Measurement of atmospheric water vapor vertical column concentration and vertical distribution in Qingdao using multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy

Ren Hong-Mei; Li Ang; Hu Zhao-Kun; Huang Ye-Yuan; Xu Jin; Xie Pin-Hua; Zhong Hong-Yan; Li Xiao-Mei

doi:10.7498/aps.69.20200588

Abstract

The method of retrieving the vertical column density (VCD) and the atmospheric vertical profile of water vapor in visible blue band (434.0–451.5 nm) were studied by using the multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS). First, the method of retrieving the VCD of water vapor was studied. Owing the the fact that the water vapor absorption cross section is of high resolution and it cannot be effectively measured by MAX-DOAS, a convolved cross section with the instrument slit function was used. In addition, the correction factor for water vapor saturation absorption was also used to obtain the true VCD. Second, the water vapor profile retrieved by applying the nonlinear optimal estimation of the trace gas retrieval method (PriAM) was studied, including the effects of aerosol state and the priori profile on the water vapor retrieval. Influence on the water vapor retrieval from the aerosol prior profile linear changes was unapparent. High aerosol state has a significant influence on the water vapor profile retrieval and it was still within the total error tolerance. This indicates that the PriAM is applicable in the water vapor profile retrieval. Using this method, a continuous observation experiment was carried out at the MAX-DOAS Aoshan regional station in Qingdao. The retrieved water vapor VCD results were compared with the daily average data of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), and the R² is 0.93. The comparison of the near-surface water vapor concentration of MAX-DOAS retrieval with the ECMWF and sounding data of the University of Wyoming shows that R² is larger than 0.70 and 0.66, respectively. The two comparison results demonstrate that PriAM can retrieve the atmospheric water vapor VCD and profile accurately. The vertical distribution characteristics of water vapor in Qingdao was analyzed, and the profile results show that the concentration of water vapor in Qingdao was distributed mainly under 1.5 km in height.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
2.
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
3.
CAS Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
4.
Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China

Corresponding author: Li Ang, angli@aiofm.ac.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFC0213201), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41775029), and the Science-Technology Project of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, China (Grant No. 17DZ1203102)

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References

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[19]	杨雷, 李昂, 谢品华, 胡肇焜, 梁帅西, 张英华, 黄业园 2019 光谱学与光谱分析 5 1398 Google Scholar Yang L, Li A, Xie P H, Hu Z K, Liang S X, Zhan Y H, Huang Y Y 2019 Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. 5 1398 Google Scholar
[20]	Li A, Xie P H, Liu C, Liu J G, Liu W Q 2007 Chin. Phys. Lett. 24 2859 Google Scholar
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[22]	Tian X, Xie P H, Xu J, Wang Y, Li A, Wu F C, Hu Z K, Liu C, Zhang Q 2018 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19 3375 Google Scholar
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[24]	Rothman L S, Gordon I E, Barbe A, et al. 2009 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 110 533 Google Scholar
[25]	Rothman L S, Gordon I E, Babikov Y, et al. 2013 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 130 4 Google Scholar
[26]	Rothman L S, Gordon I E, Barber R J, Dothe H, Gamache R R, Goldman A, Perevalov V I, Tashkun S A, Tennyson J 2010 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 111 2139 Google Scholar
[27]	Polyansky O L, Kyuberis A A, Lodi L, Tennyson J, Ovsyannikov R I, Zobov N 2016 Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 466 1363 Google Scholar
[28]	Wagner T, Heland J, Zoger M, Platt U 2003 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 3 651 Google Scholar
[29]	Wenig M, Jahne B, Platt U 2005 Appl. Opt. 44 3246 Google Scholar
[30]	Wagner T, Beirle S, Deutschmann T 2009 Atmos. Meas. Tech. 2 113 Google Scholar
[31]	Vandaele A C, Hermans C, Simon P C, Carleer M, Colin R, Fally S, Mérienne M F, Jenouvrier A, Coquart B 1998 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra. 59 171 Google Scholar
[32]	Serdyuchenko A, Gorshelev V, Weber M, Chehade W, Burrows J P 2014 Atmos. Meas. Tech. 7 625 Google Scholar
[33]	Thalman R M, Volkamer R 2013 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15 15371 Google Scholar
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Cited By

图 1 PriAM算法反演气溶胶及水汽流程图

Figure 1. Flow chart of aerosol and water vapor retrieval by PriAM algorithm.

