标记单光子源在量子密钥分发中的应用

孟杰; 徐乐辰; 张成峻; 张春辉; 王琴

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20220344

摘要

本文主要介绍标记单光子源的制备、特性, 及其在3种主流量子密钥分发(BB84, 测量设备无关, 双场)协议中的应用与发展, 同时通过对比标记单光子源和基于弱相干态光源在同类协议中的性能, 分析讨论不同光源的优缺点. 此外, 针对双场量子密钥分发协议中对单光子干涉特性的要求, 分析了标记单光子源在双场协议应用中的局限性, 并讨论了可能的解决方案, 对今后发展实用化量子保密通信系统将起到有价值的指导和推进作用.

关键词:

Abstract

In this paper, we mainly introduce the preparation and physical properties of the heralded single-photon source, the development history and its applications in three typical quantum key distribution protocols, including BB84, measurement-device-independent and twin-field quantum key distribution protocols. Moreover, we make comparisons of the above quantum key distribution protocols between using heralded single-photon source and using weak coherent sources, and analyze their advantages and disadvantages. Besides, according to the characteristics of single-photon interference in twin-field quantum key distributions, the limitations of separately applying heralded single-photon sources to twin-field quantum key distributions are revealed, and possible solutions are discussed. Therefore, this work may provide valuable references and help for the practical implementation of quantum secure communication in the near future.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
南京邮电大学, 量子信息技术研究所, 南京　210003

2.
南京邮电大学, 宽带无线通信与传感网教育部重点实验室, 南京　210003

通信作者: 王琴, qinw@njupt.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家重点研究发展计划(批准号: 2018YFA0306400, 2017YFA0304100)、国家自然科学基金 (批准号: 12074194, 12104240)和江苏省自然科学基金 (批准号: BK20192001, BK20210582)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
Institute of Quantum Information and Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China

2.
Key Laboratory of Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China

Corresponding author: Wang Qin, qinw@njupt.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant Nos. 2018YFA0306400, 2017YFA0304100), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12074194, 12104240), and the Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation, China (Grant Nos. BK20192001, BK20210582).

