Research progress of hydrogen/helium effects in metal materials by positron annihilation spectroscopy

Zhu Te; Cao Xing-Zhong

doi:10.7498/aps.69.20200724

Abstract

An important feature of the irradiation process in nuclear system is the formation of large displacement cascades, in which primary knock-on atoms and secondary particles formed by nuclear reactions generate a considerable number of defects such as dislocations, vacancies and transmutation gases. Predicting and mitigating the adverse effects of damage defect and transmutation hydrogen/helium produced by high-dose neutron irradiation on the mechanical properties of structural materials is the most significant challenge facing the current development of nuclear energy. To solve this problem, understanding the interaction mechanism between hydrogen/helium atoms and micro-defects is a very important breakthrough. Precursors of helium/ hydrogen bubble, small helium/hydrogen-filled vacancy complexes, may play an important role in realizing bubble nucleation, and the formation of these complexes is affected by many factors. However, only a little information about helium/hydrogen-vacancy clusters’ behavior has been obtained in metal/alloy materials. This is mainly limited by the characterization methods, such as the limited resolution of transmission electron microscope (TEM). Helium/hydrogen-vacancy clusters cannot be observed by TEM before the formation of helium bubbles. Applications of positron annihilation to the study of crystal lattice defects started around 1970s, when it was realized that positron annihilation is particularly sensitive to vacancy-type defects and that annihilation properties manifest the nature of each specific type of defect. In recent years, with the continuous development of slow positron beam and the improvement of various experimental testing methods based on slow positron beam, the application of positron annihilation technology has been extended to the research field of hydrogen/helium behavior in metal materials, which plays an important role in studying the hydrogen/helium radiation damage to metal materials. In this review, the basic principles of positron annihilation spectroscopy are briefly discussed and the three most important measurement methods used for hydrogen/helium effect studies are described (i.e. positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS), Doppler broadening spectroscopy (DBS), coincidence Doppler broadening spectroscopy (CDBS)). In this paper, the application of positron annihilation spectroscopy to the study of hydrogen/helium behavior in metal materials is reviewed in combination with the reported relevant developments (including our research group’s achieve-ments). The advantages of three commonly used measurement methods in the following specific studies are highlighted: 1) The estimation of bubble size and concentration; 2) irradiation damage induced by hydrogen/helium; 3) the evolution behavior of irradiation-induced defects in the heat treatment process; 4) sy-nergistic effect of hydrogen and helium.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

Multi-discipline Research Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chiese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Corresponding author: Cao Xing-Zhong, caoxzh@ihep.ac.cn

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References

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Cited By

图 1 DBS中参数的定义

Figure 1. The parameter definition in the Doppler broadening spectrum.

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图 2 纯铁的CDB与一维多普勒展宽能谱比较

Figure 2. Peak-to-valley ratio of CDB system in the pure iron.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 金属钨中单个空位包含单个氢原子时的正电子波函数^[26]　(a) 三维立体图; (b)等高线图

Figure 3. Calculated localized wave function of a positron trapped in a mono-vacancy bound with one hydrogen atom in tungsten^[26]: (a) Isometric plot; (b) contour plot.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 不同尺寸的氢氦-空位复合体中正电子寿命^[26]

Figure 4. Calculated positron lifetime in nano-void containing 1 V, 2 V, 6 V, and various H/He atoms^[26].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 SRIM模拟氢氦离子辐照低活化钢导致的辐照损伤及氢/氦浓度深度分布

Figure 5. Profiles of damage and atom concentration in RAFM steel irradiated with 250 keV He²⁺ and 130 keV H⁺ calculated with SRIM.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 VEPFIT拟合氢氦辐照样品的S参数随注入深度的变化

Figure 6. Fitted S parameters versus VEPFIT for irradiated samples.

