Aging and life control of cross-linked polyethylene as cable insulation material

Wang Jiang-Qiong; Li Wei-Kang; Zhang Wen-Ye; Wan Bao-Quan; Zha Jun-Wei

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20240201

Abstract

Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) has been widely used in the field of power cables due to its excellent mechanical properties and insulating properties. However, during the manufacturing of high voltage cables, XLPE will inevitably be affected by electrical aging, thermal aging and electro-thermal combined aging, which makes the resistance and life of the material decline. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance the aging resistance of XLPE without affecting its mechanical properties and insulating properties, so as to extend its service life. In this work, the structural characteristics and cross-linking mechanism of XLPE are introduced, the aging process and influencing mechanism are systematically analyzed, and the life decay problems of XLPE due to aging are explored by using methods such as the temperature Arrhenius equation and the inverse power law of voltage. The improvement strategies such as grafting, blending, and nanoparticle modification can be used to enhance the thermal stability, antioxidant properties, and thermal aging resistance of XLPE, thereby extending its service life. Finally, the strategies of adjusting and controlling the service life of XLPE cable insulation materials in the future are discussed, which provide theoretical guidance for further improving long-term stable operation of XLPE cable insulation materials.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
2.
Beijing Institute of Smart Energy, Beijing 102211, China
3.
Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan 528300, China

Corresponding author: Li Wei-Kang, li_weikang@sina.cn ; Zha Jun-Wei, zhajw@ustb.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation, China (Grant No. 2022A1515240005).

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References

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Cited By

图 1 (a) PE的分子结构; XLPE的(b)分子结构和(c)相结构^[19]

Figure 1. (a) Molecular structure of PE; (b) molecular structure and (c) phase structure of XLPE^[19].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 XLPE的密度、比热、热扩散率和导热系数随老化时间的变化^[23]

Figure 2. Variation of density, specific heat, thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of XLPE with aging time^[23].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 交联聚乙烯的合成机理^[24]　(a)辐照交联; (b)硅烷交联; (c)过氧化物交联

Figure 3. Synthetic mechanism of cross-linked polyethylene^[24]: (a) Irradiation cross-linking; (b) silane cross-linking; (c) peroxide cross-linking.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 电-热老化过程中的物理反应(a), 化学反应(b)和电缆结构(c)^[19,45]

Figure 4. Physical reactions (a), chemical reactions (b) and structure of the cable (c) for electro-thermal aging process^[19,45].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 (a)热-氧化老化过程; (b), (c) XLPE在不同老化时间下介电常数和介电损耗的变化^[51]

Figure 5. (a) Thermal-oxidative aging process; (b), (c) changes in dielectric constant and dielectric loss of XLPE at different aging times^[51].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 纯LDPE和纳米复合材料热老化前后的图示^[54]

Figure 6. Illustration of neat LDPE and nanocomposites before and after thermal aging^[54].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 XLPE-g-MC的接枝交联反应方案^[55]

Figure 7. Grafting and cross-linking reaction scheme of XLPE-g-MC^[55].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 PE中通过酰胺三唑环-羧酸单元形成氢键交联的示意图^[58]

Figure 8. Schematic illustration of formation of H-bonds cross-linking via amide triazole ring-carboxylic acid units in PE^[58].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 9 (a)类玻璃化LDPE的制备示意图; PE-GMA和EDx的(b)机械性能和(c)电导率^[59]

Figure 9. (a) Schematic diagram of preparation of LDPE vitrimers; (b) mechanical properties and (c) conductivity of PE-GMA and EDx^[59].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

