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Ultrasonic identification has an important application value for national defense, military affairs, aerospace, nuclear facilities and other high-tech fields. Ultrasonic waves can be used to identify any metal material. At present, the researches focus on algorithms for identifying the difference in ultrasonic signal among materials, but the study on the corresponding identification theory is lacking. In this work, 10 primary models of the microstructure of 2A12 aluminum alloy are established as analogies to the complex microstructures of polycrystalline metallic materials. The grains of these models are different from each other in size, separation distance, shape, arrangement directions and orders. The time-domain ultrasonic echo signals of different microstructures are calculated by making use of the finite element method. The grass-like signals between two echoes are ultrasonic backscattering signals, which are sensitive to any change of microstructure. The backscattering signals between the primary echo and the secondary echo in the ultrasonic echo time domain signals are extracted as ultrasonic fingerprints. The feature difference Q is defined to quantify the difference in ultrasonic fingerprint of each sample. The results show that the slight variation in microstructure will lead to difference in ultrasonic signal, and the difference caused by the variation in grain size is more distinct. And then, an ultrasonic identification algorithm is proposed, and the identification experiments are conducted on four 2A12 aluminum alloy samples with the same shape. The identification results show that the target sample can be accurately identified by using ultrasonic fingerprints and the ultrasonic fingerprints of the target sample are distinctly different from those of the other samples. The microstructure morphologies of the samples are examined by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM results show that there are significant differences in grain size, separation distance and densification between samples although they are the same material. The features of the microstructure in the proposed ultrasonic scattering model in this work are confirmed by the actual y micromorphologies observed in the SEM images. The identification experiments and SEM results demonstrate that the established ultrasonic scattering model is effective. This work can provide a reference for theoretically studying ultrasonic identification and present an idea for developing some new identification algorithms in future.
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Keywords:
- ultrasonic scattering /
- microstructure /
- polycrystalline materials /
- ultrasonic identification /
- finite element methods
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[5] Huntington H B 1950 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 22 362
Google Scholar
[6] Lobkis O I, Rokhlin S I 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 96 161905
Google Scholar
[7] Li J, Rokhlin S I 2015 Wave Motion 58 145
Google Scholar
[8] Song Y F, Kube C M, Turner J A, Li X 2017 Ultrasonics 80 58
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Li S, Li X B, Song Y F, Chen C 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 234301
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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[19] 刘小荣, 贺西平, 张宏普, 贺升平, 尼涛, 崔东, 卢康 2016 科学通报 61 844
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Google Scholar
[20] 安笑笑, 贺西平, 卢康 2018 电子学报 46 1737
Google Scholar
An X X, He X P, Lu K 2018 Acta Electron. Sin. 46 1737
Google Scholar
[21] Liu Y, He X P, He S P 2023 Acoust. Phys. 69 574
Google Scholar
[22] Du H 2022 Ultrasonics 119 106633
Google Scholar
[23] Yang L, Li J, Lobkis O I, Rokhlin S I 2012 J. Nondestr. Eval. 31 270
Google Scholar
[24] Rokhlin S I, Sha G, Li J, Pilchak A L 2021 Ultrasonics 115 106433
Google Scholar
[25] Yang L, Lobkis O I, Rokhlin S I 2011 Ultrasonics 51 697
Google Scholar
[26] Lobkis O I, Yang L, Li J, Rokhlin S I 2012 Ultrasonics 52 694
Google Scholar
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图 1 椭球形晶粒模型
Figure 1. Model of ellipsoidal grain.
图 2 样品的微观结构模型
Figure 2. Microstructure models of the samples.
图 3 模型A中不同时刻的超声波 (a) 4.0×10–7 s; (b) 9.4×10–7 s; (c) 1.34×10–6 s; (d) 4.82×10–6 s
Figure 3. Ultrasonic waves at different moments in model A: (a) 4.0×10–7 s; (b) 9.4×10–7 s; (c) 1.34×10–6 s; (d) 4.82×10–6 s.
图 4 各模型中超声回波的时域信号
Figure 4. Time-domain signals of ultrasonic echos of each model.
图 5 2A12铝合金样品
Figure 5. 2A12 aluminum alloy samples.
图 6 实验装置
Figure 6. Experimental setup.
图 7 2A12铝合金的SEM断面图 (a) 1#样品; (b) 2# 样品; (c) 3#样品; (d) 4#样品
Figure 7. SEM cross-sections of 2A12 aluminum alloy samples: (a) Sample 1#; (b) Sample 2#; (c) Sample 3#; (d) Sample 4#.
表 1 模型参数
Table 1. Model parameters of the models.
A B C D E F G H I J 排列顺序 HSV
HSVVHS
VHSHSV
HSVHHH
HHHSSS
SSSHSV
HSVVSH
VSHHSV
HSVVHS
HSVVVV
VVV间距1/μm 900 900 1300 900 900 900 900 600 900 900 间距2/μm 800 800 500 800 800 800 800 500 800 800 RCL/μm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 RCS/μm 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 RHL/μm 300 300 300 300 300 200 300 300 300 300 RHS/μm 150 150 150 150 150 100 150 150 150 150 RS/μm 200 200 200 200 200 100 200 200 200 200 RVL/μm 300 300 300 300 300 200 300 300 300 300 RVS/μm 200 200 200 200 200 100 200 200 200 200 
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表 2 各模型间特征差异
Table 2. Feature differences of each model.
