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Under different ambient temperatures, the thermal aberration certainly affects the imaging quality of infrared multi-spectral camera. Therefore, an athermalized model of infrared multi-spectral cameras is established, and in this model the ambient infrared multispectral camera is equivalent to a separated dual-lens optical system. In the case of the fixed focal length, the influence of the back focal length on the change of the focal power of the front lens and back lens is analyzed. Now, the variation range of the front and rear lens interval is assumed to be restricted. When the back focal length is smaller than the focal length, the ratio of the absolute value of the focal power of the front lens to the absolute value of the focal power of the back lens decreases with the back focal length increasing. The material of the front lens and the back lens have a longer interval on the thermogram. When the back focal length is greater than the focal length, the scenario becomes exactly opposite. Combined with the judgment method of the positive value and negative value of the focal power on the thermogram, the selection range of materials is constrained by the positive value, negative value, and absolute value of focal power, thus realizing the rapid selection of the optical materials. This method is used to design an athermalized infrared multispectral camera with a waveband of 8–14 μm, a focal length of 50 mm, and an F number of 1.4 in a range from –40 ℃ to +60 ℃. Through the simulation analysis, the value of the athermalized infrared multispectral camera, at the Nyquist frequency of 30 lp/mm reaches 0.39, which is close to the diffraction limit; the root mean square radius of the diffuse spot is smaller than the Airy spot radius of 19.17 μm; the axial aberration is less than 0.02 mm, and the design results show that this method can make the long back-focus infrared optical system maintain stable imaging quality in a large temperature range. The SF6 gas is detected experimentally, and the experimental results demonstrate the excellent optical performance of the system.
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Keywords:
- infrared multispectral camera /
- long back focal length /
- athermal design /
- hybrid refractive-diffractive system
[1] Xu L, Gao M G, Liu J G, Jiao Y, Feng M C, Tong J J, Li S 2013 Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere XVII; and Lidar Technologies, Techniques, and Measurements for Atmospheric Remote Sensing VIII Edinburgh, United Kingdom, September 24–27, 2012 p85340M
[2] Yin H, Sun Y W, Liu C, Zhang L, Lu X, Wang W, Shan C G, Hu Q H, Tian Y, Zhang C X, Su W J, Zhang H F, Palm M A, Notholt J, Liu J G 2019 Opt. Express 27 A1225
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[4] Yin H, Sun Y, Song Z, Liu C, Wang W, Shan C, Zha L 2021 Remote Sens. 13 791
Google Scholar
[5] Gay L, Alazarine A, Favier S, Blanchard S 2018 19th Meeting of the Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives (CBRNE) Sensing as part of the SPIE Defense and Commercial Sensing (DCS) Symposiμm Orlando, United States of America, April 16–18, 2018 p106290X
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Google Scholar
[7] Korai U A, Bermello A H, Strain M J, Glesk I, Velasco A V 2019 IEEE Photonics J. 11 4601611
Google Scholar
[8] Perry J W 1943 Proc. Phys. Soc. 55 0257
Google Scholar
[9] Tamagawa Y, Wakabayashi S, Tajime T, Hashimoto T 1994 Appl. Opt. 33 8009
Google Scholar
[10] Tamagawa Y, Tajime T 1996 Opt. Eng. 35 3001
Google Scholar
[11] Schwertz K, Dillon D, Sparrold S 2012 Conference on Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering XIII San Diego, United States of America, August 13–15, 2012 p84860E
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[13] 王磊, 窦健泰, 马骏, 袁操今, 高志山, 魏聪, 张天宇 2017 物理学报 66 094201
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Google Scholar
[14] Piao M X, Cui Q F, Zhang B, Zhao C Z 2018 Appl. Opt. 57 8861
Google Scholar
[15] Kim D C, Hermerschmidt A, Dyachenko P, Scharf T 2020 Opt. Express 28 22321
Google Scholar
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Yu D Y, Tan H Y 2011 Engineering Optics (Vol.1) (Beijing: China Machine Press) pp31−82 (in Chinese)
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Google Scholar
Hu Y X, Zhou S X, Xiang L B, Yang J F 2000 J. Opt. 20 1386
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[18] Alaruri S D 2016 Optik 127 254
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[19] Xie N, Cui Q F, Sun L, Wang J F 2019 Appl. Opt. 58 635
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Song Y F, Shao X P, Xu J 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 6298
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图 1 具有K块薄透镜的光学系统
Figure 1. An optical system containing K thin lenses.
