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液固Gibbs自由能差是决定材料非晶转变的热力学关键因素, 但该参量在预测非晶转变和指导非晶成分设计方面仍有一些基本问题有待解决. 其中, 一个关键问题是: 作为Gibbs能差的两个核心要素, 焓与熵, 二者在决定和控制非晶转变中关系并不明确. 基于课题组系列研究结果, 本文就焓与熵在材料非晶转变中的协同性与独立性问题进行了全面探讨, 发现二者在决定非晶形成上具有很强的相关性. 理论分析和实验测量相结合, 展示了材料熔化熵与熔点粘度、混合焓等多个非晶形成经典参量之间的内在关联, 证实熔化熵与材料非晶形成之间的密切关联; 并从多个角度证实材料低熔化熵有利于非晶形成, 纠正了传统上基于经典形核理论得出的高熔化熵有利于非晶形成的认识. 研究也发现, 决定非晶形成的关键动力学与热力学参量, 如粘度和混合焓, 均可通过熔化熵得到表达. 进而论证了熔化熵在评估非晶形成、指导非晶成分设计中的可靠性和有效性, 由此提出熔化熵可作为理解指导材料非晶形成的代表性热力学参量. 系列成果为发展非晶形成热力学、深入理解材料非晶形成提供了参考与思路.Glass formation thermodynamics usually concerns the liquid-crystal Gibbs free energy difference. But, in practice, its efficiency in predicting the occurrence of the glass transition of materials and guiding the composition design is quite quantitative. In particular, it remains to be clarified to understand the relationship between and the contributions to the two fundamental quantities of enthalpy and entropy involved herein. In this paper, we study the relation between the enthalpy and the entropy involved in glass formation of various materials, and find that they are strongly correlated with each other. Theoretical and experimental analyses indicate the intrinsic correlation of the entropy of fusion with other key parameters associated with glass formation like melting viscosity and enthalpy of mixing, which confirms the close relation between the entropy of fusion and glass formation. Close inspection finds that the low entropy of fusion benefits the glass formation. Owing to the fact that the two glass-formation key variables of viscosity and enthalpy can be addressed by the entropy of fusion, we propose that the entropy of fusion be able to serve as a representative thermodynamic quantity to understand the glass formation in materials. The reliability in understanding the glass formation in terms of entropy of fusion is further verified. The studies provide a new reference for developing the glass formation thermodynamics.
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Keywords:
- glass formation /
- phase transformation /
- thermodynamics
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图 6 具有正、负混合热二元小分子共晶体系的过剩熔化熵. 左图为混合热测量曲线, 右图为共晶相图 (a), (b)、共晶点以及纯组元熔化熵(c), (d)和共晶成分过剩熔化熵(e), (f)[101]
Fig. 6. Excess entropies of fusion in binary molecular eutectics of positive and negative enthalpies of mixing. Experimental measurements of the enthalpy of mixing is shown in left panel. (a) and (b) in the right panels are the phase diagrams; (c) and (d) show the entropies of fusion of eutectics and pure components; (e) and (f) give the excess entropies of fusion of eutectics[101].
图 7 基于准化学模型在1000 ℃下计算的AB二元体系的摩尔混合热与混合熵. 假设A与B配位数为2, 短程序ΔgA-B分别为定值0, –21, –42和–84 kJ/mol四种情况[102]
Fig. 7. Calculated enthalpies and entropies of mixing in a A-B binary system in terms of quasi-chemical model with the fixed coordination number of two but varied short-range ordering ΔgA-B of 0, –21, –42 and 84 kJ/mol[102].
图 11 四个二元碲基窄带隙合金的非晶形成能力图和相图. 左图为SnTe分别与Bi2Te3 (a), Sb2Te3 (b), In2Te3(c)和Ga2Te3 (d)构成的二元体系不同组分熔体淬火样品的XRD图, 右图为相对应的二元相图, 显示固溶度的变化趋势[148]
Fig. 11. Phase diagrams and glass forming ability in four binary Tellurium-based alloys. Left panel shows the XRD patterns of the samples obtained by water-quenching in the SnTe alloys with Bi2Te3 (a), Sb2Te3 (b), In2Te3 (c) and Ga2Te3 (d). Binary phase diagrams are presented in the right panel showing the variation of solid solubility[148].
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