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本文旨在对近期高能重离子超边缘碰撞中光致产生过程的研究做一个简要综述. 相对论性重离子激发的超强电磁场可以被近似认为是一束极高亮度的等效相干光子束流. 本文主要讨论两类等效光子参与的高能产生过程: 准实光子融合产生轻子对即Breit-Wheeler过程, 以及等效光子与原子核内的胶子物质相互作用导致的矢量介子衍射产生过程. 这两类过程是研究重离子超边缘碰撞的传统课题, 本文主要侧重于讨论碰撞参数依赖效应与末态软光子重求和效应. 另一方面, 最近一系列研究揭示了相对论重离子所激发的准实光子是高度线性极化的, 其极化方向平行于光子横动量方向;并指出可以通过重离子超边缘碰撞中轻子对产生过程的
$\cos 4\phi$ 方位角不对称来测量光子的线偏振度. 这一理论预言随后被SATR合作组的测量所证实. 伴随这一新的理论与实验进展, 线性极化光子束流同时也给我们提供了一种新颖的实验手段, 用来研究量子色动力学唯象学. 如线偏振准实光子可导致矢量介子衍射产生过程的各种方位角不对称, 通过研究这些方位角不对称可以让我们更深入地理解高能散射过程的双缝干涉效应、库仑-核反应的干涉过程, 以及抽取光子维格纳函数等. 本文将详述这些效应并讨论未来的理论与实验发展.We review the recent progress in the studies of coherent photons induced high energy reactions in ultraperipheral heavy ion collisions. The strong electromagnetic field created by a fast moving charged heavy ion can be effectively viewed as a flux of quasi-real coherent photons. In this paper, we mainly discuss two different type processes that coherent photons take part in: lepton pair production via photon fusion and diffractive vector meson production in UPCs. We focus on investigating the impact parameter dependent effect and the final state soft radiation effect. On the other hand, a series of recent work have revealed that coherent photons are highly linearly polarized with its polarization vector being parallel to its transverse momentum. It has been shown that the linearly polarized photons can lead to$\cos 4\phi$ azimuthal asymmetries in di-lepton production. This theoretical predication soon has been confirmed by the STAR measurement. With this new development from both theory and experiment sides, the linearly polarized photons provide a new experimental avenue to explore novel QCD phenomenology. For example, the linearly polarized photons can give rise to various different azimuthal asymmetries in diffractive vector meson production. These observables provide us unique chance to study two source interference effect in high energy scatterings, Coulomb-Nuclear interference effect as well as extracting gluon Wigner distribution. We will discuss these novel phenomenology studies and the possible future developments.-
Keywords:
- relativistic heavy ion collisions /
- equivalent photon approximation /
- polarization effect /
- diffractive vector meson production
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图 2
$ \sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200\;{\rm{GeV}} $ 碰撞能量60%—80%中心度下金金碰撞中光致电子对产生过程 (a)截面关于横动量分布; (b)横动量关于不变质量的分布. 图片取自文献[43]Fig. 2. (a) Differential cross section as a function of transverse momentum; (b) transverse momentum distributions for dilepton photoproduction at 60%–80% centrality in
$ \sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200\;{\rm{GeV}} $ Au-Au collisions [43]图 4 (a) RHIC能区(
$ \sqrt {s}=200 $ GeV)金-金对撞中电子对产生的$ \cos 4\phi $ 方位角不对称度, 电子和反电子的快度和横动量积分区间分别为[–1, 1]和[0.2 GeV, 0.4 GeV]; (b) LHC能区($ \sqrt {s}=5.02 $ TeV)铅核-铅核对撞中缪子对产生中的$ \cos 4\phi $ 方位角不对称度. 缪子和反缪子的快度和横动量积分区间分别为[–1, 1]和[4 GeV, 45 GeV]. 两个图中的横轴都为轻子对的总横动量. 图片取自文献[47]Fig. 4. (a)
$ \cos(4\phi) $ azimuthal asymmetry in dielectron production in Au-Au collisions at RHIC energy ($ \sqrt{s} = 200 $ GeV). The rapidity and transverse momentum integration regions for$ e^+e^- $ are [–1, 1] and [0.2 GeV, 0.4 GeV], respectively. (b)$ \cos(4\phi) $ azimuthal asymmetry in dimuon production in Pb-Pb collisions at LHC energy ($ \sqrt{s} = 5.02 $ TeV). The rapidity and transverse momentum integration regions for$ \mu^+\mu^- $ are [–1, 1] and [4 GeV, 45 GeV], respectively. The horizontal axis in both figures represents the total transverse momentum of the lepton pair. The figures are taken from Ref. [47].图 5 (a)金-金对撞中(质心能
