Simulation of evaporation ablation dynamics of materials by nanosecond pulse laser of Gaussian beam and flat-top beam

Yin Pei-Qi; Xu Bo-Ping; Liu Ying-Hua; Wang Yi-Shan; Zhao Wei; Tang Jie

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20231625

Abstract

Based on the established two-dimensional asymmetric model of the interaction between a nanosecond pulse laser and metallic aluminum, the effect of beam shaping on the evaporation ablation dynamics during the ablation of metallic aluminum by a nanosecond pulse laser is simulated. The results show that plasma shielding, which has a significant influence on the ablation properties of the target, occurs mainly in the middle phase and late phase of the pulse. Among the three laser profiles, the Gaussian beam has the strongest shielding effect. As the diameter of the reshaped flat-top beam increases, the shielding effect gradually weakens. The two-dimensional spatial distribution of target temperature is relatively different between ablation by a Gaussian beam and that by a flat-top beam. For the Gaussian beam, the center of the target is first heated, and then the temperature spreads in radial direction and axial direction. For the flat-top beam, due to the uniform energy distribution, the target is heated within a certain radial range simultaneously. Beam shaping has a great influence on the evaporation ablation dynamics of the target. For the Gaussian beam, the center of the target is first ablated, followed by the radial ablation. For the flat-top beam, the evaporation time of the target surface is delayed due to the lower energy density after the beam has been shaped. In addition, the target evaporates simultaneously in a certain radial range due to the more uniform distribution of laser energy. For each of the three laser profiles, the evaporation morphology of the target resembles the intensity distribution of the laser beam. The crater produced by the Gaussian beam is deep in the center and shallow on both sides, while it becomes relatively flat by the flat-top beam.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710119, China
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Corresponding author: Tang Jie, tangjie@opt.ac.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 52177166, 51877210) and the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant No. 2020JM-309).

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References

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图 1 (a)平顶光束与铝靶相互作用示意图; (b)整形前后归一化激光强度; (c)激光光束轮廓; (d)几何模型和网格划分

Figure 1. (a) Schematics of the flat-top beam laser interaction with aluminum target; (b) normalized laser intensity before and after beam shaping; (c) laser beam profiles; (d) geometric model and mesh generation.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 不同激光通量下铝材料烧蚀深度的仿真结果和实验结果^[45]对比

Figure 2. Comparison of the ablation depth of aluminum with different laser fluences between simulation results and experimental results^[45].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 等离子体屏蔽前后到达靶面的激光脉冲归一化强度的时间分布

Figure 3. Temporal profile of the normalized intensity of laser pulse reaching the target surface before and after the plasma shielding.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 F = 20 J/cm², 靶面中心温度随时间的演化

Figure 4. Time evolution of target surface center temperature for laser fluence of 20 J/cm².

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 F = 20 J/cm², 考虑等离子体屏蔽时, 不同时刻的靶材温度分布　(a)—(e)高斯光束烧蚀结果; (f)—(j)平顶光束$ \left( {{r_1} = 1.2{\omega _0}} \right) $烧蚀结果; 其中, (a), (f)代表靶材蒸发开始时刻; (b), (g)代表高温开始时刻; (c), (h)代表高温结束时刻; (d), (i)代表靶材蒸发结束时刻; (e), (j)代表靶材仿真结束时刻

Figure 5. Temperature distribution of the target for laser fluence of 20 J/cm² with considering the plasma shielding: (a)–(e) Gaussian beam ablation results; (f)–(j) flat-top beam ablation results; where among them, (a), (f) the initial time of evaporation; (b), (g) the initial time of high temperature; (c), (h) the end time of high temperature; (d), (i) the end time of evaporation; (e), (j) the end time of simulation.

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图 6 F = 20 J/cm², 靶面中心处蒸发烧蚀速度和蒸发烧蚀深度随时间的演化　(a)烧蚀速度; (b)烧蚀深度

Figure 6. Time evolution of target surface center ablation velocity and ablation depth due to vaporization for laser fluence of 20 J/cm²: (a) Ablation velocity; (b) ablation depth.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 F = 20 J/cm², 靶材蒸发烧蚀坑形貌和总烧蚀深度　(a)实时蒸发形貌; (b)最终蒸发形貌; (c)总烧蚀深度

Figure 7. Target ablation crater morphology due to vaporization and total ablation depth for laser fluence of 20 J/cm²: (a) The real-time morphology due to vaporization; (b) the final morphology due to vaporization; (c) total ablation depth.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 温度依赖的铝材料参数^{[25,28,41,42]}

Table 1. Temperature dependent aluminum material parameters^{[25,28,41,42]}.

