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In order to reveal the influence of impact velocity (Up) on the spalling and fracture behavior of single crystal nickel, a non-equilibrium molecular dynamics approach is adopted to investigate the free surface velocity curve, radial distribution function, atomic crystal structures, dislocations, and void evolution process. The results show that the critical impact velocity Up for spalling behavior in single crystal nickel is 1.5 km/s, and when Up ≤ 1.5 km/s the spallation mechanism is classical spallation damage and when Up >1.5 km/s it behaves as micro-spallation damage. The pore number and distribution area, and stress distribution area under micro-spallation damage are much higher than those under classical spallation damage. The influence of impact velocity on the classical spalling damage behavior (Up ≤ 1.5 km/s) is analyzed and the corresponding spalling strength is obtained, indicating that an accident of spalling strength occurs when Up is 1.3 km/s. The spalling strength of single crystal nickel is influenced by the combined effects of stacking faults, phase transformation, and dislocation. As the nucleation and emission of dislocations increase, the spalling strength decreases. When Up < 1.3 km/s, the spalling damage is mainly due to stacking faults. When Up = 1.3 km/s, the spalling strength is mainly affected by the competition between stacking faults and phase transformation. When Up > 1.3 km/s, spalling strength is predominantly influenced by the body-centered cubic (BCC) phase transformation mechanism (transformation path: FCC → BCT → BCC). This study reveals the impact velocity-dependent patterns, mechanisms, and effects on spalling damage and fracture, providing a theoretical basis for realizing the protective application of nickel-based materials under extreme impact conditions.
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Keywords:
- impact velocity /
- single crystal nickel /
- spallation /
- phase transition /
- molecular dynamics
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Google Scholar
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[48] Tuler F R, Butcher B M 1984 International Journal of Fracture 26 322
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
Pei X Y, Peng H, He H L, Li P 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 034601
Google Scholar
[50] Davison L, Stevens A L 1972 J. Appl. Phys. 43 988
Google Scholar
[51] Kanel G I, Rasorenov S V, Utkin A V 1996 High-Pressure Shock Compression of Solids II (New York: Springer-Verlag) pp1–24
[52] 白以龙, 柯孚久, 夏蒙棼 1991 力学学报 23 290
Google Scholar
Bai Y L, Ke F J, Xia M F 1991 Chin. J. Theor. Appl. Mech. 23 290
Google Scholar
[53] Qiu T, Xiong Y N, Xiao S F, Li X F, Hu W Y, Deng H Q 2017 Comput. Mater. Sci. 137 273
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Google Scholar
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表 1 冲击速度为Up = 1.0—1.5 km/s时的加载应力和断裂时间
Table 1. Loading stress and fracture time under the impact velocity of Up = 1.0–1.5 km/s.
冲击速度 Up/(km·s–1) 加载应力 P/GPa 断裂时间 tf/ps 1.0 53.67 3.8 1.1 60.46 3.2 1.2 67.49 2.4 1.3 74.78 1.8 1.4 82.33 1.4 1.5 90.13 1.2 表 2 冲击速度分别为0.9 km/s和1.25 km/s时的加载应力和断裂时间
Table 2. Loading stress and fracture time under the impact velocity of 0.9 km/s and 1.25 km/s.
