超音速高密度喷流对撞过程中的高效能量转移

张喆; 远晓辉; 张翌航; 刘浩; 方可; 张成龙; 刘正东; 赵旭; 董全力; 刘高扬; 戴羽; 谷昊琛; 李玉同; 郑坚; 仲佳勇; 张杰

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20220361

摘要

在双锥对撞点火激光核聚变方案中, 两个锥口相距约100 μm放置的金锥内氘氚球冠靶在高功率纳秒激光烧蚀驱动下, 获得沿金锥的球对称压缩和加速, 形成沿着金锥轴向的超音速高密度喷流, 出射喷流在两个金锥的几何中心发生对撞减速并形成聚变密度等离子体. 在对撞过程中, 高速运动喷流的动能转化为内能, 实现对等离子体的预加热, 与此同时, 皮秒拍瓦激光产生的高能快电子从垂直方向入射并加热高密度等离子体, 使其快速升温达到聚变温度, 实现聚变点火. 2020年在中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所高功率激光联合实验室神光II升级激光装置上, 我们利用总能量为10 kJ的八路纳秒激光进行了两轮实验. 实验利用包括X射线汤姆逊散射、硬X射线单色背光成像、X射线条纹和分幅成像等多种主动、被动诊断方法对超音速高密度喷流对撞过程进行了高时空分辨研究, 实验测量发现, 在单锥口形成的超音速等离子体喷流密度为5.5—8 g/cm³; 在对撞过程中形成了阻滞时间约200 ps的高密度等离子体, 中心密度达到了(46 ± 24) g/cm³. 通过对等离子的温度、速度的分析发现, 对撞过程中动能到内能的转换效率高达89.5%.

关键词:

Abstract

A collision of supersonic jets in the double-cone ignition scheme is realized experimentally. With a very high deceleration, the supersonic jets merge into a high density plasma core, which will be further fast heated to ignition condition. Both the density and temperature of the plasma core are increased due to nearly 100% of kinetic energy of the jets converted into the internal energy. Some diagnostic tools are used to characterize the plasma, including X-ray Thomson scattering, hard X-ray monochromatic backlighting, X-ray streak imaging and framing imaging. The density of the supersonic jet arrive at about 5.5–8 g/cm³. During colliding, a stagnation phase lasts about 200 ps, and the maximum density of the plasma core is increased to (46 ± 24) g/cm³. By analyzing the velocity and temperature before and after colliding, it is found that 90% of the kinetic energy is converted into thermal energy.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
中国科学院物理研究所, 北京凝聚态物理国家研究中心, 北京　100190

2.
上海交通大学, IFSA协同创新中心, 上海　200240

3.
松山湖材料实验室, 东莞　523808

4.
上海交通大学物理与天文学院, 激光等离子体教育部重点实验室, 上海　200240

5.
中国科学院大学物理学院, 北京　100049

6.
中国矿业大学(北京)理学院物理系, 北京　100083

7.
北京师范大学天文系, 北京　100875

8.
哈尔滨工业大学(威海)理学院, 威海　264209

9.
中国科学技术大学等离子体物理与聚变工程系, 中国科学院近地空间环境重点实验室, 合肥　230027

通信作者: 张杰, jzhang@iphy.ac.cn

基金项目: 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项A类(批准号: XDA25010100, XDA25010300, XDA25030100)和国家自然科学基金(批准号: U1930107, 11827807)资助的课题

Authors and contacts

1.
Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

2.
Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

3.
Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China

4.
Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas, Ministry of Education and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

5.
School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

6.
Department of Physics, College of Science, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China

7.
Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

8.
School of Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China

9.
CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Department of Plasma Physics and Fusion Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China

Corresponding author: Zhang Jie, jzhang@iphy.ac.cn

Funds: Project supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Nos. XDA25010100, XDA25010300, XDA25030100) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U1930107, 11827807).