文章全文

参考文献

[1]	Bennett C H, Brassard G 1984 Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computers, Systems, and Signal Processing (Bangalore: IEEE) p175
[2]	Ekert A K 1991 Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 661 Google Scholar
[3]	Bennett C H, Brassard G, Mermin N D 1992 Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 557 Google Scholar
[4]	Bennett C H 1992 Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 3121 Google Scholar
[5]	Scarani V, Acín A, Ribordy G, Gisin N 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 057901 Google Scholar
[6]	Inoue K, Waks E, Yamamoto Y 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 037902 Google Scholar
[7]	Bruß D 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 3018 Google Scholar
[8]	Brassard G, Lütkenhaus N, Mor T, Sanders BC 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 1330 Google Scholar
[9]	Lütkenhaus N, Jahma M 2002 New J. Phys. 4 44 Google Scholar
[10]	Makarov V, Hjelme D R 2005 J. Mod. Opt. 52 691 Google Scholar
[11]	Qi B, Fung C H F, Lo H K, Ma X F 2007 Quantum Inf. Comput. 7 73 Google Scholar
[12]	Zhao Y, Fung C H F, Qi B, Chen C, Lo H K 2008 Phys. Rev. A 78 042333 Google Scholar
[13]	Lydersen L, Wiechers C, Wittmann C, Elser D, Skaar J, Makarov V 2010 Nat. Photonics 4 686 Google Scholar
[14]	Gerhardt I, Liu Q, Lamas-Linares A, Skaar J, Kurtsiefer C, Makarov V 2011 Nat. Commun. 2 1 Google Scholar
[15]	Weier H, Krauss H, Rau M, Fürst M, Nauerth S, Weinfurter H 2011 New J. Phys. 13 073024 Google Scholar
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[19]	Lo H K, Ma X, Chen K 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 230504 Google Scholar
[20]	Braunstein S L, Pirandola S 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 130502 Google Scholar
[21]	Lo H K, Curty M, Qi B 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 130503 Google Scholar
[22]	Silva T F, Vitoreti D, Xavier G B, do Amaral G C, Temporão G T, von derWeid J P 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 052303 Google Scholar
[23]	Liu Y, Chen T Y, Wang L J, Pan J W 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 130502 Google Scholar
[24]	Rubenok A, Slater J A, Chan P, Lucio-Martinez I, Tittel W 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 130501 Google Scholar
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[26]	Lucamarini M, Yuan Z L, Dynes J F, Shields A J 2018 Nature 557 400 Google Scholar
[27]	Ma X, Zeng P, Zhou H 2018 Phys. Rev. X 8 031043 Google Scholar
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[32]	Wang S, He D Y, Yin Z Q, Lu F Y, Cui C H, Chen W, Zhou Z, Guo G C, Han Z F 2019 Phys. Rev. X 9 021046 Google Scholar
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[34]	Zhong X, Hu J, Curty M, Qian L, Lo H K 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 123 100506 Google Scholar
[35]	Pittaluga M, Minder M, Lucamarini M, Sanzaro M, Shields A J 2021 Nat. Photon. 15 530 Google Scholar
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[37]	Wang Q, Chen W, Xavier G, Swillo M, Zhang T, Sauge S, Tengner M, Han Z F, Guo G C, Karlsson A 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 090501 Google Scholar
[38]	Zhang C H, Wang D, Zhou X Y, Wang S, Zhang L B, Yin Z Q, Chen W, Han Z H, Guo G C, Wang Q 2018 Opt. Express 26 25921 Google Scholar
[39]	朱峰, 王琴 2014 光学学报 6 0627002 Google Scholar Zhu F, Wang Q 2014 Acta Opt. Sin. 6 0627002 Google Scholar
[40]	王东 2017 博士学位论文 (合肥: 中国科学技术大学) Wang D 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese)
[41]	张春辉 2020 博士学位论文 (南京: 南京邮电大学) Zhang C H 2020 Ph. D. Dissertation (Nanjing: nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications)
[42]	Wang Q, Karlsson A 2007 Phys. Rev. A 76 014309 Google Scholar
[43]	Bock M, Lenhard A, Chunnilall C, Becher C 2016 Opt. Express 24 23992 Google Scholar
[44]	Aboussouan P, Alibart O, Ostrowsky D B, Baldi P, Tanzilli S 2010 Phys. Rev. A 81 021801 Google Scholar
[45]	Kaneda F, Garay-Palmett K, U’Ren A B, Kwiat P G 2016 Opt. Express 24 10733 Google Scholar
[46]	Weston M M, Chrzanowski H M, Wollmann S, Boston A, Ho J, Shalm L K, Verma V B, Allman M S, Nam S W, Patel R B, Slussarenko S, Pryde G J 2016 Opt. Express 24 10869 Google Scholar
[47]	Zhong H S, Li Y, Li W, et al. 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 250505 Google Scholar
[48]	Sansa Perna A, Ortega E, Gräfe M, Steinlechner F 2022 Appl. Phys. Lett. 120 074001 Google Scholar
[49]	Gottesman D, Lo H K, Lütkenhaus N, Preskill J 2004 Quantum Inf. Comput. 5 325 Google Scholar
[50]	Wang Q, Wang X B, Guo G C 2007 Phys. Rev. A 75 012312 Google Scholar
[51]	Adachi Y, Yamamoto T, Koashi M, Imoto N 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 180503 Google Scholar
[52]	Wang Q, Zhang C H, Wang X B 2016 Phys. Rev. A 93 032312 Google Scholar
[53]	Ma X, Qi B, Zhao Y, Lo H K 2005 Phys. Rev. A 72 012326 Google Scholar
[54]	Zhang C H, Luo S L, Guo G C, Wang Q 2015 Phys. Rev. A 92 022332 Google Scholar
[55]	Wang Q, Wang X B 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 052332 Google Scholar
[56]	Zhang C H, Zhang C M, Guo G C, Wang Q 2018 Opt. Express 26 4219 Google Scholar
[57]	Zhou Y H, Yu Z W, Wang X B 2016 Phys. Rev. A 93 042324 Google Scholar
[58]	Xu F, Xu H, Lo H K 2014 Phys. Rev. A 89 052333 Google Scholar
[59]	Zhang C H, Zhang C M, Wang Q 2019 Phys. Rev. A 99 052325 Google Scholar
[60]	Hu X L, Yu Z W, Wang X B 2018 Phys. Rev. A 98 032303 Google Scholar
[61]	Abruzzo S, Kampermann H, Bruß D 2014 Phys. Rev. A 89 012301 Google Scholar
[62]	Panayi C, Razavi M, Ma X, Lütkenhaus N 2014 New J. Phys. 16 043005 Google Scholar
[63]	Kaneda F, Xu F, Chapman J, Kwiat P G 2017 Optica 4 1034 Google Scholar
[64]	Xu H, Hu X L, Feng X L, Wang X B 2020 Opt. Lett. 45 4120 Google Scholar