参数	数值	单位
密度 ($\rho $)	$ \rho = \left\{ {\begin{aligned} &{2700, }&&{T \leqslant {T_{\text{m}}}} \\ & {{\rho _{\text{c}}}\left[ {1 + 0.75\left( {1 - {T / {{T_{\text{c}}}}}} \right) + 3{{\left( {1 - {T / {{T_{\text{c}}}}}} \right)}^{{1/3}}}} \right], }&&{{T_{\text{m}}} < T \leqslant {0}{.8}{T_{\text{c}}}} \\ &{634, }&&{T > {0}{.8}{T_{\text{c}}}} \end{aligned}} \right. $	$ {{{\text{kg}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\text{kg}}} {{{\text{m}}^{3}}}}} \right. } {{{\text{m}}^{3}}}} $
电导率 ($\sigma $)	$ \sigma \left( T \right) = \left\{ {\begin{aligned} &{3.69 \times {{10}^7}, }&&{T \leqslant {T_{\text{m}}}} \\ & {{{{{10}^8}} / {\left( {0.00852 T + 15.32896} \right), }}}&&{{T_{\text{m}}} < T \leqslant {0}{.8}{T_{\text{c}}}} \qquad\qquad \quad \\ &{2.52 \times {{10}^4}, }&&{T > {0}{.8}{T_{\text{c}}}} \end{aligned}} \right. $	$ {{\text{S}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\text{S}} {\text{m}}}} \right. } {\text{m}}} $
热导率 ($k$)	$ k\left( T \right) = \left\{ {\begin{aligned}& {237, }&&{T \leqslant {T_{\text{m}}}} \\ &{2.44 \times {{10}^{ - 8}}\sigma \left( T \right)T, }&&{T > {T_{\text{m}}}} \qquad\qquad \end{aligned}} \right. $	$ \rm W/(m{\cdot}K)$
反射率 ($R$)	$ R = \left\{ {\begin{aligned} &{95{\text{%}} , }&&{T \leqslant {T_{\text{m}}}} \\ &{\frac{{{{\left[ {{n_{\text{R}}}\left( T \right) - 1} \right]}^2} + n_{\text{I}}^{2}\left( T \right)}}{{{{\left[ {{n_{\text{R}}}\left( T \right) + 1} \right]}^2} + n_{\text{I}}^{2}\left( T \right)}}, }&&{{T_{\text{m}}} < T \leqslant {0}{.8}{T_{\text{c}}}} \\ &{{\text{69{\text{%}} , }}}&&{T > {0}{.8}{T_{\text{c}}}} \end{aligned}} \right. $	$1$
吸收系数 ($\alpha $)	$ \alpha = \left\{ {\begin{aligned} &{1.5 \times {{10}^8}, }&&{T < {T_{\text{m}}}} \\ & {{{4{\text{π }}} }{n_{\text{I}}}\left( T \right)/{\lambda }, }&&{{T_{\text{m}}} \leqslant T \leqslant {0}{.8}{T_{\text{c}}}} \qquad\qquad\quad\\ & {8.5 \times {{10}^6}, }&&{T > {0}{.8}{T_{\text{c}}}} \end{aligned}} \right. $	${{\text{m}}^{{{ - 1}}}}$
注: ${n_{\text{R}}}$和${n_{\text{I}}}$分别代表折射率的实部和虚部.

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 铝材料的热学常数^{[27,41,43,44]}

Table 2. Thermal constants for aluminum materials (reproduced from Ref. [27,41,43,44]).

参数	符号	数值	单位
固相线温度	${T_{\text{s}}}$	936.15	K
液相线温度	${T_{\text{l}}}$	939.15	K
熔点	${T_{\text{m}}}$	933	K
沸点	${T_{\text{v}}}$	2793	K
临界温度	${T_{\text{c}}}$	6700	K
临界密度	${\rho _{\text{c}}}$	634	${{{\text{kg}}} / {{{\text{m}}^{3}}}}$
固相恒压热容	${C_{{\text{ps}}}}$	917	$ {{\text{J}} / ( {{\text{kg}} \cdot {\text{K}}})} $
液相恒压热容	${C_{{\text{pl}}}}$	1080	$ {{\text{J}} /{\left( {{\text{kg}} \cdot {\text{K}}} \right)}} $
融化潜热	${L_{\text{m}}}$	$ 3.69 \times {10^{5}} $	$ {{\text{J}} /{{\text{kg}}}} $
蒸发潜热	${L_{\text{v}}}$	$ {1}{.05} \times {10^{7}} $	$ {{\text{J}} /{{\text{kg}}}} $