图 2 无热图图解 (a) L1的归一化光焦度值; (b)透镜的归一化光焦度正负值
Figure 2. Graphic illustration of athermal chart: (a) Normalized power value of L1; (b) positive and negative values of normalized power of lens.
图 3 不同后焦距下前组透镜的归一化光焦度变化情况
Figure 3. Change of normalization power of front lens under different back focal length.
图 4 无热图中长后焦距系统材料的选择 (a)后焦距小于焦距; (b)后焦距大于焦距
Figure 4. Material selection of long back focal focus system on the athermal chart: (a) Back focal length is smaller than focal length; (b) back focal length is larger than focal length.
图 5 无热化设计流程图
Figure 5. Flow chart of athermal design.
图 6 长波红外光学材料无热图 (a)折射系统; (b)折衍混合系统
Figure 6. Athermal chart of long wave infrared optical materials: (a) Refraction system; (b) diffractive/refractive hybrid system.
图 7 轴向像差 (a)折射系统; (b)折衍混合系统
Figure 7. Axial aberration: (a) Refraction system; (b) diffractive/refractive hybrid system.
图 8 热离焦曲线
Figure 8. Athermal defocus curve.
图 9 光学系统结构图
Figure 9. Structure chart of optical system.
图 10 折衍射系统调制传递函数曲线图 (a) +20 ℃; (b) –40 ℃; (c) +60 ℃
Figure 10. MTF chart of refractive/diffractive system: (a) +20 ℃; (b) –40 ℃; (c) +60 ℃.
图 11 红外多光谱相机对SF6气体成像 (a)样机; (b) 2020年12月31日实验背景; (c) 5 ℃环境下成像结果; (d) 2021年01月27日实验背景; (e) 20 ℃环境下成像结果; (f) 40 ℃环境下成像结果
Figure 11. SF6 gas imaging by infrared multispectral camera: (a) Prototype; (b) background of the experiment on December 31, 2020; (c) gas imaging results in 5 ℃ environment; (d) background of the experiment on January 27, 2021; (e) gas imaging results in 20 ℃ environment; (f) gas imaging results in 40 ℃ environment.
表 1 长波红外材料光学特性
Table 1. Optical properties of long wave infrared materials
Material n @
11 μmα
/(10–6 ℃)$\dfrac{ {\rm d}n }{ {\rm d}t}$
/(10–6 ℃)γ
/(10–6 ℃)ω/10–3 Ge 4.004 5.7 408 130.137 1.653 ZnSe 2.4 7.1 61 36.471 29.55 ZnS 2.186 6.6 41 27.964 77.392 GaAs 3.273 5.7 149 59.866 16.21 AMTIR1 2.494 12 72 36.191 14.236 IRG201 2.493 12.3 62 29.238 15.208 IRG202 2.4913 16.4 39 9.755 14.285 IRG203 2.582 16.2 39 8.452 16.877 IRG204 2.765 20.9 18 –10.7 10.88 IRG205 2.6 14 70 29.766 15.631 IRG206 2.775 20.7 32 –2.674 10.478 IRG207 2.607 20.3 17 –9.719 9.399 
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表 2 光学系统指标
Table 2. Design specifications of optical system.
Parameters Values Wavelength/μm 8—14 Focal length/mm 50 FOV/(o) 15.6 F/# 1.43 Operating temperature/℃ –40—+60 MTF > 0.3@30 lp/mm Depth of focus/μm ± 44.99 Housing material (${\alpha _{\text{h} } } = 23.6 \times {10^{ { { - } }6} }$) AL Back focal length/mm 40.53 Total length/mm < 100
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表 3 –40 —+60 ℃范围内弥散斑均方根半径
Table 3. RMS radius in the range of –40—+60 ℃.