$ \sqrt {s}=200 $ GeV)轻子对产生过程中的$ b_\perp $ 与$ P_\perp $ 之间的$ \cos 4\phi $ 方位角关联, 横轴为$ b_\perp $ ; (b)铅-铅对撞中(质心能$ \sqrt {s}=5.02 $ TeV)的轻子对$ \cos 4\phi $ 方位角不对称, 轻子对快度的积分区间为[–1, 1]. 图片取自文献[48]Fig. 5. (a)
$ \cos 4\phi $ azimuthal correlation between the impact parameter$ b_\perp $ and the transverse momentum$ P_\perp $ of the lepton pair produced in Au-Au collisions at$ \sqrt{s}=200 $ GeV. The horizontal axis represents$ b_\perp $ . (b)$ \cos 4\phi $ azimuthal asymmetry of lepton pairs produced in Pb-Pb collisions at$ \sqrt{s}=5.02 $ TeV. The rapidity integration range is$ [-1, 1] $ . The figures are taken from Ref. [48]图 6 偶极矩类型光子TMD与WW类型光子TMD之间的比值
$ R = f_1^\gamma/f_{1, 0}^\gamma $ (a)点电荷源的光子TMD函数的比值, 横轴为$ \dfrac{k_\perp}{xM_{\rm{p}}} $ ; (b)铅核的相干光子TMD函数的比值, 横轴为$ k_\perp $ . 图片取自文献[83]Fig. 6. Ratio
$ R = f_1^\gamma/f_{1, 0}^\gamma $ between the dipole-type photon TMD$ f_1^\gamma $ and the WW-type photon TMD$ f_{1, 0}^\gamma $ : (a) R as a function of$ \dfrac{k_\perp}{xM_{\rm{p}}} $ for a point like charged particle; (b) R as a funciton of$ k_\perp $ for lead. The figures are taken from Ref. [83]图 8 方位角不对称性示意图 (a)
$ \left\langle {+1 |-1} \right\rangle \sim \cos 2 \phi $ ; (b)$ \left\langle {+2 |\mp 1} \right\rangle \sim \cos 3\phi/\cos \phi $ Fig. 8. Illustration diagrams for azimuthal asymmetry: (a)
$ \left\langle {+1 |-1} \right\rangle \sim \cos 2 \phi $ ; (b)$ \left\langle {+2 |\mp 1} \right\rangle \sim \cos 3\phi/\cos \phi $ 图 9
$ \cos 4 \phi $ 方位角不对称性示意图,$ \left\langle {+3 |-1} \right\rangle \sim \cos 4 \phi $ (a)椭圆胶子Wigner分布的贡献; (b)末态软光子辐射的贡献Fig. 9. Illustration diagrams for
$ \cos 4 \phi $ azimuthal asymmetry: (a) Contributions from elliptic gluon Wigner distribution; (b) contributions from final state soft photon radiation图 10 RHIC 能区非极化光致
$ \rho^0 $ 相干产生过程的XnXn事例, 其中蓝色实线是数值计算结果, 红色的点取自文献[97]中图 8 的数据. 图片取自文献[56]Fig. 10. Unpolarized cross section for coherent
$ \rho^0 $ photo-production in XnXn events at RHIC energy. The red dots are experimental data points taken from Ref. [97]. The blue line shows our numerical result for this unpolarized cross section. The figure is taken from Ref. [56]图 11 RHIC 能区光致
$ \rho^0 $ 产生过程XnXn事例的$ \cos2\phi $ 方位角不对称性. 蓝色实线是数值计算结果, 红色点是STAR的实验结果[55], 这里误差没有画出Fig. 11. The
$ \cos2\phi $ azimuthal asymmetry of the XnXn events for the photoproduction of$ \rho^0 $ at RHIC. The blue solid line represents the numerical calculation result, and the red dots represent the experimental result from STAR[55], where the errors are not shown here图 12
$ \pi^+\pi^- $ 非极化截面的不变质量分布. 其中蓝色虚线是$ \rho^0 $ 衰变的结果, 利用(72)式计算; 粉色点线是$ \pi^+\pi^- $ 直接产生, 由(80)式的幅度$ {\cal A}_{d} $ 计算得到; 蓝绿色点划线是他们的干涉项. 红色实线为总的结果Fig. 12. Invariant mass distribution of the unpolarized cross section for
$ \pi^+\pi^- $ production. The blue dashed line represents the decay of$ \rho^0 $ mesons, which is calculated using formula (72). The magenta dotted line represents the direct production of$ \pi^+\pi^- $ , which is calculated using the amplitude$ {\cal A}_{d} $ from equation (80). The cyan dash-dotted line represents the interference term between them. The red solid line is the total result图 13 (a) RHIC Au-Au 200 GeV 上