施引文献

图 1 HSPS制备原理示意图^[40]

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the setup for HSPS generation^[40].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 WCS光源与HSPS光源光子数分布概率对比^[41]

Fig. 2. Comparison of photon number distribution probabilities between WCS and HSPS^[41].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 基于HSPS和基于WCS的BB84协议成码率对比^[50]

Fig. 3. Comparison of the key rate between using HSPS and WCS^[50].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 基于HSPS的三强度诱骗态QKD实验装置示意图^[37]

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of the setup for three-intensity decoy state QKD based on HSPS^[37].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 基于HSPS的三强度诱骗态QKD实验与理论对比^[37]

Fig. 5. Comparisons between experiment and theory for the three-intensity decoy state QKD based on HSPS^[37].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 基于HSPS的新型被动式诱骗态QKD方案示意图^[52]

Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of the new passive decoy state QKD protocol based on HSPS^[52].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 最终密钥生成率比较^[52]　(a) 对数尺度下的密钥生成率; (b) 密钥生成率的相对值

Fig. 7. The comparison of the final key generation rate^[52]: (a) Absolute values of the key generation rate with logarithm scale; (b) relative value for the key generation rate.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 新型被动式诱骗态实验装置示意图^[38]

Fig. 8. Schematic diagram of the passive decoy state QKD setup^[38].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 基于HSPS光源的MDI-QKD原理示意图^[55]

Fig. 9. Schematic diagram of the principle of MDI-QKD based on HSPS light source^[55].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 基于不同光源情况的诱骗态MDI-QKD协议的成码率仿真对比^[55]　(a) 密钥率对比; (b) 信号光强度对比

Fig. 10. Comparison between MDI-QKD protocols based on different light sources^[55]: (a) Comparisons of the key rate; (b) comparisons of the signal intensity.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 11 改进的被动式诱骗态 MDI-QKD仿真^[57]

Fig. 11. Simulation of new passive decoy state MDI-QKD^[57]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 12 TF-QKD协议的实验结构示意图^[26]

Fig. 12. Schematic diagram of the TF-QKD protocol^[26].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 WCS与HSPS光源光子数分布概率对比^[41]

Table 1. Comparison of photon number distribution probabilities between WCS and HSPS^[41].

光源	$ {\mathit{P}}_{0} $	$ {\mathit{P}}_{1} $	$ {\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{m}} $
$ \mathrm{W}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{S} $	$ 6.065\times 1{0}^{-1} $	$ 0.3033 $	$ 0.0902 $
$ \mathrm{H}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{S} $	$ 6.065\times 1{0}^{-7} $	$ 0.2274 $	$ 0.0853 $

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 不同HSPS实现方案关键指标对比

Table 2. Comparison of core parameters of different HSPS schemes.

晶体类型	信号光中心谱线/nm	滤波片半高宽/nm	纯度/%	光源亮度	标记效率滤波前/%/后/%	参考文献
PPLN	1557	0.10	78.0	1.40×10³ pairs·(s·μW)^–1	39.9 / 64.0	Saarlandes2016 [43]
PPLN	1536	0.25	99.0	1.60×10³ pairs·(s·mW)^–1	—	Nice2010 [44]
PPKTP	1590	0.00	90.0	1.10×10⁴ pairs·(s·mW)^–1	77.0 / 0	Illinois2016 [45]
PPKTP	1570	8.00	98.0	3.29×10² pairs·(s·μW)^–1	52.0 / 0	Griffith2016 [46]
BBO	1550	10.00	99.7	1.70×10² pairs·(s·mW)^–1	91.0 / 94.0	USTC2018 [47]
BBO	532	24.00	—	9.50×10³ pairs·(s·mW)^–1	18.9 / 16.7	Fraunhofer2022 [48]
注: 晶体类型为自发参量下转换过程中使用的非线晶体; PPLN: periodically-poled potassium titanyl phosphate, 周期极化磷酸钛钾晶体; PPKTP: periodically-poled potassium titanyl phosphate, 周期极化磷酸钛钾晶体; BBO: β–barium-borate, 偏硼磷钡晶体.

