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采用固相烧结法制备了不同Gd掺杂含量的0.7Bi1-xGdxFe0.95Ga0.05O3-0.3BaTiO3 (BGxFG-BT, x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2)陶瓷, 系统研究了Gd掺杂对BGxFG-BT陶瓷的晶体结构、微观形貌、介电性能以及多铁性能的影响. 通过X射线衍射图谱分析、扫描电镜形貌分析、X射线光电子能谱分析等工具表明, Gd掺杂会使BGxFG-BT陶瓷由菱面体(R3c)结构转变为赝立方(P4mm)结构, 晶粒尺寸会明显减小, 从未掺入Gd时的6.2 μm降低到约3.2 μm左右, 同时发现少量的Gd掺杂能够抑制BFG-BT陶瓷中Fe2+离子的产生, 减少氧空位的存在. 最终导致, 在适量的Gd掺杂下, 陶瓷的介电性能和铁电性能均得到明显改善. 适量的Gd掺杂可使介电常数增加、介电损耗减少、电滞回线形状改善、剩余电极化强度增加(最高达9.06 μC/cm2). 同时, 在磁性能方面, Gd掺杂陶瓷均表现铁磁性, 剩余磁极化强度与饱和磁化强度均有显著提高.The 0.7Bi1–xGdxFe0.95Ga0.05O3-0.3BaTiO3 (BGxFG-BT, x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2) ceramics were successfully synthesized via the conventional solid-state reaction method. The effects of Gd doping on crystal structure, microstructure, dielectric, ferroelectric and magnetic properties were systematically investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that Gd doping induce a structural transition from rhombohedral (R3c) to pseudo-cubic (P4mm) in BGxFG-BT ceramics. Scanning electron microscopy results show a decrease of grain size with doping Gd in BFG-BT. The average grain sizes of the ceramics range from 3.2 μm to 6.2 μm. The dielectric constant and loss tangent are drastically increased and reduced respectively with introducing Gd into the ceramics. Temperature dependent dielectric constant presents a broad peak in the vicinity of Néel temperature (TN) for all the samples, signifying strong magnetoelectric coupling. An increment in TN is also observed as a result of Gd-doping in the temperature regions of 230 to 340 ℃. The leakage current density is reduced by about two orders of magnitude under the electric field of 20 kV/cm. This can be ascribed to the reduction of the oxygen vacancy concentration, which is confirmed by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy result. The ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism are also improved after the addition of Gd seen from the polarization hysteresis (P-E ) loops and the magnetization hysteresis (M-H) loops. The greatly enhanced magnetism with Mr = 0.0186 emu/g and Ms = 1.084 emu/g is obtained in the ceramic with x = 0.2, almost three point six times larger than that of the undoped ceramic.
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Keywords:
- multiferroic materials /
- dielectric properties /
- ferroelectricity /
- ferromagnetism
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图 1 (a) BGxFG - BT (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2)陶瓷的XRD图谱; 样品在(b) 32°, (c) 39.5°和(d) 45.7°附近局部放大图
Fig. 1. (a) XRD patterns of BGxFG - BT (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2) ceramics. Enlarged view of peaks at (b) 32°, (c) 39.5° and (d) 45.7°.
图 2 BGxFG - BT陶瓷样品的XRD精修图谱 (a) x = 0; (b) x = 0.1. 红色线、蓝色线和绿色线表示实验值、计算值及二者差值, 短竖线表示布拉格位置
Fig. 2. XRD refinement of the BGxFG - BT ceramics: (a) x = 0, (b) x = 0.1. The red, blue, and green indicatethe experimental, calculated and difference value, respectively. The short bars indicate the positions of Bragg positions.
图 3 BGxFG - BT (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2)陶瓷的SEM图像 (a) x = 0; (b) x = 0.05; (c) x = 0.1; (d) x = 0.15; (e) x = 0.2; (f)平均晶粒尺寸随掺杂量变化的关系
Fig. 3. The SEM images of BGxFG - BT ceramics: (a) x = 0; (b) x = 0.05; (c) x = 0.1; (d) x = 0.15; (e) x = 0.2; (f) the composition dependence of average grain size.
图 4 BGxFG - BT (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2)陶瓷的XPS图谱 (a) Bi 4f; (b) Fe 2p
Fig. 4. XPS spectra of the (a) Bi 4f and (b) Fe 2p lines of BGxFG - BT (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2) ceramics.
