Miniaturized superconducting single-photon detection system for airborne platform

He Guang-Long; Xue Li; Wu Cheng; Li Hui; Yin Rui; Dong Da-Xing; Wang Hao; Xu Chi; Huang Hui-Xin; Tu Xue-Cou; Kang Lin; Jia Xiao-Qing; Zhao Qing-Yuan; Chen Jian; Xia Ling-Hao; Zhang La-Bao; Wu Pei-Heng

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20230248

Abstract

Facing the demand for applications such as wide-area terrain mapping and space-based atmospheric measurements, there is an urgent need to develop miniaturized single-photon detection systems with low power consumption that can be adapted to airborne platforms. Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) have been applied to quantum information, bioimaging, deep space communication and long-range lidar with the advantages of high quantum efficiency, low dark count rate and fast detection rate. However, traditional SNSPD usually operates at 2.1 K or even lower, and the required cryogenic systems are large in size and weight, which are not easy to apply to airborne platforms. Up to now, there has been no report on SNSPD applied to airborne platforms. How to apply SNSPD to airborne platforms is an urgent problem to be solved.In this work, we design and make an SNSPD with an operating temperature of 4.2 K. The superconducting detector chip is a four-channel photon-number-resolving device with a photosensitive area of 60 μm × 60 μm, which is coupled to a 200-μm-diameter fiber by a beam compression system with a quantum efficiency of 50% at 1064 nm and a temperature of 4.2 K. Finally, the time characteristics of a single channel are tested in response to different photon numbers. The timing jitter of four-photon response is smallest, and the half-height width is 110 ps. This work not only supports airborne applications, but also has positive implications for promoting the development of general-purpose miniaturized SNSPD systems and their applications.

Keywords:

superconducting nanowire single photon detector /
liquid helium temperature zone /
photon number resolution /
airborne platform

Authors and contacts

1.
Reaserch Institute of Superconductor Electronics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
2.
Beijing Institute of Tracking and Telecommunications Technology, Beijing 100094, China
3.
Nanjing Institute of Electronic Technology, Nanjing 210039, China
4.
School of Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China

Corresponding author: Xia Ling-Hao, xlh2006@163.com ; Zhang La-Bao, lzhang@nju.edu.cn ;

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12033002, 62101240, 62071218, 62071214, 61801206, 11227904, 62288101), the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province, China (Grant No. 2020B030302001), and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (Grant No. BK202010177).

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References

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Cited By

图 1 四通道16像元SNSPD制备流程

Figure 1. Four-channel 16-pixel SNSPD preparation process.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 纳米线扫描电子显微镜图: 总面积为60 μm × 60 μm, 共四个通道, 每个通道包括4个像元(①②③④). 红色圆虚线表示入射光斑大小, 直径为60 μm. 绿色线框表示1号通道左、中、右3个位置处的纳米线, 线宽为65 nm ± 2 nm, 分布较为均匀

Figure 2. Scanning electron microscopy of nanowires: total area is 60 μm × 60 μm, four channels, each channel includes four pixels (①②③④). The red dotted line is the size of the incident light spot, with a diameter of 60 μm. The green line frame is the nanowire at the left, middle and right of Channel 1, with a line width of 65 nm ± 2 nm and relatively uniform distribution.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 器件性能测试　(a) 器件在不同温度下的量子效率, 在温度小于3.5 K时四通道量子效率均达饱和, 但饱和区间长度随着温度上升而减小, 当温度升至4.2 K时, 通过对实验结果的拟合, 得到4个通道的量子效率均大于50%; (b) 光子响应幅值分布统计, 呈现4个高斯分布, 统计分布的中心值分别为56 , 72, 87, 98 mV, 分别对应单光子、双光子、三光子和四光子响应情况; (c) 通过示波器采集不同光子数响应的脉冲信号, 单光子响应时的信噪比为56 mV/20 mV ≈ 2.8