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图 2 MAX-DOAS望远镜观测视场图

Figure 2. MAX-DOAS telescope observation field diagram.

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图 3 MAX-DOAS观测原理图

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of MAX-DOAS observation.

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图 4 水汽有效吸收参考截面获取过程　(a) HITEMP 2010水汽高分辨率吸收光谱; (b) 狭缝函数; (c) 水汽有效吸收参考截面

Figure 4. Obtaining process of reference cross section for effective absorption of water vapor: (a) HITEMP 2010 high-resolution water vapor absorption spectrum; (b) slit function; (c) reference cross section for effective absorption of water vapor.

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图 5 不同数据库下水汽有效吸收截面对比　(a) 4种数据库下水汽有效吸收参考截面; (b) 20°仰角下DOAS拟合残差对比

Figure 5. Comparison of effective water vapor absorption cross sections under different databases: (a) Reference cross sections of effective water vapor absorption under four databases; (b) comparison of DOAS fitted residuals at 20° elevation.

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图 6 在蓝光波段水汽饱和吸收对OD的影响　(a) 不同SCD下的OD差别; (b) 最大吸收峰442.6 nm处OD饱和校正前后的差别

Figure 6. The effect of water vapor saturation absorption on the OD in the blue band: (a) OD difference under different SCD; (b) the difference before and after OD saturation correction at the maximum absorption peak at 442.6 nm.

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图 7 DOAS拟合反演示例　(a) Residual; (b) H₂O; (c) NO₂; (d) O₃

Figure 7. DOAS fitting retrieval example: (a) Residual; (b) H₂O; (c) NO₂; (d) O₃.

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图 8 MAX-DOAS测量数据和ECMWF数据日均值对比

Figure 8. Comparison of MAX-DOAS measurement data and ECMWF data daily average.

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图 9 MAX-DOAS数据与ECMWF数据相关性分析

Figure 9. Correlation analysis of MAX-DOAS data and ECMWF data.

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图 10 气溶胶状态及线型对水汽廓线反演结果的影响　(a) 5种气溶胶先验廓线; (b) 3月6日5种气溶胶先验廓线下反演水汽结果及误差; (c) 3月22日5种气溶胶先验廓线下反演水汽结果及误差; (d) 指数型水汽先验廓线; (e) 3月6日平均核的包络线; (f) 3月22日平均核的包络线

Figure 10. Effects of aerosol state and line type on the retrieval results of water vapor profile: (a) Five aerosol prior profiles; (b) the results and errors of water vapor retrieval under the five aerosol prior profiles on March 6; (c) the results and errors of water vapor retrieval under the five aerosol prior profiles on March 22; (d) the exponential water vapor prior profile; (e) the envelope of the average kernel on March 6; (f) the envelope of the average kernel on March 22.

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图 11 MAX-DOAS数据与ECMWF及探空数据对比

Figure 11. MAX-DOAS data compared with ECMWF and sounding data.

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图 12 MAX-DOAS不同高度廓线数据与ECMWF和探空数据的相关性分析

Figure 12. Correlation analysis of MAX-DOAS profile data at different heights with ECMWF and sounding data.

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图 13 基于MAX-DOAS反演的水汽0−4 km垂直分布廓线

Figure 13. Vertical distribution profile of water vapor 0−4 km based on MAX-DOAS retrieval.

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表 1 MAX-DOAS参数设置

Table 1. Parameter settings of MAX-DOAS.