[1]	Pourrahimi A M, Kumara S, Palmieri F, Yu L Y, Lund A, Hammarström T, Hagstrand P O, Scheblykin I, Fabiani D, Xu X D, Müller C 2021 Adv. Mater. 33 e2100714 Google Scholar
[2]	Chen G, Hao M, Xu Z Q, Alun V, Cao J Z, Wang H T 2015 CSEE J. Power Energy Syst. 1 9 Google Scholar
[3]	张翀, 查俊伟, 王思蛟, 巫运辉, 闫轰达, 李维康, 陈新, 党智敏 2016 绝缘材料 49 1 Google Scholar Zhang C, Zha J W, Wang S J, Wu Y H, Yan H D, Li W K, Chen X, Dang Z M 2016 Insul. Mater. 49 1 Google Scholar
[4]	郑元浩 2022 硕士学位论文(青岛: 青岛科技大学) Zheng Y H 2022 M. S. Thesis (Qingdao: Qingdao University Science & Technology
[5]	D’Auria S, Pourrahimi A M, Favero A, Neuteboom P, Xu X D, Haraguchi S, Bek M, Kádár R, Dalcanale E, Pinalli R, Müller C, Vachon J 2023 Adv. Funct. Mater. 33 2301878 Google Scholar
[6]	Wang S J, Zha J W, Wu Y H, Ren L, Dang Z M, Wu J 2015 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 22 3350 Google Scholar
[7]	Wang S J, Zha J W, Li W K, Dang Z M 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 108 092902 Google Scholar
[8]	Wang S J, Zha J W, Li W K, Zhang D L, Dang Z M 2017 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 24 1365 Google Scholar
[9]	张雅茹, 邵清, 李娟, 袁浩, 李琦, 何金良 2022 石油化工 51 587 Google Scholar Zhang Y R, Shao Q, Li J, Yuan H, Li Q, He J L 2022 Petrochem. Technol. 51 587 Google Scholar
[10]	俞葆青, 夏兵, 杨晓砚, 万宝全, 查俊伟 2023 物理学报 72 068402 Google Scholar Yu B Q, Xia B, Yang X Y, Wan B Q, Zha J W 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 068402 Google Scholar
[11]	Zha J W, Yan H D, Li W K, Dang Z M 2018 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 25 1088 Google Scholar
[12]	Zhang Y Y, Gu G F, Liu J F, Jiang F Y, Fan Y F, Zha J W 2022 Front. Mater. 9 838792 Google Scholar
[13]	Li H, Li J Y, Li W W, Zhao X T, Wang G L, Alim M A 2013 J. Mater. Sci. : Mater. Electron. 24 1640 Google Scholar
[14]	Zha J W, Wu Y H, Wang S J, Wu D H, Yan H D, Dang Z M 2016 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 23 2337 Google Scholar
[15]	Liang C B, Song P, Gu H B, Ma C, Guo Y Q, Zhang H Y, Xu X J, Zhang Q Y, Gu J W 2017 Compos. A: Appl. Sci. Manufact. 102 126 Google Scholar
[16]	聂永杰, 赵现平, 李盛涛 2019 物理学报 68 227201 Google Scholar Nie Y J, Zhao X P, Li S T 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 227201 Google Scholar
[17]	Zha J W, Qin Q Q, Dang Z M 2019 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 26 868 Google Scholar
[18]	张成, 李洪飞, 杨延滨, 王卫东, 任成燕, 黄兴溢, 江平开 2020 绝缘材料 53 19 Google Scholar Zhang C, Li H F, Yang Y B, Wang W D, Ren C Y, Huang X Y, Jiang P K 2020 Insul. Mater. 53 19 Google Scholar
[19]	Xu N, Zhong L S, Sui R, Ahmed M, Li F, Liu Y B, Gao J H 2022 Macromolecules 55 8186 Google Scholar
[20]	Green C D, Vaughan A S, Stevens G C, Pye A, Sutton S J, Geussens T, Fairhurst M J 2015 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 22 639 Google Scholar
[21]	Xing Y Q, Liu J H, Su J G, Zha J W, Li G C, Guo Z, Zhao X Z, Feng M J 2023 High Volt. 1–11 Google Scholar
[22]	Zhao X D, Sun W F, Zhao H 2019 Polymers 11 592 Google Scholar
[23]	Liu Y X, Sun J Y, Chen S P, Sha J J, Yang J K 2022 Thermochim. Acta 713 179231 Google Scholar
[24]	Pleşa I, Noţingher P V, Stancu C, Wiesbrock F, Schlögl S 2018 Polymers 11 24 Google Scholar
[25]	Zhang H, Shang Y, Li M X, Zhao H, Wang X, Han B Z 2016 RSC Adv. 6 110831 Google Scholar
[26]	Chen T H, Li Q Y, Fu Z W, Sun L W, Guo W H, Wu C F 2018 Polym. Bull. 75 2181 Google Scholar
[27]	Backens S, Ofe S, Schmidt S, Glück N, Flügge W 2022 Mater. Test. 64 186 Google Scholar
[28]	Ahmed M, Zhong L S, Li F, Xu N, Gao J H 2022 Materials 15 5857 Google Scholar