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图 7 氦辐照Fe17Cr14.5Ni等时退火过程S-E曲线随温度变化过程^[34]

Figure 7. Variation of S parameters versus incident positron energy for He⁺ irradiated Fe17Cr14.5Ni alloy during isochronal annealing^[34].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 氢辐照FeCu等时退火过程ΔS-E曲线随温度变化过程^[35]

Figure 8. Evolution of the S parameters in H-ions irradiated FeCu alloys during isochronal annealing^[35].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 9 氢离子辐照FeCu等时退火过程S-W参数的变化^[35]

Figure 9. S-W plots for the H-ions irradiated samples during isochronal annealing^[35].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 10 Fe9Cr合金氦离子辐照前后S (∆S)参数随正电子注入能量的变化^[36]

Figure 10. S-parameter and ∆S as a function of positron incident energy (mean implantation depth) in irradiated Fe9Cr alloys and for unirradiated specimen^[36].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 11 Fe9Cr合金氦离子辐照前后S-W的变化^[36]

Figure 11. W-parameter as a function of the S-parameter for irradiated Fe9Cr alloys and for unirradiated one^[36].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 12 氦离子注入充分退火和形变的纯铁样品 S-E曲线变化^[39]

Figure 12. Evolution of the S parameters in well-annealed Fe and deformed Fe with He-ions irradiation^[39].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 13 氦离子辐照不同形变量的304不锈钢辐照前后S-E曲线变化^[40]

Figure 13. S-E curves for deformed 304 steel irradiated with He-ions^[40].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 14 氢氦离子辐照RAFM钢正电子慢束结果^[47]

Figure 14. S-parameter (a) and ∆S/S (b) as a function of incident positron energy. ∆S_He + ∆S_H and ∆S_{He + H} parameter were also shown in (c)^[47].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 15 高能Ar辐照W合金注氘前后的正电子慢束结果^[48]

Figure 15. The S parameter versus depth in the argon-damaged tungsten samples (0/1/6 dpa) with and without deuterium plasma exposure^[48].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 16 高能Au辐照多晶W样品注氦前后(a) S-D (深度)曲线, (b) S-W 曲线^[49]

Figure 16. (a) The S parameter versus depth in the tungsten samples, and the (S, W) plots are shown in (b)^[49].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 17 形变316 L钢样品低能高剂量氦等离子体辐照前后的S-E曲线^[52]

Figure 17. Evolution of S-E curves in deformed 316 L steel exposed to high flux and low energy helium plasma^[52].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 18 氦辐照前后Fe9Cr合金中W参数随正电子能量的变化

Figure 18. Evolution of the W parameters in Fe9Cr alloy with He-ions irradiation.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 19 注量为1 × 10¹⁵和1 × 10¹⁶ He⁺/cm²的氦辐照Fe9Cr样品CDB测试曲线^[63]

Figure 19. CDB ratio curves for the Fe9Cr alloy irradiated with a dose of 1 × 10¹⁵ and 1 × 10¹⁶ He⁺/cm²^[63].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 20 氦或中子辐照的纯Ni(a)和Cu(b)样品的CDB测试曲线^[66]

Figure 20. CDB ratio curves for the Ni irradiated with He-ions (a) and for the Cu irradiated with neutron^[66](b).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 21 氦辐照的316L样品退火前后的CDB测试曲线

Figure 21. CDB ratio curves for the He-ions irradiated 316L samples during isochronal annealing.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

