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共形超构表面具有灵活的外形, 便于适应复杂的平台结构, 在移动载体散射调控方面具有显著的应用优势. 但共形超构表面散射场电磁仿真时间周期长、优化复杂, 难以支撑共形超构表面的敏捷设计. 本文提出了一种基于迁移学习的共形超构表面散射场高效智能计算方法. 首先, 根据天线理论和全波电磁仿真在物理机理上的同一性, 预先用大量理论数据训练源域模型, 构建相位分布与散射场的初始映射模型; 然后, 将少量全波仿真训练数据作为目标域样本, 依托预训练、参数冻结和模型微调实现初始模型的有效迁移, 完成超构表面相位分布到散射场映射模型的构建; 最后, 针对不同的共形几何结构, 在迁移学习模型基础上进行了二次迁移. 结果表明, 本文所提方法的散射场计算时间较全波仿真下降3个数量级, 在少样本条件下应用迁移学习后散射场计算精度平均提升19.8%, 训练数据量仅占未迁移学习模型的42.9%, 数据集收集时间缩短50.1%, 同时在超构表面共形结构发生改变时具有一定泛化性.Conformal metasurfaces with flexible structures can fit complicated platforms and have obvious advantages in moving platforms scattering manipulations. However, the far-field simulation of conformal metasurface is time-consuming and difficult to optimize, thereby making the its agile design difficult. Here, an efficient and intelligent scattering field calculation method is proposed based on transfer learning for conformal metasurfaces. Firstly, according to the consistency in physical mechanism between antenna theory and full wave simulation, an initial mapping model between phase distribution and far-field of metasurface is constructed and pre-trained based on a large quantity of theoretical data in source domain. Secondly, by pre-training, parameter freezing and model fine-tuning, the far-field prediction model for full wave simulation is transferred and achieved successfully, based on a small quantity of full wave simulation data in target domain. Finally, the transfer learning model for far-field prediction is transferred once again for conformal metasurfaces with different structures. Results indicate that the proposed method only consumes 0.1% of full wave simulation time for conformal metasurface far-field calculation. In fewer samples, the model with transfer learning can improve the average accuracy by 19.8%, and the training data account for only 42.9% for the models without transfer learning, which reduces the training data collection time by 50.1%. Moreover, our far-field calculation method demonstrates good transfer performance between conformal metasurfaces with different structures.
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Keywords:
- conformal metasurface /
- transfer learning /
- scattering field
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图 2 共型超构表面剖面结构和单元电磁特性 (a) 茹科夫斯基翼型函数曲线; (b) 共型超构表面结构, 其中x和y方向设置为unit cell边界, z方向为open边界; (c) 超构单元结构及其仿真设置; (d) 超构单元的同极化反射相位和幅度
Fig. 2. The structure of conformal metasurface and electromagnetic response of meta-atom: (a) Жуковский airfoil function; (b) the structure of conformal metasurface, where unit cell conditions are applied in x and y directions and open condition is applied in z direction; (c) prototype of the meta-atom and simulation setup ; (d) reflection phase and amplitude of co-polarization.
图 3 源域训练数据生成和模型构建 (a) 基于天线理论计算得到大量相位分布和散射场数据; (b) 预训练模型${\mathcal{M}_0}$的网络架构
Fig. 3. Training data generation and model network construction of source domain: (a) Numerous phase distribution and scattering data can be generated based on antenna theory; (b) paradigm of pre-trained network ${\mathcal{M}_0}$.
图 6 模型结构分析 (a) 卷积块数量取1, 2, 3时模型的平均测试损失值; (b) 全连接层数量为1, 2, 3, 4, 5时模型的平均测试损失值; (c) 激活函数分别为ReLU, ReLU6, ELU, Leaky ReLU和Soft Plus模型平均测试损失值
Fig. 6. Network structure analysis. Model average train loss with (a) convolution blocks number of 1, 2, 3, (b) fully connected layer number of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and (c) activation function of ReLU, ReLU6, ELU, Leaky ReLU and Soft Plus.
图 9 模型${\mathcal{M}_0}$, ${\mathcal{M}_1}$和${\mathcal{M}_2}$的平均损失值和效果验证 模型${\mathcal{M}_0}$(a), ${\mathcal{M}_1}$(b), ${\mathcal{M}_2}$(c)的损失值随迭代轮次的变化曲线以及两种测试算例下的拟合效果
Fig. 9. Loss value and verification of ${\mathcal{M}_0}$, ${\mathcal{M}_1}$ and ${\mathcal{M}_2}$: Loss over the epoch and prediction results under two testing instances of ${\mathcal{M}_0}$(a), ${\mathcal{M}_1}$(b), ${\mathcal{M}_2}$(c).
