Tomography of fast ion distribution function under neutral beam injection and ion cyclotron resonance heating on EAST

Sun Yan-Xu; Huang Juan; Gao Wei; Chang Jia-Feng; Zhang Wei; Shi Chang; Li Yun-He

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20230846

Abstract

In magnetic confinement fusion devices, velocity-space tomography of fast-ion velocity distribution function is crucial for investigating fast-ion distribution and transport. In the neutral beam injection (NBI) and ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRF) synergistic heating experiments in Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), high-energy particles with energy exceeding the particle energy in NBI are observed. Simulations of synergistic effect on fast-ion velocity distribution function given by TRANSP also show the existence of particles with energy higher than the particle energy in NBI. To investigate the behaviors of fast ion distribution and calculate the velocity distribution functions under different heating conditions, the first-order Tikhonov regularization tomographic inversion method with higher inversion accuracy is introduced by comparing various regularization techniques. The limitations of the dual-view fast-ion D_α (FIDA) diagnostic measurements in velocity space are addressed by incorporating prior information such as null measurement and the known peaks and effectively mitigate the occurrence of artifacts. This method is first employed in the case of NBI heating. The NBI peak is successfully reconstructed at the expected location in velocity space, which shows significant improvement in the inversion results. In order to further validate the synergistic effect of NBI-ICRF heating and study the mechanism of fast ion distribution under synergistic heating, the combination of FIDA and neutron emission spectrometer (NES) is applied to the first-order Tikhonov regularization tomographic inversion method for enhancing the coverage of velocity space, through which the issue of artifacts in the inversion results is significantly improved, and thus the precision of the obtained fast-ion velocity distribution functions is enhanced. Based on the benefit described above, the method of combining NES diagnosis and FIDA diagnosis is used to obtain fast-ion velocity distribution functions in the NBI and ICRF synergistic heating discharge. The synergistic heating effect is manifested in the fast-ion velocity distribution. The availability of this inversion method in reconstructing fast-ion velocity distribution functions during high-performance operation of NBI-ICRF synergistic heating in the EAST experiment is confirmed. In the next-step EAST research, high performance discharge will demand more efficiency NBI and ICRF synergistic heating, the present work builds the stage for investigating the underlying mechanism of synergistic heating and the intricate behaviors associated with fast ion distribution and transport.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
2.
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
3.
State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

Corresponding author: Huang Juan, juan.huang@ipp.ac.cn

Funds: Project supported by the Special Project for National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Energy Research of China (Grant No. 2019YFE03020004) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11975276).

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References

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[24]	Zhang X J, Yang H, Qin C M, Yuan S, Zhao Y P, Wang Y S, Liu L N, Mao Y Z, Cheng Y, Gong X Z, Xu G S, Song Y T, Li J G, Wan B N, Zhang K, Zhang B, Ai L, Wang G X, Guo Y Y 2022 Nucl. Fusion 62 086038 Google Scholar
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Cited By

图 1 EAST托卡马克上四条中性束束线位置、O和B窗口FIDA视图以及NES的布局　(a)俯视图; (b) 极向截面图. 视场中的红线是本文所分析的信号的观测位置

Figure 1. Layout of four neutral beams, the O and B-port view of FIDA, the location of the NES on EAST: (a) Top view; (b) poloidal view. The red lines-of-sight are analyzed in this paper for shot #113648.

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图 2 归一化的权重函数总和　(a) NES H窗口; (b) FIDA O窗口; (c) FIDA B窗口

Figure 2. Normalized weight function coverage: (a) NES H-port; (b) FIDA O-port; (c) FIDA B-port.

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图 3 #113648放电参数时序演化图　(a) 中子产额; (b) 极向比压; (c) 中性束注入功率; (d) ICRF加热功率

Figure 3. Time traces of shot #113648: (a) Neutron yield; (b) poloidal beta; (c) neutral beam injection power; (d) ICRF heating power.

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图 4 单独NBI以及NBI-ICRF协同加热时双视图FIDA测量光谱　(a) 切向FIDA信号; (b)垂直FIDA信号; 误差棒为诊断束打开区间测量光谱的整体标准差

Figure 4. Dual view FIDA measurement spectrum of NBI only and NBI-ICRF synergetic heating: (a) Tangential view; (b) vertical view.

