	Radziemski L J, Cremers D A, Bostian M, Chinni R C, Navarro-northrup C 2007 Appl. Spectrosc. 61 1141 Google Scholar
[24]	Lofthus A, Krupenie P H 2009 J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 6 113
[25]	Smith D, Adams N G, Miller T M 1978 J. Chem. Phys. 69 308318
[26]	Shneider M N, Zheltikovs A M, Miles R B 2011 Phys. Plasmas. 18 063509 Google Scholar

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1. 王卫江，贾凯，房瑞娜，邢昊，黄云，张滢，马超群，王浟. 激光诱导等离子体辐射特性的研究综述. 激光技术. 2022(04): 499-510 . 百度学术
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