Figure 3. Device performance test: (a) Quantum efficiency test of the device at different temperatures. The quantum efficiency of all four channels saturates at temperatures less than 3.5 K, but the length of the saturation interval decreases as the temperature rises. When the temperature rises to 4.2 K, the quantum efficiency of the four channels is obtained by fitting the experimental results, which is greater than 50%; (b) the statistics of photon response amplitude distribution, showing four Gaussian distributions with the center values of statistical distributions of 56 , 72 , 87 and 98 mV, corresponding to the single-photon, two-photon, three-photon and four-photon response cases, respectively; (c) the acquisition of different photon number response by oscilloscope, and the signal-to-noise ratio of single photon response is 56 mV/20 mV ≈ 2.8.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 时间特性测试　(a) 单光子响应模式下时间抖动测量; 由于器件单通道包含了4个像元, 不同像元之间信号传输线的长度不同, 导致信号传输时间不同, 在时间轴上表现为4个高斯分布的叠加; (b) 多光子响应时时间抖动测量; 由于存在双光子、三光子和四光子响应多种状态, 在时间轴上无明显的分布特征; (c) 四光子响应时间抖动测量; 只存在4个像元同时响应的情况, 因此只有一个高斯分布, 此时抖动最小, 高斯分布半高宽110 ps

Figure 4. Time characteristic test: (a) Timing jitter measurement in single-photon response mode. Because the single channel of the device contains four pixels, the length of signal transmission lines between different pixels is different, resulting in different signal transmission time, which is shown as the superposition of four Gaussian distributions on the time axis. (b) Measurement of timing jitter in multi-photon response. Due to the existence of two-photon, three-photon and four-photon response states, there is no obvious distribution characteristics on the time axis. (c) Four-photon response timing jitter measurement. Only four pixels respond at the same time, so there is only one Gaussian distribution. At this time, the jitter is minimum, and the half-height width of the Gaussian distribution is 110 ps.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 液氦温区SNSPD国内外研究进展

Table 1. Progress of domestic and international research on SNSPD in liquid helium temperature region.

年份	薄膜材料	波段/nm	探测器直径、线长或面积	运行温度/K	效率
2020年^[23]	NbTiN	1064	直径15 μm	4.2	—
2019年^[24]	NbTiN	1550	直径14 μm	4.2	64%
2017年^[25]	MoSi	370	直径56 μm	4	80%
2017年^[26]	NbTiN	1310	直径12 μm	4.2	20%
2017年^[22]	MgB₂	1550	线长120 μm	11	—
This work	NbN	1064	60 μm× 60 μm	3.5	量子效率饱和