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图 5 单独NBI以及NBI-ICRF协同加热时NES能谱

Figure 5. NES spectrum of NBI only and NBI-ICRF synergetic heating.

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图 6 TRANSP模拟的快离子分布函数　(a)单独NBI加热; (b) NBI-ICRF协同加热; 黑色虚线为NBI能量, 黑色实线为单独NBI加热时快离子能量上限

Figure 6. TRANSP simulation of fast ion distribution function: (a) NBI only heating; (b) NBI-ICRF synergetic heating. Black dashed line is the NBI injection energy, black solid line is the upper limit of fast ion energy for NBI only.

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图 7 沿负俯仰角积分的快离子分布能谱图.

Figure 7. Fast ion distribution energy spectrum integrated along the negative pitch angle.

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图 8 单独NBI时基于FIDA诊断测量的快离子分布函数层析反演　(a)零阶Tikhonov正则化; (b) 一阶Tikhonov正则化; (c) 一阶Tikhonov正则化, 空值测量区域; (d) 一阶Tikhonov正则化, 已知峰值位置

Figure 8. Reconstructions of the fast ion distribution function based on FIDA diagnostic measurements during NBI only heating: (a) Zero-order Tikhonov regularization; (b) first-order Tikhonov regularization; (c) first-order Tikhonov regularization, null measurement; (d) first-order Tikhonov regularization, known peak.

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图 9 NBI-ICRF协同加热阶段基于TRANSP模拟合成信号的层析反演　(a) 零阶Tikhonov正则化; (b) 一阶Tikhonov正则化; (c) 一阶Tikhonov正则化, 空值测量区域

Figure 9. Reconstructions of synthetic signal based on the TRANSP distributions: (a) Zero-order Tikhonov regularization; (b) first-order Tikhonov regularization; (c) first-order Tikhonov regularization, null measurement.

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图 10 基于快离子诊断数据的分布函数层析反演　(a), (b) 不添加先验信息; (c), (d) TRANSP模拟的快离子能量上限作为先验信息; 其中(a), (c)仅使用FIDA测量; (b), (d) FIDA与NES测量结合

Figure 10. Reconstructions based on fast ion diagnostic data: (a), (b) Without adding a priori information; (c), (d) fast ion energy upper bounds for TRANSP simulations as prior information. Only FIDA measurement is used in panel (a) and (c); FIDA in combination with NES measurements are used in panel (b) and (d).