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Schaffer C B, Brodeur A, Mazur E 2001 Meas. Sci. Technol. 12 1784 Google Scholar
[2]	Hahn D W, Omenetto N 2012 Appl. Spectrosc. 66 347 Google Scholar
[3]	Baudelet M, Yu J, Bossu M, Jovelet J, Wolf J P, Amodeo T, Fréjafon E, Laloi P 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 163903 Google Scholar
[4]	董鹏凯, 赵上勇, 郑柯鑫, 王冀, 高勋, 郝作强, 林景全 2021 物理学报 70 040201 Google Scholar Dong K P, Zhao S Y, Zheng K X, Wang J, Gao X, Hao Z Q, Lin J Q 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 040201 Google Scholar
[5]	黄梅婷, 姜银花, 陈钰琦, 李润华 2021 物理学报 70 104206 Google Scholar Huang M T, Jiang Y H, Chen Y Q, Li R H 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 104206 Google Scholar
[6]	Lithgow G A, Robinson A L, Buckley S G 2004 Atmos. Environ. 38 3319 Google Scholar
[7]	Burgio L, Melessanaki K, Doulgeridis M, Clark R J H, Anglos D 2001 Spectrochim. Acta Part B 56 905 Google Scholar
[8]	Tiwari M, Agrawal R, Pathak A K, Rai A K, Rai G K 2013 Spectrosc. Lett. 46 155 Google Scholar
[9]	张大成, 马新文, 朱小龙, 李斌, 祖凯玲 2008 物理学报 57 6348 Google Scholar Zhang D C, Ma X W, Zhu X L, Li B, Zu K L 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 6348 Google Scholar
[10]	Rai N K, Rai A K 2008 J. Hazard. Mater. 150 835 Google Scholar
[11]	Jia J W, Fu H B, Hou Z Y, Wang H D, Ni Z B, Wang Z, Dong F Z, Zhang Z R 2019 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 52 405102 Google Scholar
[12]	Jia J W, Fu H B, Hou Z Y, Wang H D, Wang Z, Dong F Z, Ni Z B, Zhang Z R 2020 Spectrochim. Acta Part B 163 105747 Google Scholar
[13]	Hou Z Y, Afgan M S, Sheta S, Wang Z 2020 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 35 1671 Google Scholar
[14]	Ji J X, Song W R, Hou Z Y, Li L, Yu X, W Z 2022 Anal. Chim. Acta 1235 340551 Google Scholar
[15]	Knight C J 1979 AIAA J. 17 519 Google Scholar
[16]	Mazhukin V I, Nossov V V, Smurov I 2004 Thin Solid Films 453 353 Google Scholar
[17]	Stafe M, Negutu C, Popescu I M 2007 Appl. Surf. Sci. 253 6353 Google Scholar
[18]	Lu Q, Mao S S, Mao X, Russo R E 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 104 1695 Google Scholar
[19]	Zhang W, Yao Y L, Chen K 2001 Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 18 323 Google Scholar
[20]	Kelly R, Miotello A 1996 Appl. Surf. Sci. 96 205 Google Scholar
[21]	Porneala C, Willis D A 2006 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 49 1928 Google Scholar
[22]	Pierron N, Sallamand P, Matteï S 2007 Appl. Surf. Sci. 253 3208 Google Scholar
[23]	Korobenko V N, Rakhel A D, Savvatimski A I, Fortov, V. E 2005 Phys. Rev. B 71 014208 Google Scholar
[24]	Wu B, Shin Y C 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 111902 Google Scholar
[25]	Gragossian A, Tavassoli S H, Shokri B 2009 J. Appl. Phys. 105 103304 Google Scholar
[26]	Lutey, Adrian A H 2013 J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 135 061003 Google Scholar
[27]	Marla D, Bhandarkar U V, Joshi S S 2014 Appl. Phys. A 116 273 Google Scholar
[28]	Stafe M 2012 J. Appl. Phys. 112 123112 Google Scholar
[29]	Bogaerts A, Chen Z, Gijbels R, Vertes A 2003 Spectrochim. Acta Part B 58 1867 Google Scholar
[30]	Nosrati Y, Tavassoli S H, Hassanimatin M M, Safi A 2020 Phys. Plasmas 27 023301 Google Scholar
[31]	Zhang Y, Zhang D X, Wu J J, He Z, Deng X 2017 AIP Adv. 7 075010 Google Scholar
[32]	Ghalamdaran S, Parvin P, Javad Torkamany M, Sabbagh Zadeh J 2014 J. Laser Appl. 26 012009 Google Scholar
[33]	Wang Y, Hahn D W 2019 Appl. Phys. A 125 1 Google Scholar
[34]	Sinha S 2010 J. Nucl. Mater. 396 257 Google Scholar
[35]	Yu J, Ma Q L, Motto-Ros V, Lei W Q, Wang X C, Bai X S 2012 Front. Phys. 7 649 Google Scholar
[36]	Kumar K K, Samuel G L, Shunmugam M S 2019 J. Mater. Process. Technol. 263 266 Google Scholar
[37]	Zhang C, Zhou J, Shen H 2017 J Manuf Sci Eng. 139 041019 Google Scholar
[38]	Bulgakova N M, Bulgakov A V 2001 Appl. Phys. A 73 199 Google Scholar
[39]	Sakai T 2009 J. Propul. Power 25 406 Google Scholar
[40]	Lee J, Yoo J, Lee K 2014 J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 28 1797 Google Scholar
[41]	Terragni J, Miotello A 2021 Micromachines 12 300 Google Scholar
[42]	Brandt R, Neuer G 2007 Int. J. Thermophys. 28 1429 Google Scholar
[43]	Morel V, Bultel A, Chéron B G 2009 Int. J. Thermophys. 30 1853 Google Scholar
[44]	Shen Z H, Zhang S Y, Lu J, Ni X W 2001 Opt. Laser Technol. 33 533 Google Scholar
[45]	Porneala C, Willis D A 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 21 Google Scholar

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