下载: 导出CSV

[1]	Bennett C H, Brassard G 1984 Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computers, Systems, and Signal Processing (Bangalore: IEEE) p175
[2]	Ekert A K 1991 Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 661 Google Scholar
[3]	Bennett C H, Brassard G, Mermin N D 1992 Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 557 Google Scholar
[4]	Bennett C H 1992 Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 3121 Google Scholar
[5]	Scarani V, Acín A, Ribordy G, Gisin N 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 057901 Google Scholar
[6]	Inoue K, Waks E, Yamamoto Y 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 037902 Google Scholar
[7]	Bruß D 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 3018 Google Scholar
[8]	Brassard G, Lütkenhaus N, Mor T, Sanders BC 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 1330 Google Scholar
[9]	Lütkenhaus N, Jahma M 2002 New J. Phys. 4 44 Google Scholar
[10]	Makarov V, Hjelme D R 2005 J. Mod. Opt. 52 691 Google Scholar
[11]	Qi B, Fung C H F, Lo H K, Ma X F 2007 Quantum Inf. Comput. 7 73 Google Scholar
[12]	Zhao Y, Fung C H F, Qi B, Chen C, Lo H K 2008 Phys. Rev. A 78 042333 Google Scholar
[13]	Lydersen L, Wiechers C, Wittmann C, Elser D, Skaar J, Makarov V 2010 Nat. Photonics 4 686 Google Scholar
[14]	Gerhardt I, Liu Q, Lamas-Linares A, Skaar J, Kurtsiefer C, Makarov V 2011 Nat. Commun. 2 1 Google Scholar
[15]	Weier H, Krauss H, Rau M, Fürst M, Nauerth S, Weinfurter H 2011 New J. Phys. 13 073024 Google Scholar
[16]	Wiechers C, Lydersen L, Wittmann C, Elser D, Skaar J, Marquardt Ch, Makarov V, Leuchs G 2011 New J. Phys. 13 013043 Google Scholar
[17]	Hwang W Y 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 057901 Google Scholar
[18]	Wang X B 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 230503 Google Scholar
[19]	Lo H K, Ma X, Chen K 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 230504 Google Scholar
[20]	Braunstein S L, Pirandola S 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 130502 Google Scholar
[21]	Lo H K, Curty M, Qi B 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 130503 Google Scholar
[22]	Silva T F, Vitoreti D, Xavier G B, do Amaral G C, Temporão G T, von derWeid J P 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 052303 Google Scholar
[23]	Liu Y, Chen T Y, Wang L J, Pan J W 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 130502 Google Scholar
[24]	Rubenok A, Slater J A, Chan P, Lucio-Martinez I, Tittel W 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 130501 Google Scholar
[25]	Pirandola S, Laurenza, Ottaviani C, Banchi L 2017 Nature Commun. 8 15043 Google Scholar
[26]	Lucamarini M, Yuan Z L, Dynes J F, Shields A J 2018 Nature 557 400 Google Scholar
[27]	Ma X, Zeng P, Zhou H 2018 Phys. Rev. X 8 031043 Google Scholar
[28]	Wang X B, Yu Z W, Hu X L 2018 Phys. Rev. A 98 062323 Google Scholar
[29]	Cui C H, Zhen Y Q, Wang R, Chen W, Wang S, Guo G C 2019 Phys. Rev. Appl. 11 034053 Google Scholar
[30]	Curty M, Azuma K, Lo H K 2019 Npj Quantum Inf. 5 1 Google Scholar
[31]	Lin J, Lütkenhaus N 2018 Phys. Rev. A 98 042332 Google Scholar
[32]	Wang S, He D Y, Yin Z Q, Lu F Y, Cui C H, Chen W, Zhou Z, Guo G C, Han Z F 2019 Phys. Rev. X 9 021046 Google Scholar