冲击速度 Up (km/s) 加载应力P/GPa 断裂时间tf/ps 0.9 47.13 5.2 1.25 69.93 2.0 -
[1] Tang Y, Wang R X, Xiao B, Zhang Z R, Li S, Qiao J W, Bai S X, Zhang Y, Liaw P K 2023 Prog. Mater. Sci. 135 101090
Google Scholar
[2] Arcade S, Paul J H, Juan P E, Wang H X, Oromiehie E, Prusty G B, Phillips A W, John N A S 2023 Compos. Part A-Appl. S 173 107674
Google Scholar
[3] Wang P F, Xu S L 2022 Advances in Experimental Impact Mechanics (Elsevier) pp41–74
[4] 余文韬, 黄佩珍 2018 力学学报 50 828
Google Scholar
Yu W T, Huang P Z 2018 Chin. J. Theor. Appl. Mech. 50 828
Google Scholar
[5] Mukherjee T, Elmer J W, Wei H L, Lienert T J, Zhang W, Kou S, DebRoy T 2023 Prog. Mater. Sci. 138 101153
Google Scholar
[6] Ogorodnikov V A, Mikhaĭlov A L, Burtsev V V, Lobastov S A, Erunov S V, Romanov A V, Rudnev A V, Kulakov E V, Bazarov Y B, Glushikhin V V, Kalashnik I A, Tsyganov V A, Tkachenko B I 2009 J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 109 530
Google Scholar
[7] Huang L Q, Wang J, Momeni A, Wang S F 2021 Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 31 2116
Google Scholar
[8] Curran D R, Seaman L, Shockey D A 1987 Phys. Rep. 147 253
Google Scholar
[9] Ren K R, Liu H Y, Ma R, Chen S, Zhang S Y, Wang R X, Chen R, Tang Y, Li S, Lu F Y 2023 J. Mater. Sci. Tech. 161 201
Google Scholar
[10] Luo Q S, Kitchen M, Li J B, Li W B, Li Y Z 2023 Wear 523 204779
Google Scholar
[11] Zhang W L, Kennedy G B, Muly K, Li P J, Thadhani N N 2020 Int. J. Impact Eng. 146 103725
Google Scholar
[12] Cheng J C, Chai H W, Fan G L, Li Z Q, Xie H L, Tan Z Q, Bie B X, Huang J Y, Luo S N 2020 Carbon 170 589
Google Scholar
[13] Ren Y, Li Z, Zhang Z Y, Zhang Z Y, Chen R, Li Z Y, Tan C W, Chen P W 2022 Mater. Sci. Eng. A 860 144320
Google Scholar
[14] Molinari A, Wright T W 2005 J. Mech. Phys. Solids 53 1476
Google Scholar
[15] Luo S N, An Q, Germann T C, Han L B 2009 J. Appl. Phys. 106 013502
Google Scholar
[16] Liao Y, Xiang M Z, Li G M, Wang K, Zhang X Y, Chen J 2018 Mech. Mater. 126 13
Google Scholar
[17] Wang Y T, Zeng X G, Yang X, Xu T L 2022 Comput. Mater. Sci. 201 110870
Google Scholar
[18] Liao Y, Xiang M Z, Zeng X G, Chen J 2014 Comput. Mater. Sci. 95 89
Google Scholar
[19] Schuler H, Mayrhofer C, Thoma K 2006 Int. J. Impact Eng. 32 1635
Google Scholar
[20] Li P, Wang L S, Yan S L, Meng M, Zhou Y F, Xue K M 2021 Int. J. Refract. Met. H. 94 105376
Google Scholar
[21] Xiang M Z, Hu H B, Chen J, Long Y 2013 Modell. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 21 055005
Google Scholar
[22] Kadau K, Germann T C, Lomdahl P S, Holian B L 2002 Science 296 1681
Google Scholar
[23] Liao Y, Xiang M Z, Zeng X G, Chen J 2015 Mech. Mater. 84 12
Google Scholar
[24] Li W H, Yao X H 2016 Comput. Mater. Sci. 124 151
Google Scholar
[25] He L, Wang F, Zeng X G, Yang X, Qi Z P 2020 Mech. Mater. 143 103343
Google Scholar
[26] Chen B, Li Y L, Şopu D, Eckert J, Wu W P 2023 Int. J. Plasticity 162 103539
Google Scholar
[27] Jiang D D, Shao J L, Wu B, Wang P, He A M 2022 Scripta Mater. 210 114474
Google Scholar
[28] Xie H C, Ma Z C, Zhang W, Zhao H W, Ren L Q 2024 J. Mater. Sci. Tech. 175 72
Google Scholar
[29] 程志达, 朱静, 孙铁昱 2011 物理学报 60 037504