$ \pi^+\pi^- $ 光致产生过程的$ \cos4\phi $ 不对称性随$ q_\perp $ 变化的曲线, 其中$ \pi^+ $ ,$ \pi^- $ 介子快度$ y_1,\; y_2 $ 的积分区间为$ [-1, 1] $ , 它们的不变质量$ Q $ 的积分区间为$ [0.6 {\rm GeV}, 1{\rm GeV}] $ ; (b) EIC上质心能量100 GeV的电子-原子核对撞产生$ \pi^+\pi^- $ 过程的$ \cos4\phi $ 不对称性随$ q_\perp $ 变化的曲线,$ y_1, \;y_2 $ 的积分区间为$ [2, 3] $ ,$ Q $ 的积分区间为$[0.6\; {\rm GeV}, 1\;{\rm GeV}]$ . 图中蓝色的实线为总的结果, 黑色的虚线来自末态软光子辐射的贡献, 红色的点线为椭圆胶子Wigner分布的贡献. 图片取自文献[58]Fig. 13. (a)
$ \cos4\phi $ asymmetry as a function of$ q_\perp $ for the$ \pi^+\pi^- $ photoproduction process for RHIC Au-Au collision at 200 GeV, where the integration range of the rapidity$ y_1,\; y_2 $ of$ \pi^+ $ and$ \pi^- $ mesons is$ [-1, 1] $ , and the integration range of the invariant mass$ Q $ is$[0.6\; \rm{ GeV}, 1\;\rm{ GeV}]$ ; (b)$ \cos4\phi $ asymmetry as a function of$ q_\perp $ for the$ \pi^+\pi^- $ process in electron-nucleus collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 100 GeV at EIC, where$ y_1, y_2 $ is integrated over$ [2, 3] $ , and$ Q $ is integrated over$ [0.6 \rm{ GeV}, 1\rm{ GeV}] $ . The blue solid line in the figure represents the total result, the black dashed line is from the contribution of final state radiation, and the red dotted line is from the contribution of the elliptic gluon Wigner distribution. The figures are taken from Ref. [58]图 14 RHIC和LHC能区UPC相干产生
$ J/\psi $ 过程的非极化截面随t变化的曲线 (a) RHIC能区, J/$ \psi $ 的快度积分区间为[–1, 1]; (b) LHC能区; J/$ \psi $ 的快度积分区间为[–0.8, 0.8]; 图片取自文献[59]Fig. 14. Azimuthal averaged cross section of coherent
$ J/\psi $ production as a function of$ t $ in unrestricted UPCs at RHIC and LHC energies: (a) For RHIC kinematics, the rapidity of the J/$ \psi $ is integrated over the range [–1, 1]; (b) for LHC kinematics, the rapidity is integrated over [–0.8, 0.8]. The figures are taken from Ref. [59]图 15 LHC能区UPC相干产生
$ J/\psi $ 过程的非极化截面随快度变化的曲线, 其中J/$ \psi $ 的横动量在[0, 0.2] GeV区间积分. (a) ALICE&CMS$ \sqrt{s}=2.76 $ TeV; (b) ALICE&LHCb$ \sqrt{s}=5.02 $ TeV. 图片取自文章[59]Fig. 15. Azimuthal averaged cross section of coherent
$ J/\psi $ production in unrestricted UPCs at LHC energy. The transverse momentum of the J/$ \psi $ is integrated over the range [0, 0.2] GeV. (a) ALICE&CMS$ \sqrt{s}=2.76 $ TeV; (b) ALICE&LHCb$ \sqrt{s}=5.02 $ TeV. The figures are taken from Ref.[59].图 16 在RHIC, LHC和EIC能区
$ J/\psi $ 相干产生的$ \cos 2\phi $ 方位角不对称性 (a) RHIC能区, 双轻子对的快度积分区间为[–1, 1]; (b) LHC能区, 双轻子对的快度积分区间为[–0.8, 0.8]; (c) EIC能区, 双轻子对的快度积分区间为[2, 3](实验室系). 在RHIC和EIC上,$ J/\psi $ 通过$ J/\psi\rightarrow e^+e^- $ 衰变模式重建, 在LHC上通过$ J/\psi\rightarrow \mu^+\mu^- $ 重建. 图片取自文献[59]Fig. 16.
$ \cos 2\phi $ azimuthal asymmetry in coherent$ J/\psi $ production at RHIC, LHC and EIC energies: (a) At RHIC kinematics, the rapidity of the di-lepton pair is integrated over the range [–1, 1]; (b) at LHC kinematics, the rapidity of the di-lepton pair is integrated over the range [–0.8, 0.8]; (c) at EIC kinematica region, the rapidity of the di-lepton pair is integrated over the range [2, 3] in the Lab frame. The$ J/\psi $ is reconstructed via the decay mode$ J/\psi\rightarrow e^+e^- $ at RHIC and EIC, and$ J/\psi\rightarrow \mu^+\mu^- $ at LHC, respectively. The figures are taken from Ref. [59] -
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