Spectrometer name	Avantes	Longitude	120.67° E
Spectral range/nm	285–453	Latitude	36.35° N
FWHM/nm	0.6	Measuring time	4∶00–22∶00 LT
Temperature control/℃	25	Azimuth	0°
City	Qingdao	Elevation	1°, 2°, 3°, 4°, 5°, 6°, 8°, 10°, 20°, 30°, 90°

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 DOAS拟合参数设置

Table 2. Parameter settings of DOAS fitting.

Parameter	Source	Fitting spectral range 434.0—451.5 nm
NO₂	298 K, 220 K^[31]	—
O₃	223 K, 293 K^[32]	—
O₄	293 K^[33]	—
H₂O	296 K^[26]	—
Ring	Ring spectrum calculated from DOASIS^[34] and additional ring multiplied by $ {\lambda }^{-4} $ ^[30]	—
Polynomial degree	—	5

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Wagner T, Andreae M O, Beirle S, Doerner S, Mies K, Shaiganfar R 2013 Atmos. Meas. Tech. 6 131 Google Scholar
[2]	刘进, 司福祺, 周海金, 赵敏杰, 窦科, 刘文清 2013 光学学报 33 0801002 Google Scholar Liu J, Si F Q, Zhou H J, Zhao M J, Dou K, Liu W Q 2013 Acta Opt. Sin. 33 0801002 Google Scholar
[3]	Kiemle C, Brewer W A, Ehret G, Hardesty R M, Fix A, Senff C, Wirth M, Poberaj G, LeMone M A 2007 J. Atmos. Oceanic. Technol. 24 627 Google Scholar
[4]	Noel S, Mieruch S, Bovensmann H, Burrows J P 2008 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8 1519 Google Scholar
[5]	Noel S, Buchwitz M, Bovensmann H, Burrows J P 2005 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 5 1835
[6]	Chan K L, Valks P, Slijkhuis S, Köhler C, Loyola D 2020 Atmos. Meas. Tech. 13 4169 Google Scholar
[7]	Vey S, Dietrich R, Johnsen K P, Miao J, Heygster G 2004 J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. 82 259 Google Scholar
[8]	Borger C, Beirle S, Dörner S, Sihler H, Wagner T 2020 Atmos. Meas. Tech. 13 2751 Google Scholar
[9]	Filges A, Gerbig C, Chen H L, Franke H, Klaus C, Jordan A 2015 Tellus B 67 27989 Google Scholar
[10]	Platt U, Stutz J 2008 Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (Berlin: Springer-Verlag Heidelberg) pp449–453
[11]	王杨, 李昂, 谢品华, 陈浩, 牟福生, 徐晋, 吴丰成, 曾议, 刘建国, 刘文清 2013 物理学报 62 200705 Google Scholar Wang Y, Li A, Xie P H, Chen H, Mou F S, Xu J, Wu F C, Zeng Y, Liu J G, Liu W Q 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 200705 Google Scholar
[12]	王杨, 李昂, 谢品华, 陈浩, 徐晋, 吴丰成, 刘建国, 刘文清 2013 物理学报 62 180705 Google Scholar Wang Y, Li A, Xie P H, Chen H, Xu J, Wu F C, Liu J G, Liu W Q 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 180705 Google Scholar
[13]	田鑫, 徐晋, 谢品华, 李昂, 胡肇焜, 李晓梅, 任博, 吴子扬 2019 光谱学与光谱分析 39 2325 Google Scholar Tian X, Xu J, Xie P H, Li A, Hu Z H, Li X M, Ren B, Wu Z Y 2019 Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. 39 2325 Google Scholar
[14]	Wang Y, Dorner S, Donner S, Bohnke S, De Smedt I, Dickerson R R, Dong Z P, He H, Li Z Q, Li Z Q, Li D H, Liu D, Ren X R, Theys N, Wang Y Y, Wang Y, Wang Z Z, Xu H, Xu J W, Wagner T 2019 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19 5417 Google Scholar
[15]	Irie H, Takashima H, Kanaya Y, Boersma K F, Gast L, Wittrock F, Brunner D, Zhou Y, Van Roozendael M 2011 Atmos. Meas. Tech. 4 1027 Google Scholar
