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Quantum key distribution (QKD) has been extensively studied for practical applications. Advantage distillation (AD) represents a key technique to extract highly correlated bit pairs from weakly correlated ones, improving QKD protocol performance, particularly in large-error scenarios. However, its practical implementation remains underexplored. This study integrates AD into the three-intensity decoy-state BB84 protocol and demonstrates its performance on a high-speed phase-encoding platform. The experimental system employs asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometers (AMZI) fabricated on a silicon dioxide optical waveguide chip for phase encoding, benefiting from its low coupling loss and minimal waveguide transmission loss. Phase-randomized weak coherent pulses, generated by a distributed feedback laser at 625 MHz, are modulated into decoy states of varying intensities. The signals are encoded via an AMZI and attenuated to single-photon levels before transmission. At the receiver, another AMZI demodulates the signals, detected by avalanche photodiodes in gated mode. Experiments conducted at 50 km and 105 km demonstrated secure key rates of 104 kbps and 59 bps, respectively. Results at shorter distances closely matched theoretical predictions, while slight deviations at 105 km were attributed to signal attenuation and noise. Despite these challenges, the 105 km results highlight the effectiveness of AD in enhancing secure key rates at large-error scenario. This study confirms the potential of AD in extending secure communication range of QKD. By leveraging the high integration and scalability of silicon dioxide photonic chips, the proposed system provides a foundation for large-scale QKD deployment, paving the way for advanced protocols and real-world quantum networks.
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