[29]	Kim C, Jin Z J, Jiang P K, Zhu Z S, Wang G L 2006 Polym. Test. 25 553 Google Scholar
[30]	李国倡, 郭孔英, 张家豪, 孙维鑫, 朱远惟, 李盛涛, 魏艳慧 2024 物理学报 7 070701 Google Scholar Li G C, Guo K Y, Zhang J H, Sun W X, Zhu Y W, Li S T, Wei Y H 2024 Acta Phys. Sin. 7 070701 Google Scholar
[31]	Ding M, He W F, Wang J H, Wang J P 2022 Polymers 14 2282 Google Scholar
[32]	Wan D, Qi F, Zhou Q, Zhou H Y, Zhao M, Duan X J 2021 J. Electr. Eng. Technol. 16 2885 Google Scholar
[33]	何勇, 林凯, 梁汉远, 李振展 2023 广东化工 50 79 Google Scholar He Y, Lin K, Liang H Y, Li Z Z 2023 Guangdong Chem. Ind. 50 79 Google Scholar
[34]	王兆琛, 段玉兵, 魏艳慧, 李国倡, 兰锐, 郝春成, 雷清泉 2023 高压电器 59 56 Google Scholar Wang Z C, Duan Y B, Wei Y H, Li G C, Lan R, He C C, Lei Q Q 2023 High Volt. Appar. 59 56 Google Scholar
[35]	Kim C, Jiang P K, Liu F, Hyon S, Ri M G, Yu Y, Ho M 2019 Polym. Test. 80 106045 Google Scholar
[36]	廖雁群, 冯冰, 罗潘, 张连杰, 卢志华, 徐阳 2016 绝缘材料 49 1 Google Scholar Liao Y Q, Feng B, Luo P, Zhang L J, Lu Z H, Xu Y 2016 Insul. Mater. 49 1 Google Scholar
[37]	胡一卓, 董明, 谢佳成, 何文林, 汪可, 李金忠 2020 电网技术 44 1276 Google Scholar Hu Y Z, Dong M, Xie J C, He W L, Wang K, Li J Z 2020 Power Syst. Tech. 44 1276 Google Scholar
[38]	郑书生, 张宗衡, 孔举, 赵岩, 闫枭虎, 吴诗优 2023 绝缘材料 56 70 Google Scholar Zheng S S, Zhang Z H, Kong J, Zhao Y, Yan X H, Wu S Y 2023 Insul. Mater. 56 70 Google Scholar
[39]	Hedir A, Slimani F, Moudoud M, Lamrous O, Durmus A, Fofana I 2022 Eng. Res. Express 4 015038 Google Scholar
[40]	沈智飞, 柳宝坤, 王国栋, 李诗雨, 王娟, 黄静, 张恒玮, 周凯 2021 绝缘材料 54 60 Google Scholar Shen Z F, Liu B K, Wang G D, Li S Y, Wang J, Huang J, Zhang H W, Zhou K 2021 Insul. Mater. 54 60 Google Scholar
[41]	王春逢 2021 硕士学位论文(大连: 大连理工大学) Wang C F 2021 M. S. Thesis (Dalian: Dalian University of Technology
[42]	张宇涵 2019 硕士学位论文(上海: 东华大学) Zhang Y H 2019 M. S. Thesis (Shanghai: Donghua University
[43]	朱健 2017 硕士学位论文(成都: 西南交通大学) Zhu J 2017 M. S. Thesis (Chengdu: Southwest Jiaotong University
[44]	廖瑞金, 解兵, 杨丽君, 梁帅伟, 程涣超, 孙才新, 向彬 2006 电工技术学报 21 17 Google Scholar Liao R J, Xie B, Yang L J, Liang S W, Cheng H C, Sun C X, Xiang B 2006 Trans. China Electr. Soc. 21 17 Google Scholar
[45]	He D X, Gu J F, Wang W, Liu S Y, Song S, Yi D H 2017 Polym. Adv. Technol. 28 1020 Google Scholar
[46]	Kim J, Yoon S, Kim D 2021 J. Electr. Eng. Technol. 16 1 Google Scholar
[47]	Roy S S, Paramane A, Singh J, Meng F, Dai C, Das A K, Chatterjee S, Chen X R, Tanaka Y 2022 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 30 377 Google Scholar
[48]	Li L, Ma X M, Guo W 2022 Secur. Commun. Netw. 2022 1 Google Scholar
[49]	Alghamdi A S, Desuqi R K 2020 Heliyon 6 e03120 Google Scholar
[50]	孙建宇, 陈绍平, 沙菁㛃, 高俊国, 刘焱鑫, 杨决宽, 倪中华 2022 电机与控制学报 26 31 Google Scholar Sun J Y, Chen S P, Sha J J, Gao J G, Liu Y X, Yang J K, Ni Z H 2022 Electric Machines and Control. 26 31 Google Scholar
[51]	Li G C, Wang Z C, Lan R, Wei Y H, Nie Y J, Li S T, Li Q Q 2023 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 30 761 Google Scholar
[52]	马超, 闵道敏, 李盛涛, 郑旭, 李西育, 闵超, 湛海涯 2017 物理学报 66 067701 Google Scholar Ma C, Min D M, Li S T, Zheng X, Li X Y, Min C, Zhan H X 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 067701 Google Scholar
[53]	Li J L, Mou W J, Zhu J X, Hu C Q 2023 J Appl. Polym. Sci. 140 e54420 Google Scholar
[54]	Wang Y Y, Wang C, Zhang Z X, Xiao K 2017 Nanomaterials 7 320 Google Scholar
[55]	Zhang C C, Wang T T, Li C Y, Zhao H, Wang X 2023 IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul. 30 56 Google Scholar
[56]	Zych A, Verdelli A, Soliman M, Pinalli R, Vachon J, Dalcanale E 2019 Polym. Chem. 10 1741 Google Scholar
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