Google Scholar
Cheng Z D, Zhu J, Sun T Y 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 037504
Google Scholar
[30] 徐送宁, 张林, 张彩碚, 祁阳 2007 金属学报 43 379
Xu S N, Zhang L, Zhang C B, Qi Y 2007 Acta Metall. Sin. 43 379
[31] Liu B B, Chen Y C, Guo L, Li X F, Wang K, Deng H Q, Tian Z, Hu W Y, Xiao S F, Yuan D W 2023 Int. J. Mech. Sci. 250 108330
Google Scholar
[32] 杜欣, 袁福平, 熊启林, 张波, 阚前华, 张旭 2022 力学学报 54 2152
Google Scholar
Du X, Yuan F P, Xiong Q L, Zhang B, Kan Q H, Zhang X 2022 Chin. J. Theor. Appl. Mech. 54 2152
Google Scholar
[33] Chen B, Wu W P, Chen M X 2022 Comput. Mater. Sci. 202 111015
Google Scholar
[34] Zhou X W, Johnson R A, Wadley H N G 2004 Phys. Rev. B 69 144113
Google Scholar
[35] Kedharnath A, Kapoor R, Sarkar A 2021 Comput. Struct. 254 106614
Google Scholar
[36] Potirniche G P, Horstemeyer M F, Wagner G J, Gullett P M 2006 Int. J. Plasticity 22 257
Google Scholar
[37] Wang W D, Yi C L, Fan K Q 2013 Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 23 3353
Google Scholar
[38] 周延, 蔡洋, 卢磊 2022 实验力学 37 183
Zhou Y, Cai Y, Lu L 2022 J. Exp. Mech. 37 183
[39] Jian W R, Xie Z C, Xu S Z, Yao X H, Beyerlein I J 2022 Scripta Mater. 209 114379
Google Scholar
[40] 王云天, 曾祥国, 陈华燕, 杨鑫, 王放, 祁忠鹏 2021 爆炸与冲击 41 139
Google Scholar
Wang Y T, Zeng X G, Chen H Y, Yang X, Wang F, Qi Z P 2021 Explo. Shock Waves 41 139
Google Scholar
[41] 杨鑫, 赵晗, 高学军, 陈臻林, 王放, 曾祥国 2023 爆炸与冲击 43 29
Google Scholar
Yang X, Zhao Han, Gao X J, Chen Z L, Wang F, Zeng X G 2023 Explo. Shock Waves 43 29
Google Scholar
[42] Zhou T T, He A M, Wang P, Shao J L 2019 Comput. Mater. Sci. 162 255
Google Scholar
[43] Thürmer D, Zhao S T, Deluigi O R, Stan C, Alhafez I A, Urbassek H M, Meyers M A, Bringa E M, Gunkelmann N 2022 J. Alloys Compd. 895 162567
Google Scholar
[44] 王嘉楠, 伍鲍, 何安民, 吴凤超, 王裴, 吴恒安 2021 高压物理学报 35 4
Google Scholar
Wang J N, Wu B, He A M, Wu F C, Wang P, Wu H A 2021 Chin. J. High Pressure Phys. 35 4
Google Scholar
[45] Mescheryakov Y I, Divakov A K, Zhigacheva N I 2000 Shock Waves 10 43
Google Scholar
[46] Tang J F, Xiao J C, Deng L, Li W, Zhang X M, Wang L, Xiao S F, Deng H Q, Hu W Y 2018 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 20 28039
Google Scholar
[47] Wang K, Zhu W J, Xiang M Z, Xu Y, Li G M, Chen J 2019 Modell. Simul. Mater. Sc. 27 015001
Google Scholar
[48] Tuler F R, Butcher B M 1984 International Journal of Fracture 26 322
Google Scholar
[49] 裴晓阳, 彭辉, 贺红亮, 李平 2015 物理学报 64 034601
Google Scholar
Pei X Y, Peng H, He H L, Li P 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 034601
Google Scholar
[50] Davison L, Stevens A L 1972 J. Appl. Phys. 43 988
Google Scholar
[51] Kanel G I, Rasorenov S V, Utkin A V 1996 High-Pressure Shock Compression of Solids II (New York: Springer-Verlag) pp1–24
[52] 白以龙, 柯孚久, 夏蒙棼 1991 力学学报 23 290
Google Scholar
Bai Y L, Ke F J, Xia M F 1991 Chin. J. Theor. Appl. Mech. 23 290
Google Scholar
[53] Qiu T, Xiong Y N, Xiao S F, Li X F, Hu W Y, Deng H Q 2017 Comput. Mater. Sci. 137 273
Google Scholar
[54] Stukowski A, Bulatov V V, Arsenlis A 2012 Modell. Simul. Mater. Sc. 20 085007
Google Scholar
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