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In recent years, low-dimensional nanostructures such as quantum dots (QD) and quantum rings (QR) have been widely used in many fields such as optoelectronics, microelectronics and quantum communication due to their unique electrical, optical and magnetic properties. Owing to the similarity between nanostructures and atomic systems, the flexible modulation of several quantum properties of nanomaterials and the preparation of new optoelectronic devices around the characteristics of these structural systems have become a hot topic of research. Changing the growth process to control and tune the atomic diffusion mechanism in droplets is a key way of preparing complex nanostructures, which is important for the study of semiconductor nanostructure by droplet epitaxy. In the present experiment, the same amount (5 monolayer (5 ML)) of indium is deposited on GaAs (001) at different substrate temperatures (140, 160, 170 and 180 ℃) and different arsenic pressures (1.6, 3.3 and 4.6 ML/s), and the surface morphology evolutions are observed. As the substrate temperature increases, the radius of the disk gradually expands and a pit appears in the center of the diffusion disk. As the arsenic pressure increases, the density of the formed droplets increases, and the width of the diffusion disk formed in the center of the droplets gradually decreases. Our work involving nucleation theory is done at T < 200 ℃ to deactivate many thermal processes. This is a result of the diffusion coefficient being more complexly related to temperature. Based on the classical nucleation diffusion theory, the results of experimental data fitting include that the diffusion activation energies of In atoms on the surface of GaAs (001) are (0.62 ± 0.01) eV in
$ [1\bar 10] $ and (1.37 ± 0.01) eV in [110] respectively, and that the diffusion coefficient D0 is 1.2 × 10–2 cm2/s:those results confirm the theory after having been compared with the results obtained by other research groups. The diffusion activation energy of indium atoms and the diffusion mechanism of indium droplets on GaAs (001) obtained from the experiment can provide experimental guidance for modulating the structural property of InAs nanostructures.-
Keywords:
- InAs nanostructures /
- surface diffusion /
- droplet epitaxy
[1] Massimo G, Zhiming W, Armando R, Takashi K, Stefano S 2019 Nat. Mater. 5 799
[2] Francesco B B, Sergio B, Marcus R, Luca E, Alexey F, Daniel H, Armando R, Emiliano B, Rinaldo T, Stefano S 2018 Nano Lett. 18 505
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Google Scholar
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图 1 不同衬底温度(140, 160, 170 和180 ℃)下InAs纳米结构AFM扫描图
Figure 1. AFM images of InAs nanostructures at different substrate temperatures (140, 160, 170 and 180 °C).
图 2 180 ℃下[110] (a)和
$ [1\bar 10] $ (b)方向上InAs纳米结构AFM剖面线图Figure 2. AFM profiles of InAs nanostructure at 180 ℃ along the [011] (a) and
$ [1\bar 10] $ (b) directions with labels indicating the regions that constitute the InAs diffusion halo.
图 3 扩散长度(
$ \Delta $ R)随液滴沉积温度演变函数关系图Figure 3. Evolution of diffusion length (∆R) as a function of droplet deposition temperature.
图 4 不同衬底温度((a), (d) 160 ℃; (b), (e) 170 ℃; (c), (f) 180 ℃)InAs纳米结构3D形貌及其扩散盘
$ (\Delta R) $ 剖面线图Figure 4. 3D morphology of InAs nanostructures and the profile line of their diffusion disk
$ \Delta R $ at different substrate temperatures ((a), (d) 160 °C; (b), (e) 170 °C; (c), (f) 180 °C).
图 5 (a)—(c) 不同As压力下InAs纳米结构5 µm × 5 µm AFM扫描图; (d) 高砷压(黑色实线)与低砷压(红色虚线)下InAs纳米结构AFM剖面线图
Figure 5. (a)–(c) InAs nanostructure 5 µm × 5 µm AFM scan under different As pressure; (d) AFM profiles of InAs nanostructures at high arsenic pressure (black solid line) and low arsenic pressure (red dashed line).
图 6
$ \overline {\Delta R} $ 随As压变化函数图Figure 6. Plot of
$ \overline {\Delta R} $ as a function of As pressure.表 1 本文得到的EIn值与文献的比较
Table 1. Comparison of the EIn values obtained in this paper with the literatures.