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Henriksson M, Jonsson P 2018 Opt. Eng. 57 093104
[2]	Kong H J, Kim T H, Jo S E, Oh M S 2011 Opt. Express 19 19323 Google Scholar
[3]	Cohen L, Matekole E S, Sher Y, Istrati D, Eisenberg H S, Dowling J P 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 123 203601 Google Scholar
[4]	Chang J, Los J W N, Tenorio-Pearl J O, Noordzij N, Gourgues R, Guardiani A, Zichi J R, Pereira S F, Urbach H P, Zwiller V, Dorenbos S N, Esmaeil Zadeh I 2021 APL Photonics 6 036114 Google Scholar
[5]	Korzh B, Zhao Q Y, Allmaras J P, Frasca S, Autry T M, Bersin E A, Beyer A D, Briggs R M, Bumble B, Colangelo M, Crouch G M, Dane A E, Gerrits T, Lita A E, Marsili F, Moody G, Peña C, Ramirez E, Rezac J D, Sinclair N, Stevens M J, Velasco A E, Verma V B, Wollman E E, Xie S, Zhu D, Hale P D, Spiropulu M, Silverman K L, Mirin R P, Nam S W, Kozorezov A G, Shaw M D, Berggren K K 2020 Nat. Photonics 14 250 Google Scholar
[6]	Reddy D V, Nerem R R, Nam S W, Mirin R P, Verma V B 2020 Optica 7 1649 Google Scholar
[7]	Shibata H, Shimizu K, Takesue H, Tokura Y 2015 Opt. Lett. 40 3428 Google Scholar
[8]	Zhang W, Huang J, Zhang C, You L, Lv C, Zhang L, Li H, Wang Z, Xie X 2019 IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 29 2200204 Google Scholar
[9]	Cahall C, Nicolich K L, Islam N T, Lafyatis G P, Miller A J, Gauthier D J, Kim J 2017 Optica 4 1534 Google Scholar
[10]	Divochiy A, Marsili F, Bitauld D, Gaggero A, Leoni R, Mattioli F, Korneev A, Seleznev V, Kaurova N, Minaeva O, Gol'tsman G, Lagoudakis K G, Benkhaoul M, Lévy F, Fiore A 2008 Nat. Photonics 2 302 Google Scholar
[11]	Mattioli F, Zhou Z, Gaggero A, Gaudio R, Leoni R, Fiore A 2016 Opt. Express 24 9067 Google Scholar
[12]	Zhu D, Zhao Q Y, Choi H, Lu T J, Dane A E, Englund D, Berggren K K 2018 Nat. Nanotechnol. 13 596 Google Scholar
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[14]	Guan Y, Li H, Xue L, Yin R, Zhang L, Wang H, Zhu G, Kang L, Chen J, Wu P 2022 Opt. Lasers in Eng. 156 107102 Google Scholar
[15]	Borst J W, A Visser 2010 Meas. Sci. Technol. 21 102002 Google Scholar
[16]	Sprengers J P, Gaggero A, Sahin D, Jahanmirinejad S, Frucci G, Mattioli F, Leoni R, Beetz J, Lermer M, Kamp M, Hofling S, Sanjines R, Fiore A 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 181110 Google Scholar
[17]	Korner C 2007 Trends Ecol. Evol. 22 569 Google Scholar
[18]	Pobell F 2007 Matter and Methods at Low Temperature (Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer)
[19]	Caloz M, Perrenoud M, Autebert C, Korzh B, Weiss M, Schonenberger C, Warburton R J, Zbinden H, Bussieres F 2018 Appl. Phys. Lett. 112 061103 Google Scholar
[20]	Chen Q, Ge R, Zhang L, Li F, Zhang B, Jin F, Han H, Dai Y, He G, Fei Y, Wang X, Wang H, Jia X, Zhao Q, Tu X, Kang L, Chen J, Wu P 2021 Sci. Bull. 66 965 Google Scholar
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[23]	Salvoni D, Ejrnaes M, Parlato L, Yang X Y, You L X, Wang Z, Pepe G P, Cristiano R 2020 J. Phy.: Conf. Ser. 1559 012014 Google Scholar
[24]	Gourgues R, Los J W N, Zichi J, Chang J, Kalhor N, Bulgarini G, Dorenbos S N, Zwiller V, Zadeh I E 2019 Opt. Express 27 24601 Google Scholar
[25]	Wollman E E, Verma V B, Beyer A D, Briggs R M, Korzh B, Allmaras J P, Marsili F, Lita A E, Mirin R P, Nam S W, Shaw M D 2017 Opt. Express 25 26792 Google Scholar
[26]	Gemmell N R, Hills M, Bradshaw T, Rawlings T, Green B, Heath R M, Tsimvrakidis K, Dobrovolskiy S, Zwiller V, Dorenbos S. N, Crook M, Hadfield R H 2017 Supercond. Sci. Technol. 30 11LT01 Google Scholar
[27]	Hofherr M, Rall D, Ilin K, Siegel M, Semenov A, Hubers H W, Gippius N A 2010 J. Appl. Phys. 108 014507 Google Scholar
[28]	Marsili F, Najafi F, Dauler E, Bellei F, Hu X L, Csete M, Molnar R J, Berggren K K 2011 Nano lett. 11 2048 Google Scholar
[29]	Li F, Han H, Chen Q, Zhang B, Bao H, Dai Y, Ge R, Guo S, He G, Fei Y, Yang S, Wang X, Wang H, Jia X, Zhao Q, Zhang L, Kang L, Wu P 2021 Photonics Res. 9 389 Google Scholar
[30]	Kozorezov A G, Lambert C, Marsili F, Stevens M J, Verma V B, Allmaras J P, Shaw M D, Mirin R P, Nam S W 2017 Phys. Rev. B 96 054507 Google Scholar

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