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[2]	Stoller R E 1990 J. Nucl. Mater. 174 289 Google Scholar
[3]	Cook I 2006 Nature Mater. 5 77 Google Scholar
[4]	Klueh R L, Sokolov M A, Shiba K, Miwa Y, Robertson J P 2000 J. Nucl. Mater. 283-287 478
[5]	Shiba K, Hishinuma A 2000 J. Nucl. Mater. 283-287 474 Google Scholar
[6]	Zinkle S J, Ghoniem N M 2011 J. Nucl. Mater. 417 2 Google Scholar
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[9]	Kawakami T, Tokunaga K, Yoshida N 2006 Fusion Eng. Des. 81 335 Google Scholar
[10]	Johnson W H 1975 Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 23 168
[11]	Tolstolutskaya G D, Ruzhytskiy V V, Kopanets I E, Karpov S A, Bryk V V, Voyevodin V, Garner F A 2006 J. Nucl. Mater. 356 136 Google Scholar
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[14]	Nagai Y, Takadate K, Tang Z, Ohkubo H, Sunaga H, Takizawa H, Hasegawa M 2003 Phys. Rev. B 67 224202 Google Scholar
[15]	He S M, van Dijk N H, Schut H, Peekstok E R, van der Zwaag S 2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 094103 Google Scholar
[16]	Hari Babu S, Rajaraman R, Amarendra G, Govindaraj R, Lalla N P, Dasgupta Arup, Bhalerao Gopal, Sundar C S 2012 Philos. Mag. 92 2848 Google Scholar
[17]	Cao X Z, Zhang P, Xu Q, Sato K, Tsuchida H, Cheng G D, Wu H B, Jiang X P, Yu R S, Wang B Y, Wei L 2013 J. Phys.: Conference Ser. 443 012017 Google Scholar
[18]	Lynn K G, Goland A N 1976 Solid State Commun. 18 1549 Google Scholar
[19]	Jensen K O, Eldrup M, Singh B N, Victoria M 1988 J. Phys. F: Met. Phys. 18 1069 Google Scholar
[20]	Eldrup M M 1992 Mater. Sci. Forum 105-110 229 Google Scholar
[21]	Jensen K O, Nieminen R M 1987 Phys. Rev. B 35 2087 Google Scholar
[22]	Nieminen R M, Laakkonen J 1979 Appl. Phys. 20 181 Google Scholar
[23]	Eldrup M, Jensen K O 1987 Phys. Status Solidi A 102 145 Google Scholar
[24]	Jensen K O, Eldrup M, Singh B N, Horsewell A, Victoria M, Sommer W F 1987 Mater. Sci. Forum 15-18 913 Google Scholar
[25]	Shivachev B L, Troev T, Yoshiie T 2002 J. Nucl. Mater. 306 105 Google Scholar
[26]	Troev T, Popov E, Staikov P, Nankov N, Yoshiie T 2009 Nucl. Instrum Meth. B 267 535 Google Scholar
[27]	Kimura A, Kasada R, Sugano R, Hasegawa A, Matsui H 2000 J. Nucl. Mater. 283-287 827 Google Scholar
[28]	Ishizaki T, Xu Q, Yoshiie T, Nagata S, Troev T 2002 J. Nucl. Mater. 307-311 961 Google Scholar
[29]	Han L H, Fa T, Zhao Y W 2017 Defect Diffus Forum 373 96 Google Scholar
[30]	Xu Q, Yamasaki H, Sato K, Yoshiie T 2011 Philos. Mag. Lett. 91 724 Google Scholar
[31]	Xu Q, Fukumoto K, Ishi Y, Kuriyama Y, Uesugi T, Sato K, Mori Y, Yoshiie T 2016 J. Nucl. Mater. 468 260 Google Scholar
[32]	胡远超, 曹兴忠, 李玉晓, 张鹏, 靳硕学, 卢二阳, 于润升, 魏龙, 王宝义 2015 物理学报 64 247804 Google Scholar Hu Y C, Cao X Z, Li Y X, Zhang P, Jin S X, Lu E Y, Yu R S, Wei L, Wang B Y 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 247804 Google Scholar
[33]	van Veen A, Schut H, de Vries J 1991 AIP Conf. Proc. 218 171 Google Scholar
[34]	Lu E Y, Cao X Z, Jin S X, Zhang C X, Zhang P, Guo L P, Zhu T, Gong Y H, Wang B Y 2015 Nucl. Instrum Meth. B 356-357 94 Google Scholar
[35]	Jin S X, Zhang P, Lu E Y, Wang B Y, Yuan D Q, Wei L, Cao X Z 2016 J. Nucl. Mater. 479 390 Google Scholar
[36]	Zhu T, Jin S X, Zhang P, Song L G, Cao X Z, Wang B Y, 2018 J. Nucl. Mater. 505 69 Google Scholar
