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针对天线雷达散射截面(radar cross section, RCS)减缩设计难度大、优化耗时长等问题, 本文采用“先散射后辐射”的低RCS天线设计思路, 并基于混合机制实现天线的双极化RCS减缩, 提出了一种双极化低散射超表面天线, 克服了传统低RCS天线设计方法存在的弊端. 首先, 基于超表面的幅相调控特性设计了一款双极化低RCS超表面, 实现了对不同极化入射波的反射波束的独立调控; 然后, 在低RCS超表面的基础上, 通过借鉴传统贴片天线辐射结构, 对超表面结构进行局部调整并采用同轴馈电激励以实现天线辐射; 最后, 结合电流分布微调辐射结构, 快速优化天线辐射性能. 经过仿真和实验验证, 提出的天线不仅具有良好的辐射性能, 同时也能够实现带内带外双极化RCS减缩. 与传统低RCS天线设计方法相比, 本文采用的“先散射后辐射”逆向设计思路和提出的混合机制实现天线双极化RCS减缩的新方法, 有效化解了超表面天线紧凑结构带来的辐射与低散射耦合矛盾, 大大简化了低散射超表面天线的设计流程, 且设计的天线采用单层介质实现RCS减缩, 具有结构简单、紧凑、剖面低的特点.
To address the challenges of the complex design process and long optimization time for antenna radar cross section (RCS) reduction, this paper adopts the low-RCS antenna design concept of “first scattering then radiation” and implements dual-polarized RCS reduction of the antenna based on the hybrid mechanism. A dual-polarized low-scattering metasurface antenna is proposed, which overcomes the drawbacks of traditional low-RCS antenna design methods. Firstly, a dual-polarized low-RCS metasurface antenna is designed based on the amplitude and phase control characteristics of the metasurface, achieving independent control of the reflected beams for different polarized incident waves. Secondly, drawing on the radiation structure of traditional patch antennas, a local adjustment is made to the metasurface based on the low RCS metasurface. The antenna radiation is achieved through coaxial feed excitation. Finally, combined with the current distribution adjustment of the radiation structure, the antenna radiation performance is rapidly optimized. Through simulation and experimental verification, the proposed antenna not only has good radiation performance but also can achieve the reduction of dual-polarized RCS reduction inside and outside the frequency band. Compared with the traditional low-RCS antenna design methods, the reverse design concept of “first scattering then radiation” adopted in this work and the new method of reducing the dual-polarized RCS reduction of the antenna based on a hybrid mechanism effectively resolve the contradiction between radiation and low scattering caused by the compact structure of the metasurface antenna, greatly simplifying the design process of the low-scattering metasurface antenna. The antenna adopts a single-layer dielectric design to achieve RCS reduction, and has the characteristics of simple structure, compactness, and low profile. 
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Keywords:
- electromagnetic metasurface /
- antenna /
- amplitude-phase modulation /
- low radar cross section
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图 1 超表面结构 (a) 单元透视图; (b) 表面俯视图; (c) 反射电磁波偏折原理
Fig. 1. Metasurface structure: (a) Perspective view; (b) top view; (c) the principle of refraction of electromagnetic waves.
图 2 y极化相位调控性能 (a) 反射相位; (b) 表面单站RCS
Fig. 2. Phase control performance of y-polarization: (a) Reflection phase; (b) RCS of proposed surface.
图 3 x极化表面单站RCS曲线 (a) Ly1 = 11.9 mm, Ly2 = 10.5 mm, Ly3 = 9.6 mm, Ly4 = 3.8 mm, R = 500 Ω; (b) Lx = 12.0 mm, Ly1 = 11.9 mm, Ly2 = 10.5 mm, Ly3 = 9.6 mm, Ly4 = 3.8 mm
Fig. 3. X-polarized RCS of proposed surface: (a) Ly1 = 11.9 mm, Ly2 = 10.5 mm, Ly3 = 9.6 mm, Ly4 = 3.8 mm, R = 500 Ω; (b) Lx = 12.0 mm, Ly1 = 11.9 mm, Ly2 = 10.5 mm, Ly3 = 9.6 mm, Ly4 = 3.8 mm.
图 4 超表面散射方向图 (a) 金属板; (b) x极化; (c) y极化
Fig. 4. Scattering patterns of the metasurface: (a) Metal; (b) x polarization; (c) y polarization.
图 5 超表面天线设计过程 (a) 超表面; (b) 参考天线; (c) 传统设计天线; (d) 天线1; (e)天线2
Fig. 5. Design process of metasurface antennas: (a) Metasurface; (b) reference antenna; (c) traditional antenna; (d) antenna 1; (e) antenna 2.
图 6 辐射电流分布图 (a) 参考天线; (b) 天线1; (c) 天线2
Fig. 6. Radiation current distribution map: (a) Reference antenna; (b) antenna 1; (c) antenna 2.
图 7 天线2辐射结构等效电路图 (a) 辐射贴片; (b) 寄生贴片
Fig. 7. Equivalent circuit diagram of the antenna 2 radiation structure: (a) Radiation patch; (b) parasitic patch.
图 8 天线辐射性能 (a) 反射系数; (b) 增益. 6.8 GHz处三维辐射方向图 (c) 参考天线; (d) 传统设计天线; (e) 天线1; (f) 天线2
Fig. 8. Radiation performance comparison of the antennas: (a) Reflection coefficient; (b) gain; (c)–(f) 3D radiation patterns at 6.8 GHz; (c) reference antenna; (d) traditional antenna; (e) antenna 1; (f) antenna 2.
图 9 天线RCS对比 (a) x极化; (b) y极化
Fig. 9. RCS comparison of the antennas: (a) x polarization; (b) y polarization.
图 10 三维散射方向图 (a)—(f) 参考天线; (g)—(l)天线2
Fig. 10. Scattering patterns of the antennas: (a)–(f) Reference antenna; (g)–(l) antenna 2.
图 11 散射电流分布对比 (a)—(c)超表面; (b)—(d)天线2
Fig. 11. Scattering current distribution comparison: (a)–(c) Metasurface; (b)–(d) antenna 2.
图 12 实验测试 (a)天线样件; (b)测试环境
Fig. 12. Experiment: (a) Fabricated antenna; (b) test environment.
图 13 天线2的实测与仿真辐射性能对比 (a) 反射系数; (b) 二维辐射方向图
Fig. 13. Comparison of measured and simulated radiation performance of antenna 2: (a) Reflection coefficient; (b) 2D radiation patterns.
表 1 矩形贴片边长Ly取值与中心频率对应关系(Lx = 12.0 mm)
Table 1. Relationship between the side length Ly of the patch and the frequency(Lx = 12.0 mm).
频率/GHz 第一矩形贴片边长Ly1/mm 第二矩形贴片边长Ly2/mm 第三矩形贴片边长Ly3/mm 第四矩形贴片边长Ly4/mm 6.5 13.2 12.2 11.6 4.1 7.5 11.9 10.5 9.6 3.8 9.0 10.3 8.8 7.9 3.5 
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