编号 A B C D E F G H I J A 4.2043 0.2362 0.6463 1.3433 6.3421 2.3561 2.4869 2.7060 2.8057 B 4.2043 3.9681 3.5580 2.8610 2.1378 1.8482 1.7174 1.4983 1.3986 C 0.2362 3.9681 0.4100 1.1071 6.1059 2.1199 2.2507 2.4698 2.5695 D 0.6463 3.5580 0.4100 0.6971 5.6958 1.7098 1.8406 2.0598 2.1595 E 1.3433 2.8610 1.1071 0.6971 4.9988 1.0127 1.1436 1.3627 1.4624 F 6.3421 2.1378 6.1059 5.6958 4.9988 3.9860 3.8552 3.6360 3.5364 G 2.3561 1.8482 2.1199 1.7098 1.0127 3.9860 0.1308 0.3500 0.4497 H 2.4869 1.7174 2.2507 1.8406 1.1436 3.8552 0.1308 0.2191 0.3188 I 2.7060 1.4983 2.4698 2.0598 1.3627 3.6360 0.3500 0.2191 0.0997 J 2.8057 1.3986 2.5695 2.1595 1.4624 3.5364 0.4497 0.3188 0.0997
DownLoad: CSV
表 3 超声指纹识别结果
Table 3. Identification results of the ultrasonic fingerprints.
1 2 3 ······ 7 阈值 超出阈值次数 Pk (1#) 1.1474 0.8247 0.7687 ······ 0.7652 1.0362 1 Pk (2#) 4.3000 4.3018 4.3559 ······ 4.4523 7 Pk (3#) 4.5489 4.5639 4.5547 ······ 4.6969 7 Pk (4#) 3.8497 3.4267 3.5947 ······ 3.7984 7
DownLoad: CSV
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[1] Yang L Y, Turner J A, Li Z 2007 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 121 50
Google Scholar
[2] Ghoshal G, Turner J A 2009 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferrelectr. Freq. Control 56 1419
Google Scholar
[3] Huang M, Sha G, Huthwaite P, Rokhlin S I, Lowe M J S 2021 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 149 2377
Google Scholar
[4] Thompson R B, Margetan F J, Haldipur P, Yu L, Wasan H 2008 Wave Motion 45 655
Google Scholar
[5] Huntington H B 1950 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 22 362
Google Scholar
[6] Lobkis O I, Rokhlin S I 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 96 161905
Google Scholar
[7] Li J, Rokhlin S I 2015 Wave Motion 58 145
Google Scholar
[8] Song Y F, Kube C M, Turner J A, Li X 2017 Ultrasonics 80 58
Google Scholar
[9] Yang L, Li J, Rokhlin S I 2013 Wave Motion 50 1283
Google Scholar
[10] Li J, Yang L, Rokhlin S I 2014 Ultrasonics 54 1789
Google Scholar
[11] 贾晓菲, 何亮 2014 中国科学: 物理学 力学 天文学 44 185
Google Scholar
Jia X F, He L 2014 Sci. Sin. Phys. Mech. Astron. 44 185
Google Scholar
[12] 李珊, 李雄兵, 宋永锋, 陈超 2018 物理学报 67 234301
Google Scholar
Li S, Li X B, Song Y F, Chen C 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 234301
Google Scholar
[13] Yang L, Rokhlin S I 2013 J. Nondestr. Eval. 32 142
Google Scholar
[14] Li J, Rokhlin S I 2016 Int. J. Solids Struct. 78–79 110
Google Scholar
[15] Hu P, Turner J A 2015 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 137 321
Google Scholar
[16] Liu Y, Tian Q, Yu P, He J, Guan X 2022 NDT and E Int. 129 102634
Google Scholar
[17] Thompson B R 2002 Top. Appl. Phys. 84 233
Google Scholar
[18] Good M S, Simpkins B E, Kirihara J L, Skorpik R J, Willett J A 2003 Ultrasonic Intrinsic Tagging for Nuclear Disarmament: A Proof-of-Concept Test (Richland: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) PNNL-14462
[19] 刘小荣, 贺西平, 张宏普, 贺升平, 尼涛, 崔东, 卢康 2016 科学通报 61 844
Google Scholar
Liu X R, He X P, Zhang H P, He S P, Ni T, Cui D, Lu K 2016 Chin. Sci. Bull. 61 844
Google Scholar
[20] 安笑笑, 贺西平, 卢康 2018 电子学报 46 1737
Google Scholar
An X X, He X P, Lu K 2018 Acta Electron. Sin. 46 1737
Google Scholar
[21] Liu Y, He X P, He S P 2023 Acoust. Phys. 69 574
Google Scholar
[22] Du H 2022 Ultrasonics 119 106633
Google Scholar
[23] Yang L, Li J, Lobkis O I, Rokhlin S I 2012 J. Nondestr. Eval. 31 270
Google Scholar
[24] Rokhlin S I, Sha G, Li J, Pilchak A L 2021 Ultrasonics 115 106433
Google Scholar
[25] Yang L, Lobkis O I, Rokhlin S I 2011 Ultrasonics 51 697
Google Scholar
[26] Lobkis O I, Yang L, Li J, Rokhlin S I 2012 Ultrasonics 52 694
Google Scholar
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