[37]	Bai X M, Voter A F 2010 Science 327 1631 Google Scholar
[38]	Ackland G 2010 Science 327 1587 Google Scholar
[39]	Gong Y H, Cao X Z, Jin S X, Lu E Y, Hu Y C, Zhu T, Kuang P, Xu Q, Wang B Y 2016 J. Nucl. Mater. 482 93 Google Scholar
[40]	胡远超 2016 硕士学位论文 (郑州: 郑州大学) Hu Y C 2016 M. S Thesis (Zhengzhou: Zhengzhou University) (in Chinese)
[41]	Jiang J, Wu Y C, Liu X B, Wang R S, Nagai Y, Inoue K, Shimizu Y, Toyama T 2015 J. Nucl. Mater. 458 326 Google Scholar
[42]	Qiu J, Xin Y, Ju X, Guo L P, Wang B Y, Zhong Y R, Huang Q Y, Wu Y C 2009 Nucl. Instrum Meth. B 267 3162 Google Scholar
[43]	Xin Y, Ju X, Qiu J, Guo L P, Li T C, Luo F F, Zhang P, Cao X Z, Wang B Y 2013 J. Nucl. Mater. 432 120 Google Scholar
[44]	Yuan D Q, Zheng Y N, Zuo Y, Fan P, Zhou D M, Zhang Q L, Ma X Q, Cui B Q, Chen L H, Jiang W S, Wu Y C, Huang Q Y, Peng L, Cao X Z, Wang B Y, Wei L, Zhu S Y 2014 Chin. Phys. Lett. 31 046101 Google Scholar
[45]	Tanaka T, Oka K, Ohnuki S 2004 J. Nucl. Mater. 329-333 294
[46]	Lee E H, Hunn J D, Rao G R 1999 J. Nucl. Mater. 271-272 385 Google Scholar
[47]	Zhu Te, Jin S X, Guo L P, Hu Y C, Lu E Y, Wu J P, Wang B Y, Wei L, Cao X Z 2016 Philos. Mag. 96 253 Google Scholar
[48]	Zhu X L, Zhang Y, Cheng L, Yuan Y, Temmerman Gregory De, Wang B Y, Cao X Z, Lu G H 2016 Nucl. Fusion 56 036010 Google Scholar
[49]	Kong F H, Qu M, Yan S, Cao X Z, Peng S X, Zhang A L, Xue J M, Wang Y G, Zhang P, Wang B Y 2017 Nucl. Instrum Meth. B 409 192 Google Scholar
[50]	Wilson W D, Bisson C L, Baskes M I 1981 Phys. Rev. B 24 5616 Google Scholar
[51]	Thomas J, Bastasz R 1981 J. Appl. Phys. 52 6426 Google Scholar
[52]	Gong Y H, Jin S X, Zhu T, Cheng L, Cao X Z, Lu G H, Guo L P, Wang B Y 2018 Nucl. Fusion 58 046011 Google Scholar
[53]	Arakawa K, Imamura R, Ohota K 2001 J. Appl. Phys. 89 4752 Google Scholar
[54]	Zhu T, Cao X Z, Jin S X, Wu J P, Gong Y H, Lu E Y, Wang B Y, Yu R S, Wei L 2015 J. Nucl. Mater. 466 522 Google Scholar
[55]	Zhu T, Jin S X, Gong Y H, Lu E Y, Song L G, Xu Q, Guo L P, Cao X Z, Wang B Y 2017 J. Nucl. Mater. 495 244 Google Scholar
[56]	朱特, 曹兴忠, 吴建平, 靳硕学, 卢二阳, 龚毅豪, 赖信, 张鹏, 王宝义 2015 功能材料 46 19001 Google Scholar Zhu T, Cao X Z, Wu J P, Jin S X, Lu E Y, Gong Y H, Lai X, Zhang P, Wang B Y 2015 J. Funct. Mater. 46 19001 Google Scholar
[57]	Blewer R S 1973 Appl. Phys. Lett. 23 593 Google Scholar
[58]	Asoka-Kumar P, Alatalo M, Ghosh V J 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 2097 Google Scholar
[59]	Xu Q, Yoshiie T, Sato K 2006 Phys. Rev. B 73 134115 Google Scholar
[60]	Zhu T, Wu H B, Cao X Z, Jin S X, Zhang P, Xiao A N, Wang B Y 2017 Phys. Status Solidi A 214 1600785 Google Scholar
[61]	Alatalo M, Kauppinen H, Saarinen K 1995 Phys. Rev. B 51 4176 Google Scholar
[62]	Myler U, Goldberg R D, Knights A P 1996 Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 3333 Google Scholar
[63]	Cao X Z, Zhu T, Jin S X, Kuang P, Zhang P, Lu E Y, Gong Y H, Guo L P, Wang B Y 2017 Appl. Phys. A 123 177
[64]	Sabelova V, Krsjak V, Kuriplach J 2014 J. Nucl. Mater. 450 54 Google Scholar
[65]	Sato K, Ikemura K, Krsjak V, Vieh C, Brun R, Xu Q, Yoshiie T, Dai Y 2016 J. Nucl. Mater. 468 281 Google Scholar
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Vol. 69, Issue 17 - 2020-09-05

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