图 10 迁移学习模型与全波仿真时间对比 (a) 结构1共形超构表面在软件中进行全波仿真计算散射场, 与利用模型${\mathcal{M}_1}$计算散射场的时间对数值; (b) 结构2共形超构表面在软件中进行全波仿真计算散射场, 与利用模型${\mathcal{M}_2}$计算散射场的时间对数值
Fig. 10. Time comparison of transfer learning model and full-wave simulation: (a) Logarithmic value of full-wave simulation time in CST and model ${\mathcal{M}_1}$ calculation time for conformal metasurface with structure 1; (b) logarithmic value of full-wave simulation time in CST and model ${\mathcal{M}_2}$ calculation time for conformal metasurface with structure 2.
图 12 结构2共形超构表面散射场计算模型平均损失函数及效果验证 (a) 基于结构2全波仿真数据直接训练得到的远场计算模型${\mathcal{M}'_2}$(未迁移学习); (b) 基于结构1理论数据散射场计算模型${\mathcal{M}_0}$迁移训练得到的结构2共形超构表面远场计算模型${\mathcal{M}''_2}$(经历一次迁移学习); (c) 基于结构1迁移学习模型${\mathcal{M}_1}$迁移训练得到的结构2共形超构表面远场计算模型${\mathcal{M}_2}$(经历两次迁移学习)
Fig. 12. Average loss value and performance verifications of structure 2 conformal metasurface far-field prediction models: (a) Far-field prediction model ${\mathcal{M}'_2}$(without transfer learning) for structure 2 conformal metasurface, trained based on structure 2 conformal metasurface full wave calculation data; (b) far-field prediction model ${\mathcal{M}''_2}$ (with once transfer learning) for structure 2 conformal metasurface, transferred from the structure 1 conformal metasurface theoretical far-field prediction model ${\mathcal{M}_0}$; (c) far-field prediction model ${\mathcal{M}_2}$ (with twice transfer learning) for structure 2 conformal metasurface, transferred from the structure 1 conformal metasurface full wave calculation far-field prediction model ${\mathcal{M}_1}$.
图 13 不同轮廓方程结构迁移学习效果 (a) 轮廓方程为圆弧的共形超构表面散射场预测模型${\mathcal{M}_{\text{c}}}$的平均损失值和效果验证; (b) 轮廓方程为的二次曲线的共形超构表面散射场预测模型${\mathcal{M}_{\text{q}}}$的平均损失值和效果验证. 其中左图中的插图表示结构1轮廓和圆弧、二次曲线结构对比图
Fig. 13. The transfer learning performance of different contour equation structures: (a) Average loss value and performance verifications of far-field prediction model ${\mathcal{M}_{\text{c}}}$ for conformal metasurface with contour equation of a circular arc; (b) average loss value and performance verifications of far-field prediction model ${\mathcal{M}_{\text{q}}}$ for conformal metasurface with contour equation of a quadratic curve. The illustration in the left figure represents the comparison between the outline of structure 1 and the structure of arc and quadratic curves.
表 1 模型结构的搜索空间
Table 1. Search space of model structure.
序号 控制变量 候选集合 1 卷积块数量 $ \{1, 2, 3\} $ 2 全连接块数量(不含输出层) $ \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5\} $ 3 激活函数类型 {ReLU, ReLU6, ELU, LeakyReLU, SoftPlus} 表 2 模型超参数的搜索空间
Table 2. Search space of model hyperparameters.
序号 控制变量 候选集合 1 学习率 {0.0001, 0.0002, . .., 0.0099, 0.01}, 步长为0.0001 2 批量大小 {32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024} 3 迭代轮次 {5, 10, 15, 20, . .., 90, 95, 100}, 步长为5 表 3 模型迁移关系
Table 3. The transfer relationship between models.
序号 模型 预训练模型 迁移次数 1 ${\mathcal{M}_0}$ 无 0 2 ${\mathcal{M}_1}$ ${\mathcal{M}_0}$ 1 3 ${\mathcal{M}'_2}$ 无 0 4 ${\mathcal{M}''_2}$ ${\mathcal{M}_0}$ 1 5 ${\mathcal{M}_2}$ ${\mathcal{M}_1}$ 2 -
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