Spot diagram /μm Temperature/ ℃ –40 20 60 0 field 3.779 3.166 3.137 5.6 field 5.622 5.471 5.807 7.8 field 9.039 8.755 9.033
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[1] Xu L, Gao M G, Liu J G, Jiao Y, Feng M C, Tong J J, Li S 2013 Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere XVII; and Lidar Technologies, Techniques, and Measurements for Atmospheric Remote Sensing VIII Edinburgh, United Kingdom, September 24–27, 2012 p85340M
[2] Yin H, Sun Y W, Liu C, Zhang L, Lu X, Wang W, Shan C G, Hu Q H, Tian Y, Zhang C X, Su W J, Zhang H F, Palm M A, Notholt J, Liu J G 2019 Opt. Express 27 A1225
Google Scholar
[3] Yin H, Sun Y W, Liu C, Lu X, Smale D, Blumenstock T, Nagahama T, Wang W, Tian Y, Hu Q H, Shan C G, Zhang H F, Liu J G 2020 Opt. Express 28 8041
Google Scholar
[4] Yin H, Sun Y, Song Z, Liu C, Wang W, Shan C, Zha L 2021 Remote Sens. 13 791
Google Scholar
[5] Gay L, Alazarine A, Favier S, Blanchard S 2018 19th Meeting of the Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives (CBRNE) Sensing as part of the SPIE Defense and Commercial Sensing (DCS) Symposiμm Orlando, United States of America, April 16–18, 2018 p106290X
[6] Lim T Y, Kim Y S, Park S C 2017 Curr. Opt. Photonics 1 378
Google Scholar
[7] Korai U A, Bermello A H, Strain M J, Glesk I, Velasco A V 2019 IEEE Photonics J. 11 4601611
Google Scholar
[8] Perry J W 1943 Proc. Phys. Soc. 55 0257
Google Scholar
[9] Tamagawa Y, Wakabayashi S, Tajime T, Hashimoto T 1994 Appl. Opt. 33 8009
Google Scholar
[10] Tamagawa Y, Tajime T 1996 Opt. Eng. 35 3001
Google Scholar
[11] Schwertz K, Dillon D, Sparrold S 2012 Conference on Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering XIII San Diego, United States of America, August 13–15, 2012 p84860E
[12] Bernet S, Ritsch-Marte M 2017 Opt. Express 25 2469
Google Scholar
[13] 王磊, 窦健泰, 马骏, 袁操今, 高志山, 魏聪, 张天宇 2017 物理学报 66 094201
Google Scholar
Wang L, Dou J T, Ma J, Yuan C J, Gao Z S, Wei C, Zhang T Y 2017 Acta Phys.sin. 66 094201
Google Scholar
[14] Piao M X, Cui Q F, Zhang B, Zhao C Z 2018 Appl. Opt. 57 8861
Google Scholar
[15] Kim D C, Hermerschmidt A, Dyachenko P, Scharf T 2020 Opt. Express 28 22321
Google Scholar
[16] 郁道银, 谈恒英 2011 工程光学 (上篇) (北京: 机械工业出版社) 第31−82页
Yu D Y, Tan H Y 2011 Engineering Optics (Vol.1) (Beijing: China Machine Press) pp31−82 (in Chinese)
[17] 胡玉禧, 周绍祥, 相里斌, 杨建峰 2000 光学学报 20 1386
Google Scholar
Hu Y X, Zhou S X, Xiang L B, Yang J F 2000 J. Opt. 20 1386
Google Scholar
[18] Alaruri S D 2016 Optik 127 254
Google Scholar
[19] Xie N, Cui Q F, Sun L, Wang J F 2019 Appl. Opt. 58 635
Google Scholar
[20] 宋岩峰, 邵晓鹏, 徐军 2008 物理学报 57 6298
Google Scholar
Song Y F, Shao X P, Xu J 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 6298
Google Scholar
[21] 冯帅, 常军, 胡瑶瑶, 吴昊, 刘鑫 2020 物理学报 69 244202
Google Scholar
Feng S, Chang J, Hu Y Y, Wu H, Liu X 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 244202
Google Scholar
[22] Liu Z M, Liu W Q, Gao M G, Tong J J, Zhang T S, Xu L, Wei X L 2008 Chin. Phys. B 17 4184
Google Scholar
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