References Material system EIn/eV Method Takeshi等[24] InAs/GaAs [110]: 0.34
$ [1\bar 10] $: 0.21Droplet epitaxy Margaret等[23] InAs/InGaAs/InP [110]: 0.686 ± 0.04
$ [1\bar 10] $: 0.546 ± 0.03Droplet epitaxy Rosini等[22] InAs/InGaAs/GaAs [110]: 0.8–1.0
$ [1\bar 10] $: 0.4–0.9Simulation: KMC and DFT Our work InAs/GaAs [110]: 1.37 ± 0.01
$ [1\bar 10] $: 0.62 ± 0.01Droplet epitaxy 
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[1] Massimo G, Zhiming W, Armando R, Takashi K, Stefano S 2019 Nat. Mater. 5 799
[2] Francesco B B, Sergio B, Marcus R, Luca E, Alexey F, Daniel H, Armando R, Emiliano B, Rinaldo T, Stefano S 2018 Nano Lett. 18 505
Google Scholar
[3] Zocher M, Heyn C, Hansen W 2019 J. Cryst. Growth 512 219
Google Scholar
[4] Sergey V B, Maxim S S, Mikhail M E, Boris G K, Oleg A A 2019 Nanotechnology 30 505601
Google Scholar
[5] Ying Y, Hancheng Z, Jiawei Y, Lin L, Jin L, Siyuan Y 2019 Nanotechnology 30 485001
Google Scholar
[6] Jong S K, Im S H, Sang J L, Jin D S 2018 J. Korean Phys. Soc. 73 190
Google Scholar
[7] Li A Z, Wang Z M, Wu J, Salamo G J 2010 Nano Res. 3 490
Google Scholar
[8] Pankaow N, Thainoi S, Panyakeow S, Ratanathammaphan S 2011 J. Cryst. Growth. 323 282
Google Scholar
[9] Boonpeng P, Jevasuwan W, Nuntawong N, Thainoi S, Panyakeow S, Ratanathammaphan S 2011 J. Cryst. Growth 323 271
Google Scholar
[10] Boonpeng P, Kiravittaya S, Thainoi S, Panyakeow S, Ratanathammaphan S 2013 J. Cryst. Growth 378 435
Google Scholar
[11] Pankaow N, Prongjit P, Thainoi S, Panyakeow S, Ratanathammaphan S 2013 Microelectron. Eng. 110 298
Google Scholar
[12] Biccari F, Bietti S, Cavigli L, Vinattieri A, Nötzel R, Gurioli M 2016 J. Appl. Phys. 120 134312
Google Scholar
[13] Nataliya L S, Maxim A V, Alla G N, Igor G N 2018 Comput. Mater. Sci. 141 91
Google Scholar
[14] David F, Kamal A, Benito A, Yolanda G, Luisa G 2016 J. Cryst. Growth 434 81
Google Scholar
[15] Noda T, Jo M, Mano T, Kawazu T, Sakaki H 2013 J. Cryst. Growth 378 529
Google Scholar
[16] Jong S K 2017 Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 57 70
Google Scholar
[17] Spirina A A, Shwartz N L 2019 Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 100 319
Google Scholar
[18] Chawner J M A, Chang Y, Hodgson P D, Hayne M, Robson A J, Sanchez A M, Zhuang Q 2019 Semicond. Sci. Technol. 34 9
[19] Zhao C J 2018 J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 18 7617
Google Scholar
[20] Bietti S, Somaschini C, Esposito L, Fedorov A, Sanguinetti S 2014 J. Appl. Phys. 116 114311
Google Scholar
[21] Somaschini C, Bietti S, Koguchi N, Sanguinetti S 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 203109
Google Scholar
[22] Takeshi N, Takaaki M, Hiroyuki S 2011 Cryst. Growth. Des. 11 726
Google Scholar
[23] Rosini M, Righi M C, Kratzer P, Magri R 2009 Phys. Rev. B 79 075302
Google Scholar
[24] Margaret A S, Stephanie T, Sergey M, Thomas EV, Michael KY 2017 J. Appl. Phys. 121 195302
Google Scholar
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