Research progress of information metamaterials

Cui Tie-Jun; Wu Hao-Tian; Liu Shuo

doi:10.7498/aps.69.20200246

Abstract

Metamaterials are artificial structures composed of subwavelength unit cells in periodic or non-periodic arrays, which are regarded as one of the most important tops in today’s physics and information engineering. Traditional metamaterials are characterized by effective medium theory, in which the array of differently-shaped subwavelength particles can be described as an effective medium with effective permittivity and permeability. The metamaterials allow us to engineer the medium parameters with unusual values, such as negative permittivity and permeability, zero index of refraction, etc. In 2014, Cui et al. (Cui T J, Qi M Q, Wan X, Zhao J, Cheng Q 2014 Light-Sci. Appl. 3 e218) proposed the concept of information metamaterial, which is a digital version of the metamaterial with each unit cell described by digital codes representing different reflection/refraction phases. The direct connection between information metamaterials and digital logic devices allows the dynamic controlling of the electromagnetic (EM) waves by real-time programming the digital states of each unit cell in the information metamaterials with preloaded digital coding sequences. As information metamaterials build up a digital world (digital coding information) directly in the physical world, digital information can be processed on the information metamaterials directly without any intermediate conversion process, thus realizing the unification of microwave engineering and digital processing.In this paper, we review the recent developments of digital coding metamaterials, programmable metamaterials, and information metamaterials, mainly focusing on their basic concepts, working mechanisms, experimental realizations, and system-level applications. Firstly, we introduce the concepts of digital coding and programmable metamaterials and present their advantages to realize the dynamic controlling of EM waves at low cost. The working mechanisms of isotropic, anisotropic, and tensor digital coding metamaterials are described, following the first prototype of the programmable metamaterial. Then we introduce the concept of information entropy for the information metamaterial and reveal the connection between the amount of information carried by the coding pattern and the radiated field of the information metamaterial. Convolution operation and addition theorem are further presented to show their powerful manipulations of EM wave in generating arbitrary beam patterns pointing to arbitrary directions. Finally, we introduce three representative system-level applications of information metamaterials, including a reprogrammable hologram imaging system which can dynamically project different microwave images at the imaging plane through the preloaded coding sequences stored in field programmable gate array (FPGA), a machine-learning reprogrammable metasurface imager that can be trained in-situ to produce high-quality images and high-accuracy object recognition in the real case at low cost, and directly digital wireless communication systems, in which the digital information is directly processed and radiated to free space by using the information metamaterial and FPGA. The information metamaterials are currently advancing towards higher frequencies (millimeter waves, terahertz, and infrared) to have higher capacity of information, and are becoming more “intelligent” with the combination of many advanced algorithms in computer science. We believe that the future information metamaterials possess signatures of self-sensing, self-learning, self-adaptive, and self-decision.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
2.
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom

Corresponding author: Cui Tie-Jun, tjcui@seu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2017YFA0700201, 2017YFA0700202, 2017YFA0700203)

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Cited By

图 1 等效媒质超材料的数字化^[51]　(a) 等效媒质超材料的离散化和数字化过程; (b) 给定介电常数函数的取样和离散化, 并用两个超材料单元来设计

Figure 1. Digitization of effective-medium metamaterial^[51]: (a) Discretizing and digitizing processes of effective-medium metamaterial; (b) sampling, discretizing, and digitizing a required permittivity function using two metamaterial bits as building blocks.

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图 2 超材料的数字编码表征及数字编码超材料^[52]　(a) 数字编码超材料; (b) 数字0和1单元的物理实现及其相位响应; (c), (d) 不同数字编码序列下的电磁响应, 展示出完全不同的功能

Figure 2. Digital coding representation of metamaterials^[52]: (a) Digital coding metamaterial; (b) the physical implementations of digital units 0 and 1 and their phase responses; (c), (d) electromagnetic responses under different digital coding sequences, showing different functions.

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图 3 数字超材料与现场可编程超材料^[52]　(a) 动态可调的数字编码超单元; (b) 数字0和1状态下的相位响应; (c) FPGA驱动下的现场可编程超材料; (d) 不同编码序列下的可编程功能

Figure 3. Digital metamaterial and programmable metamaterial^[52]: (a) An active digital meta-atom; (b) the phase responses of the active digital meta-atom under the 0 and 1 states; (c) a programmable metamaterial controlled by FPGA; (d) the measured programmable functions under different digital coding sequences.

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图 4 信息超材料的信息熵^[62]　(a) 随机0和1数字编码; (b), (c) 随机0和1数字编码超材料的远场方向图; (d) 数字编码序列由有序到无序时的几何信息熵和物理信息熵

Figure 4. Information entropy of information metamaterials ^[62]: (a) The random 0 and 1 coding pattern; (b), (c) the far-field radiation patterns of the random 0 and 1 digital coding metamaterial; (d) the geometric information entropy and physical information entropy of the digital coding sequences from order to disorder.

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图 5 基于信息超材料的数字卷积定理^[63]　(a)−(c) 三种不同的数字编码图案, 其中(a)与(b)相加得到(c); (d)−(f) 相应数字编码图案的远场方向图, 实现方向图搬移; (g)−(i) 类比于信号处理中的频谱搬移

Figure 5. Digital convolution theorem based on the information metamaterials^[63]: (a)−(c) Three different digital coding patterns, where (c) is obtained by adding (a) and (b); (d)−(f) the far field patterns of the corresponding digital coding patterns, showing the shift property of radiation beam; (g)−(i) the spectrum shift property in the digital signal processing.

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图 6 基于1比特现场可编程超材料的可编程微波全息成像系统(FPGA控制不同的数字编码图案, 实时地产生不同的全息像)^[65]

Figure 6. A reprogrammable microwave holographic imaging system based on 1-bit programmable metamaterial. Different binary holograms are controlled by FPGA to generate different holographic images^[65].

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图 7 可编程实时微波成像系统^[68]　(a)机器学习成像系统可根据不同场景进行优化; (b)训练可编程成像系统示意图; (c) 2比特数字编码超材料及其对一个运动目标的实时成像示意图和测量结果

Figure 7. Real-time digital-metasurface imager^[68]: (a) The machine-learning metasurface imager can be optimized for different kinds of scenes; (b) the illustration of training the reprogrammable imager; (c) the map of 2-bit coding digital metasurface, and the illustration of real-time imaging a moving person behind a wall, as well as measurement results.

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图 8 基于时间编码数字超材料的新架构QPSK无线通信系统, 可实时地传输视频信号, 其中右下图为测量的星座图^[73]

Figure 8. Schematic description of the new-architecture QPSK wireless communication system based on the time-domain digital coding metasurface, which can transmit movies in real time^[73].

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图 9 自适应超材料^[91]　(a) 自适应超材料的示意图; (b) 自适应超材料的闭环系统, 由现场可编程超材料、FPGA、传感器和自适应算法所组成

Figure 9. . The self-adaptive metamaterial^[91]: (a) An illustrative example; (b) the closed-loop system of the self-adaptive metamaterial, which includes a programmable metamaterial, an FPGA, a sensor, and a microcontroller unit loaded with the fast feedback algorithm.

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