[33]	Liu Y, Yu Z W, Zhang W, et al. 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 123 100505 Google Scholar
[34]	Zhong X, Hu J, Curty M, Qian L, Lo H K 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 123 100506 Google Scholar
[35]	Pittaluga M, Minder M, Lucamarini M, Sanzaro M, Shields A J 2021 Nat. Photon. 15 530 Google Scholar
[36]	Wang S, Yin Z Q, He D Y, Chen W, Wang R Q, Ye P, Zhou Y, Yuan-Fan G J, Wang F X, Chen W, Zhu Y G, Morozov P V, Divochiy A V, Zhou Z, Guo G C, Han Z F 2022 Nat. Photon. 16 154 Google Scholar
[37]	Wang Q, Chen W, Xavier G, Swillo M, Zhang T, Sauge S, Tengner M, Han Z F, Guo G C, Karlsson A 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 090501 Google Scholar
[38]	Zhang C H, Wang D, Zhou X Y, Wang S, Zhang L B, Yin Z Q, Chen W, Han Z H, Guo G C, Wang Q 2018 Opt. Express 26 25921 Google Scholar
[39]	朱峰, 王琴 2014 光学学报 6 0627002 Google Scholar Zhu F, Wang Q 2014 Acta Opt. Sin. 6 0627002 Google Scholar
[40]	王东 2017 博士学位论文 (合肥: 中国科学技术大学) Wang D 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese)
[41]	张春辉 2020 博士学位论文 (南京: 南京邮电大学) Zhang C H 2020 Ph. D. Dissertation (Nanjing: nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications)
[42]	Wang Q, Karlsson A 2007 Phys. Rev. A 76 014309 Google Scholar
[43]	Bock M, Lenhard A, Chunnilall C, Becher C 2016 Opt. Express 24 23992 Google Scholar
[44]	Aboussouan P, Alibart O, Ostrowsky D B, Baldi P, Tanzilli S 2010 Phys. Rev. A 81 021801 Google Scholar
[45]	Kaneda F, Garay-Palmett K, U’Ren A B, Kwiat P G 2016 Opt. Express 24 10733 Google Scholar
[46]	Weston M M, Chrzanowski H M, Wollmann S, Boston A, Ho J, Shalm L K, Verma V B, Allman M S, Nam S W, Patel R B, Slussarenko S, Pryde G J 2016 Opt. Express 24 10869 Google Scholar
[47]	Zhong H S, Li Y, Li W, et al. 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 250505 Google Scholar
[48]	Sansa Perna A, Ortega E, Gräfe M, Steinlechner F 2022 Appl. Phys. Lett. 120 074001 Google Scholar
[49]	Gottesman D, Lo H K, Lütkenhaus N, Preskill J 2004 Quantum Inf. Comput. 5 325 Google Scholar
[50]	Wang Q, Wang X B, Guo G C 2007 Phys. Rev. A 75 012312 Google Scholar
[51]	Adachi Y, Yamamoto T, Koashi M, Imoto N 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 180503 Google Scholar
[52]	Wang Q, Zhang C H, Wang X B 2016 Phys. Rev. A 93 032312 Google Scholar
[53]	Ma X, Qi B, Zhao Y, Lo H K 2005 Phys. Rev. A 72 012326 Google Scholar
[54]	Zhang C H, Luo S L, Guo G C, Wang Q 2015 Phys. Rev. A 92 022332 Google Scholar
[55]	Wang Q, Wang X B 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 052332 Google Scholar
[56]	Zhang C H, Zhang C M, Guo G C, Wang Q 2018 Opt. Express 26 4219 Google Scholar
[57]	Zhou Y H, Yu Z W, Wang X B 2016 Phys. Rev. A 93 042324 Google Scholar
[58]	Xu F, Xu H, Lo H K 2014 Phys. Rev. A 89 052333 Google Scholar
[59]	Zhang C H, Zhang C M, Wang Q 2019 Phys. Rev. A 99 052325 Google Scholar
[60]	Hu X L, Yu Z W, Wang X B 2018 Phys. Rev. A 98 032303 Google Scholar
[61]	Abruzzo S, Kampermann H, Bruß D 2014 Phys. Rev. A 89 012301 Google Scholar
[62]	Panayi C, Razavi M, Ma X, Lütkenhaus N 2014 New J. Phys. 16 043005 Google Scholar
[63]	Kaneda F, Xu F, Chapman J, Kwiat P G 2017 Optica 4 1034 Google Scholar
[64]	Xu H, Hu X L, Feng X L, Wang X B 2020 Opt. Lett. 45 4120 Google Scholar

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