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[1]	Fasoli A, Gormenzano C, Berk H L, Breizman B, Briguglio S, Darrow D S, Gorelenkov N, Heidbrink W W, Jaun A, Konovalov S V, Nazikian R, Noterdaeme J M, Sharapov S, Shinohara K, Testa D, Tobita K, Todo Y, Vlad G, Zonca F 2007 Nucl. Fusion 47 S264 Google Scholar
[2]	Heidbrink W W, Luo Y, Burrell K H, Harvey R W, Pinsker R I, Ruskov E 2007 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 49 1457 Google Scholar
[3]	Reisner M, Fable E, Stober J, Bock A, Bañon Navarro A, Di Siena A, Fischer R, Bobkov V, McDermott R 2020 Nucl. Fusion 60 082005 Google Scholar
[4]	Huynh E A L P, Van Eester D, Bilato C R, Varje J, Johnson T, Sauter O, Villard L, Ferreira J, JET contributors and the EUROfusion-IM Team 2020 AIP Conf. Proc. 2254 060003 Google Scholar
[5]	Hillairet J, Gallart D, Mantsinen M, Challis C, Frigione D, Graves J, Hobirk J, Belonohy E, Czarnecka A, Eriksson J, Goniche M, Hellesen C, Jacquet P, Joffrin E, Krawczyk N, King D, Lennholm M, Lerche E, Pawelec E, Sips G, Solano E, Tsalas M, Valisa M 2017 EPJ Web Conf. 157 02006 Google Scholar
[6]	Heidbrink W W 2010 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81 10D727 Google Scholar
[7]	Michael C A, Conway N, Crowley B, Jones O, Heidbrink W W, Pinches S, Braeken E, Akers R, Challis C, Turnyanskiy M, Patel A, Muir D, Gaffka R, Bailey S 2013 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 55 095007 Google Scholar
[8]	Nielsen S K, Stejner M, Rasmussen J, Jacobsen A S, Korsholm S B, Leipold F, Maraschek M, Meo F, Michelsen P K, Moseev D, Salewski M, Schubert M, Stober J, Suttrop W, Tardini G, Wagner D 2015 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 57 035009 Google Scholar
[9]	Salewski M, Nocente M, Madsen B, Abramovic I, Fitzgerald M, Gorini G, Hansen P C, Heidbrink W W, Jacobsen A S, Jensen T, Kiptily V G, Klinkby E B, Korsholm S B, Kurki-Suonio T, Larsen A W, Leipold F, Moseev D, Nielsen S K, Pinches S D, Rasmussen J, Rebai M, Schneider M, Shevelev A, Sipila S, Stejner M, Tardocchi M 2018 Nucl. Fusion 58 096019 Google Scholar
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[16]	Geiger B, Weiland M, Jacobsen A S, Rittich D, Dux R, Fischer R, Hopf C, Maraschek M, McDermott R M, Nielsen S K, Odstrcil T, Reich M, Ryter F, Salewski M, Schneider P A, Tardini G 2015 Nucl. Fusion 55 083001 Google Scholar
[17]	Weiland M, Bilato R, Geiger B, Schneider P A, Tardini G, Garcia-Muñoz M, Ryter F, Salewski M, Zohm H 2017 Nucl. Fusion 57 116058 Google Scholar
[18]	Madsen B, Salewski M, Heidbrink W W, Stagner L, Podestà M, Lin D, Garcia A V, Hansen P C, Huang J 2020 Nucl. Fusion 60 066024 Google Scholar
[19]	Madsen B, Salewski M, Huang J, Jacobsen A S, Jones O, McClements K G, MAST Team 2018 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 89 10D125 Google Scholar
[20]	Jacobsen A S, Salewski M, Geiger B, Korsholm S B, Leipold F, Nielsen S K, Rasmussen J, Stejner M, Weiland M 2016 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 58 042002 Google Scholar
[21]	Salewski M, Gorini G, Jacobsen A S, Kiptily V G, Korsholm S B, Leipold F, Madsen J, Moseev D, Nielsen S K, Rasmussen J, Stejner M, Tardocchi M, JET Contributors 2016 Nucl. Fusion 56 046009 Google Scholar
[22]	Su J, Wan B, Huang J, Madsen B, Salewski M, Sun Y, Wang J, Fu J, Chang J, Wu C, Liang L, Chen Y, Zhong G, Liu H, Zang Q, Li Y, Lyu B, Qian J, Gong X 2021 Plasma Sci. Technol. 23 095103 Google Scholar
[23]	Madsen B, Huang J, Salewski M, Järleblad H, Hansen P C, Stagner L, Su J, Chang J F, Fu J, Wang J, Liang L Z, Zhong G, Li Y, Lyu B, Liu H, Zang Q, Luo Z, Nocente M, Moseev D, Fan T, Zhang Y, Yang D, Sun J, Liao L 2020 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 62 115019 Google Scholar
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[27]	Hou Y M, Wu C R, Huang J, Heidbrink W W, von Hellermann M G, Xu Z, Jin Z, Chang J F, Zhu Y B, Gao W, Chen Y J, Lyu B, Hu R J, Zhang P F, Zhang L, Gao W, Wu Z W, Yu Y, Ye M Y, Team E 2016 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87 11E552 Google Scholar
[28]	Jacobsen A S, Stagner L, Salewski M, Geiger B, Heidbrink W W, Korsholm S B, Leipold F, Nielsen S K, Rasmussen J, Stejner M, Thomsen H, Weiland M 2016 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 58 045016 Google Scholar
[29]	Pankin A, McCune D, Andre R, Bateman G, Kritz A 2004 Comput. Phys. Commun. 159 157 Google Scholar
[30]	Salewski M, Geiger B, Nielsen S K, Bindslev H, Garcia-Munoz M, Heidbrink W W, Korsholm S B, Leipold F, Meo F, Michelsen P K, Moseev D, Stejner M, Tardini G, Team A U 2012 Nucl. Fusion 52 103008 Google Scholar

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Vol. 72, Issue 21 - 2023-11-05

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