Interfacial thermal conductance of gallium nitride/graphene/diamond heterostructure based on molecular dynamics simulation

Liu Dong-Jing; Hu Zhi-Liang; Zhou Fu; Wang Peng-Bo; Wang Zhen-dong; Li Tao

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20240515

Abstract
Gallium nitride chips are widely used in high-frequency and high-power devices. However, thermal management is a serious challenge for gallium nitride devices. To improve thermal dissipation of gallium nitride devices, the nonequilibrium molecular dynamics method is employed to investigate the effects of operating temperature, interface size, defect density and defect types on the interfacial thermal conductance of gallium nitride/graphene/diamond heterostructure. Furthermore, the phonon state densities and phonon participation ratios under various conditions are calculated to analyze the interface thermal conduction mechanism.The results indicate that interfacial thermal conductance increases with temperatures rising, highlighting the inherent self-regulating heat dissipation capabilities of heterogeneous. The interfacial thermal conductance of monolayer graphene structures is increased by 2.1 times as the temperature increases from 100 to 500 K. This is attributed to the overlap factor increasing with temperature rising, which enhances the phonon coupling between interfaces, leading the interfacial thermal conductance to increase.Additionally, in the study it is found that increasing the number of layers of both gallium nitride and graphene leads the interfacial thermal conductance to decrease. When the number of gallium nitride layers increases from 10 to 26, the interfacial thermal conductance decreases by 75%. The overlap factor diminishing with the layer number increasing is ascribed to the decreased match of phonon vibrations between interfaces, resulting in lower thermal transfer efficiency. Similarly, when the number of graphene layers increases from 1 to 5, the interfacial thermal conductance decreases by 74%. The increase in graphene layers leads the low-frequency phonons to decrease, consequently lowering the interfacial thermal conductance. Moreover, multilayer graphene enhances phonon localization, exacerbates the reduction in interfacial thermal conductance.It is found that introducing four types of vacancy defects can affect the interfacial thermal conductance. Diamond carbon atom defects lead its interfacial thermal conductance to increase, whereas defects in gallium, nitrogen, and graphene carbon atoms cause their interfacial thermal conductance to decrease. As the defect concentration increases from 0 to 10%, diamond carbon atom defects increase the interfacial thermal conductance by 40% due to defect scattering, which increases the number of low-frequency phonon modes and expands the channels for interfacial heat transfer, thus improving the interfacial thermal conductance. Defects in graphene intensify the degree of graphene phonon localization, consequently leading the interfacial thermal conductance to decrease. Gallium and nitrogen defects both intensify the phonon localization of gallium nitride, impeding phonon transport channels. Moreover, gallium defects induce more severe phonon localization than nitrogen defects, consequently leading to lower interfacial thermal conductance.This research provides the references for manufacturing highly reliable gallium nitride devices and the widespread use of gallium nitride heterostructures.

Keywords:
interface thermal conductance /

temperature effect /

size effect /

vacancy defect
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图 1 氮化镓(18层)/石墨烯/金刚石(18层)异质结构模型

Figure 1. Interface model of gallium nitride (18 layers)/graphene/diamond (18 layers) heterostructure.

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图 2 (a) 热源、热汇能量累计; (b) 沿热流方向的温度分布

Figure 2. (a) Accumulation of energy from heat source and heat sink; (b) temperature distribution along the direction of heat flow.

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图 3 温度对单层和三层石墨烯结构界面热导的影响

Figure 3. Relationship between the interfacial thermal conductance and temperature for 1-layer graphene and 3-layer graphene structures.

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图 4 温度对单层石墨烯结构PDOS的影响　(a) 氮化镓; (b) 石墨烯; (c) 重叠因子

Figure 4. PDOS diagrams of heterostructure with single-layer graphene under temperature change: (a) GaN; (b) graphene; (c) overlap factor.

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图 5 氮化镓/金刚石和石墨烯层数变化对界面热导的影响

Figure 5. Relationship between interfacial thermal conductance and the variation in the number of layers of GaN/diamond and graphene.

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图 6 氮化镓/金刚石层数变化对　(a) 氮化镓、(b) 石墨烯和(c) 金刚石PDOS的影响; (d) PDOS重叠因子

Figure 6. (a) GaN, (b) graphene, and (c) diamond PDOS diagrams for varying layers in the GaN /diamond; (d) overlap factor.

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图 7 石墨烯层数变化对　(a)氮化镓、(b) 石墨烯和(c) 金刚石PDOS的影响; (d) 石墨烯PPR

Figure 7. (a) GaN, (b) graphene, and(c) diamond PDOS diagrams with varying numbers of graphene layers; (d) PPR diagram.

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图 8 缺陷率对界面热导的影响

Figure 8. Relationship between interface thermal conductance and defect concentration.

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图 9 石墨烯缺陷对PDOS的影响　(a) 石墨烯PDOS; (b) 石墨烯PPR

Figure 9. Influence of graphene defects on PDOS: (a) PDOS diagram of graphene; (b) PPR of graphene.

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图 10 金刚石缺陷对PDOS的影响　(a) 金刚石PDOS; (b) 重叠因子

Figure 10. Influence of diamond defects on PDOS: (a) PDOS diagram of diamond; (b) overlap factor.

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图 11 镓原子缺陷对PDOS的影响　(a) 氮化镓PDOS; (b) 氮化镓PPR

Figure 11. Influence of Ga defects on PDOS: (a) PDOS diagram of GaN; (b) PPR diagram of GaN.

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图 12 氮原子缺陷对PDOS的影响　(a) 氮化镓PDOS; (b) 氮化镓PPR; (c) 镓和氮的PPR对比

Figure 12. Influence of N defects on PDOS: (a) PDOS diagram of GaN; (b) PPR diagram of GaN; (c) comparative PPR diagram of Ga and N.

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表 1 晶格参数

Table 1. Lattice parameters.

方向氮化镓石墨烯金刚石

x 3.21629 4.26084 3.56679
y 5.57078 2.46000 3.56679
z 5.23966 3.56679

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表 2 L-J势函数参数

Table 2. Lennard-Jones parameters.

原子1 原子2 $ \varepsilon $/eV $ \sigma $ /Å

C C 0.00361 3.671
C Ga 0.00905 3.668
C N 0.00369 3.346

DownLoad: CSV

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Interfacial thermal conductance of gallium nitride/graphene/diamond heterostructure based on molecular dynamics simulation

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方向	氮化镓	石墨烯	金刚石
x	3.21629	4.26084	3.56679
y	5.57078	2.46000	3.56679
z	5.23966		3.56679

原子1	原子2	$ \varepsilon $/eV	$ \sigma $ /Å
C	C	0.00361	3.671
C	Ga	0.00905	3.668
C	N	0.00369	3.346

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Interfacial thermal conductance of gallium nitride/graphene/diamond heterostructure based on molecular dynamics simulation

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