图 5 BGxFG - BT (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2)陶瓷样品在频率10 kHz, 100 kHz和1 MHz下的εr和tan δ随温度的变化 (a) x = 0; (b) x = 0.05; (c) x = 0.1; (d) x = 0.15; (e) x = 0.2
Fig. 5. Variation of εr and tan δ with temperature at frequencies 10 kHz, 100 kHz and 1 MHz for BGxFG - BT: (a) x = 0, (b) x = 0.05, (c) x = 0.1, (d) x = 0.15, (e) x = 0.2.
图 6 室温下BGxFG - BT (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2)陶瓷样品 (a) 漏电流J随电场E的变化和(b) log J随log E的变化
Fig. 6. Leakage current density J of the BGxFG - BT (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2) ceramic samples as a function of the electric field E at room temperature: (a) J vs E; (b) log J vs log E
图 7 BGxFG - BT陶瓷在室温下的电滞回线 (a) x = 0; (b) x = 0.05—0.2
Fig. 7. Polarization versus electric field hysteresis loops of BGxFG - BT ceramics at room temperature: (a) x = 0, (b) x = 0.05–0.2.
图 8 BGxFG - BT (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2)陶瓷在室温下的磁滞回线
Fig. 8. The room temperature M-H loops of the BGxFG - BT (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2) ceramics.
表 1 Rietveld精修获得的BGxFG-BT (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2)陶瓷的晶胞参数
Table 1. The lattice parameters obtained by Rietveld refinement for BGxFG-BT (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2).
x a/Å b/Å c/Å V/Å3 ρ/g·cm–3 Rwp/% d/% 0 5.6428(5) 5.6428(5) 13.8896(16) 303.01(6) 7.601(8) 11.2 96.41 0.05 3.9886(4) 3.9886(4) 3.9923(11) 63.51(3) 7.508(4) 10.8 99.28 0.1 3.9879(3) 3.9879(3) 3.9902(15) 63.46(3) 7.454(3) 12.3 98.91 0.15 3.9875(4) 3.9875(4) 3.9899(8) 63.44(2) 7.421(4) 13.8 98.68 0.2 3.9872(6) 3.9872(6) 3.9890(11) 63.41(2) 7.377(3) 15.6 98.63 
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[1] Cheong S W, Mostovoy M 2007 Nat. Mater. 6 13
Google Scholar
[2] Hur N, Park S, Sharma P A, A hn, J S, Guha S, Cheong S W 2004 Nature 429 392
Google Scholar
[3] Fina I, Dix N, Fàbrega L, Sánchez F, Fontcuberta J 2010 Thin Solid films 518 4634
Google Scholar
[4] Zhao T, Scholl A, Zavaliche F, Lee K, Barry M, Doran A, Cruz M P, Chu Y H, Ederer C, Spaldin N A, Das R R, Kim D M, Baek S H, Eom C B, Ramesh R 2006 Nat. Mater. 5 823
Google Scholar
[5] Patankar K K, Patil S A, Sivakumar K V, Mahajan R P, Kolekar Y D, Kothale M B 2000 Mater. Chem. Phys. 65 97
Google Scholar
[6] 宋骁, 高兴森, 刘俊明 2018 物理学报 67 157512
Google Scholar
Song X, Gao X S, Liu J M 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 157512
Google Scholar
[7] Wang J, Neaton J B, Zheng H, Nagarajan V, Ogale S B, Liu B, Viehland D, Vaithyanathan V, Schlom D G 2003 Science 299 1719
Google Scholar
[8] Cheng J R, Li N, Cross L E 2003 J. Appl. Phys. 94 5153
Google Scholar
[9] Pradhan S K, Roul B K 2011 J. Phys. Chem. Solids 72 1180
Google Scholar
[10] Kumar A, Sharma P, Yang W B, Shen J D, Varshney D, Li Q 2016 Ceram. Int. 42 14805
Google Scholar
[11] Wang T, Song S H, Ma Q, Tan M L, Chen J J 2019 J. Alloys Comp. 795 60
Google Scholar
[12] Thakur S, Rai R, Tiwari A 2014 Solid State Commun. 197 1
Google Scholar
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[14] Wang K, Si N, Zhang Y L, Zhang F, Guo A B, Jiang W 2019 Vacuum 165 105
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[15] Ivanova T L, Gagulin V V 2002 Ferroelectrics 265 241
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[16] Kumar M M, Srinath S, Kumar G S, Suryanarayana S V 1998 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 188 203
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[21] Buscaglia M T, Mitoseriu L, Buscaglia V, Pallecchi I, Viviani M, Nanni P, Siri A S 2006 J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 26 3027
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[46] Xing Q, Han Z, Zhao S 2017 J. Mater. Sci: Mater. Electron. 28 295
Google Scholar
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