Attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy: an ultrafast optical probe for revealing electron dynamics

ZHANG Yichen; DING Nannan; LI Jialin; FU Yuxi

doi:10.7498/aps.74.20250546

Abstract

Attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy (ATAS) is an all-optical pump-probe technique that employs attosecond pulses (from the extreme ultraviolet to soft X-ray) to excite or probe a system, enabling real-time tracking of electronic transitions, quantum state evolution, and energy transfer processes. This approach possesses some key advantages: 1) ultrafast temporal resolution (sub-femtosecond) combined with high spectral resolution (millielectronvolt level); 2) broadband excitation of multiple quantum states, allowing simultaneous detection of multiple energy levels; and 3) element- and site-specific insights provided by the measurements of inner-shell to valence transition reveal charge transfer dynamics, spin state changes, and local structural evolution. To date, significant breakthroughs have been achieved in atomic/molecular physics, electronic coherent dynamics, and strong-field physics by using ATAS. This paper systematically reviews the technical principles and theoretical models related to ATAS by using medium intensity near-infrared pulses, analyzes the recent progress of the applications in gas-phase systems and condensed-phase systems, and explores their future prospects in ultrafast physical chemistry and quantum materials. In gas-phase environments, the ATAS has demonstrated significant capabilities in probing energy level shifts and population transfers in atomic systems, as well as capturing nonadiabatic dynamics and charge migration in diatomic and polyatomic molecules. While in condensed-phase systems, this technique has been effectively used to study the ultrafast dynamics of carriers in semiconductors and to examine the interaction dynamics of localized electrons in insulators and transition metals. Given the rapid evolution of attosecond laser technologies and the unique advantages of the ATAS detection method, this paper also outlines potential future directions. These prospects are expected to further expand the frontiers of ultrafast spectroscopy and drive advancements in a range of disciplines in basic research and technological applications.

Keywords:

attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy /
electron dynamics /
attosecond pulses

Authors and contacts

1.
State Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Optical Science and Technology, Center for Attosecond Science and Technology, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710119, China
2.
School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Corresponding author: LI Jialin, lijialin@opt.ac.cn ; FU Yuxi, fuyuxi@opt.ac.cn

Funds: Project supported by the Young Scientists Group in Basic Research, CAS (Grant No. J23-117-Ⅲ), and the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant No. 2024JC-DXWT-03), and the Basic Research Department of XIOPM (Grant No. E25126Z1).

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References

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Cited By

图 1 ATAS实验装置示意图(HHG, 高次谐波产生; MCP, 微通道板). 其中, 金属箔(铝箔、铟箔、锆箔等, 根据探测的光谱范围选择)用于阻挡驱动光; 轮胎镜用于将阿秒脉冲聚焦到样品靶上; 空芯镜用于将飞秒光与阿秒脉冲合束

Figure 1. Schematic of the ATAS setup (HHG, high-order harmonic generation; MCP, microchannel plate). Metal foils (e.g., aluminum, indium, or zirconium, chosen by spectral range) block the driving light. A toroidal mirror focuses the attosecond pulses onto the sample, and a hole mirror combines the femtosecond beam with the attosecond pulses.

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图 2 (a) LISs态能级示意图(出自文献[38], 已获得授权). 黑色虚线为LISs, LISs通过吸收一个XUV光子(紫色)和吸收或发射一个NIR光子(红色)将基态耦合到1sns和1snd态; (b) He原子的ATAS图(出自文献[40], 已获得授权). 图中观察到AT分裂和LISs时间延迟依赖的吸收特征(+代表辐射NIR光子, –代表吸收NIR光子)

Figure 2. (a) Schematic energy level diagram of light-induced states (LISs). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [38]. The black dashed line indicates the LISs, which couple the ground state to the 1sns and 1snd states via absorption of one XUV photon (purple) and absorption or emission of one NIR photon (red); (b) ATAS spectrum of He, showing AT splitting and time-delay-dependent absorption features of the LISs. Here, “+” denotes NIR photon emission and “–” denotes NIR photon absorption. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [40]

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图 3 (a) CH₃I的ATAS图: 顶部标尺中σ*代表价态, 6pe, 6pa₁, 7p代表Rydberg态, 53—57 eV处吸收线型变为类Fano线型. 出自文献[43], 已获得授权. Ne原子的(b)原始和(c)间接路径消除后的ATAS. 出自文献[34], 已获得授权

Figure 3. (a) ATAS spectrum of CH₃I: the top scale marks the valence state (σ*) and Rydberg states (6pe, 6pa₁, 7p); the absorption profile between 53–57 eV turns Fano-like. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [43]. (b) The original ATAS and (c) ATAS after indirect path elimination of Ne atom. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [34].

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图 4 (a) R-I势能曲线示意图; (b) i-C₃H₇I在–4—160 fs延迟处的吸收光谱图. 光谱以灰色颜色绘制, 随着延迟的增加, 光谱向蓝色演化, 虚线表示碘原子跃迁对应的位置; (c) i-C₃H₇I的ATAS图, 根据图(a)中介绍的Region 1—3标记方案, 对状态特异性分子特征及其向原子跃迁的收敛(箭头所示)进行标记. 出自文献[47], 已获得授权

Figure 4. (a) Schematic of the R-I potential energy curve; (b) absorption spectrum of i-C₃H₇I between –4 and 160 fs delay: gray curves shift toward blue with delay, the dashed line marks the iodine transition; (c) ATAS spectrum of i-C₃H₇I with state-specific molecular features and their convergence toward atomic transitions (arrows) labeled using the Region 1–3 scheme. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [47].

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图 5 (a)振动相干和(b)电子相干示意图. 出自文献[48], 已获得授权

Figure 5. Schematic of (a) vibrational and (b) electronic coherences. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [48].

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图 6 (a) Si带隙动力学的阿秒探测原理(出自文献[29], 已获得授权); (b) 100.35 e V处XUV透射率的时间演化图(出自文献[29], 已获得授权), 内插图显示了对阶跃上升时间的拟合; (c)绝缘相动力学行为的双组分拟合(出自文献[31], 已获得授权); (d)自由载流子屏蔽介导的Mott相变示意图, 库仑力的驱动下载流子在空间上重新分配以屏蔽离子核(t₀—t₀ + τ_screening). 出自文献[31], 已获得授权

Figure 6. (a) Principle of attosecond probing of band-gap dynamics in Si. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [29]. (b) XUV transmission at 100.35 eV over time; the inset illustrates a fit for the step rise time. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [29]. (c) A two-component fit for the dynamics behavior of insulating phase. Reproduced with permission from Ref.[31]. (d) Schematic of free-carrier screening-mediated Mott transition, Coulomb forces drive the carriers redistribute spatially to screen the ion cores (t₀–t₀ + τ_screening). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [31].

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图 7 (a)液态水氧K边的阿秒探测原理; (b) 0.6 fs 延迟处液态水AX-ATAS光谱. 出自文献[60], 已获得授权

Figure 7. (a) Principle of attosecond probing of oxygen K-edge electrons in liquid water; (b) AX-ATAS spectrum of liquid water at 0.6 fs delay. Reproduced with permission from Ref.[60].

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