[16]	Lampel J, Pohler D, Tschritter J, Friess U, Platt U 2015 Atmos. Meas. Tech. 8 4329 Google Scholar
[17]	Lampel J, Pohler D, Polyansky O L, Kyuberis A A, Zobov N F, Tennyson J, Lodi L, Friess U, Wang Y, Beirle S, Platt U, Wagner T 2017 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17 1271 Google Scholar
[18]	周海金, 刘文清, 司福祺, 窦科 2013 物理学报 62 044216 Google Scholar Zhou H J, Liu W Q, Si F Q, Dou K 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 044216 Google Scholar
[19]	杨雷, 李昂, 谢品华, 胡肇焜, 梁帅西, 张英华, 黄业园 2019 光谱学与光谱分析 5 1398 Google Scholar Yang L, Li A, Xie P H, Hu Z K, Liang S X, Zhan Y H, Huang Y Y 2019 Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. 5 1398 Google Scholar
[20]	Li A, Xie P H, Liu C, Liu J G, Liu W Q 2007 Chin. Phys. Lett. 24 2859 Google Scholar
[21]	Wang Y, Beirle S, Lampel J, Koukouli M, De Smedt I, Theys N, Li A, Wu D X, Xie P H, Liu C, Van Roozendael M, Stavrakou T, Muller J F, Wagner T 2017 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17 5007 Google Scholar
[22]	Tian X, Xie P H, Xu J, Wang Y, Li A, Wu F C, Hu Z K, Liu C, Zhang Q 2018 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19 3375 Google Scholar
[23]	王杨, Wagner T, 李昂, 谢品华, 伍德侠, 陈浩, 牟福生, 张杰, 徐晋, 吴丰成, 刘建国, 刘文清, 曾议 2014 物理学报 63 110708 Google Scholar Wang Y, Wagner T, Li A, Xie P H, Wu D X, Chen H, Mou F S, Zhan J, Xu J, Wu F C, Liu J G, Liu W Q, Zeng Y 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 110708 Google Scholar
[24]	Rothman L S, Gordon I E, Barbe A, et al. 2009 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 110 533 Google Scholar
[25]	Rothman L S, Gordon I E, Babikov Y, et al. 2013 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 130 4 Google Scholar
[26]	Rothman L S, Gordon I E, Barber R J, Dothe H, Gamache R R, Goldman A, Perevalov V I, Tashkun S A, Tennyson J 2010 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 111 2139 Google Scholar
[27]	Polyansky O L, Kyuberis A A, Lodi L, Tennyson J, Ovsyannikov R I, Zobov N 2016 Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 466 1363 Google Scholar
[28]	Wagner T, Heland J, Zoger M, Platt U 2003 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 3 651 Google Scholar
[29]	Wenig M, Jahne B, Platt U 2005 Appl. Opt. 44 3246 Google Scholar
[30]	Wagner T, Beirle S, Deutschmann T 2009 Atmos. Meas. Tech. 2 113 Google Scholar
[31]	Vandaele A C, Hermans C, Simon P C, Carleer M, Colin R, Fally S, Mérienne M F, Jenouvrier A, Coquart B 1998 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra. 59 171 Google Scholar
[32]	Serdyuchenko A, Gorshelev V, Weber M, Chehade W, Burrows J P 2014 Atmos. Meas. Tech. 7 625 Google Scholar
[33]	Thalman R M, Volkamer R 2013 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15 15371 Google Scholar
[34]	Kraus S 2006 Ph. D. Dissertation (Mannheim: University of Mannheim)
[35]	张佳华 2017 硕士学位论文 (武汉: 武汉大学) Zhang J H 2017 M. S. Thesis (Wuhan: Wuhan University) (in Chinese)

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Vol. 69, Issue 20 - 2020-10-20

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