文章全文 : translate this paragraph

参考文献

[1]	Lindl J D 1994 AIP Conference Proceedings 318 635
[2]	Tabak M, Hammer J, Glinsky M E, Kruer W L, Wilks S C, Woodworth J, Campbell E M, Perry M D, Mason R J 1994 Phys. Plasmas 1 1626 Google Scholar
[3]	Kodama R, Norreys P A, Mima K, Dangor A E, Evans R G 2001 Nature 412 798 Google Scholar
[4]	Murakami M, Nagatomo H 2005 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A 544 67 Google Scholar
[5]	Azechi H, Sakaiya T, Watari T, et al. 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 235002 Google Scholar
[6]	Betti R, Zhou C D, Anderson K S, Perkins L J, Theobald W, Solodov A A 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 155001 Google Scholar
[7]	Theobald W, Bose A, Yan R, et al. 2017 Phys. Plasmas 24 120702 Google Scholar
[8]	Zylstra A B, Kritcher A L, Hurricane O A, Callahan D A, Baker K, Braun T, Casey D T, Clark D 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 126 025001 Google Scholar
[9]	Town R 2020 Laser Indirect Drive Input to NNSA 2020 Report (NNSA)
[10]	Craxton R S, Anderson K S, Boehly T R, et al. 2015 Phys. Plasmas 22 110501 Google Scholar
[11]	Montgomery D S 2016 Phys. Plasmas 23 055601 Google Scholar
[12]	Smalyuk V A, Robey H F, Alday C L, et al. 2018 Phys. Plasmas 25 072705 Google Scholar
[13]	Zhang J, Wang W, Yang X H, Wu D, Ma Y Y, Jiao J L, Zhang Z, Wu F Y, Yuan X H, Li Y T, Zhu J Q 2020 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 378 20200015 Google Scholar
[14]	Wang W, Gibbon P, Sheng Z M, Li Y T 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 015001 Google Scholar
[15]	Sakata S, Lee S, Morita H, et al. 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 3937 Google Scholar
[16]	Wu F, Yang X H, Ma Y Y, Zhang Q, Zhang Z, Yuan X H, Liu H, Liu Z, Zhong J Y, Zheng J, Li Y T, Zhang J 2022 High Power Laser Sci. Eng. 10 e12 Google Scholar
[17]	Fletcher L B, Kritcher A L, Pak A E, et al. 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 145004 Google Scholar
[18]	Glenzer S H, Redmer R 2009 Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 1625 Google Scholar
[19]	Theobald W, Solodov A A, Anderson K S, et al. 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 5785 Google Scholar
[20]	Arkadiev V A, Bjeoumikhov A A, Haschke M, Langhoff N, Legall H, Stiel H, Wedell R 2007 Spectrochimica Acta Part B 62 577 Google Scholar
[21]	Del Ría M S , Dejus R J 2011 Proc. SPIE 8141 814115 Google Scholar
[22]	Yi S, Si H, Fang K, Fang Z H, Wu J, Qi R, Zhang Z, Wang Z 2022 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 39 A61 Google Scholar
[23]	Lawson J D 1957 Proc. Phys. Soc. Sect. B 70 6 Google Scholar
[24]	Atzeni S, Meyer-ter-Vehn J 2009 The Physics of Inertial Fusion: Beam Plasma Interaction, Hydrodynamics, Hot Dense Matter (International Series of Monographs on Physics) (Oxford: Oxford University Press) p39

施引文献

图 1 实验设计　(a)等熵压缩激光波形设计, 以及该波形下的压缩流线; (b)实验设置, 主要的X射线诊断分布

Fig. 1. Design of the experiment: (a) The profile of laser pulse, together with the implosion of the fuel shell; (b) configuration of the experiment setup, X-ray images for the compressed plasma are installed on the horizontal plane.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 X射线条纹成像　(a)双锥靶照片, 沿轴线的等离子体成像在条纹相机的光阴极; (b)单锥口喷出等离子体; (c)双锥对撞等离子体

Fig. 2. X-ray streak image: (a) The target configuration of double cones, the plasma along the cone axis is imaged; (b) the plasma jet from a single cone, ejecting time and the vertical velocity were measured; (c) the colliding plasma from double cones. All images are illustrated in same color scale.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 X射线汤姆逊散射光谱　(a)温度拟合; (b)电子密度拟合

Fig. 3. X-ray Thomson scattering spectrum: (a) Temperature fitting; (b) the average density fitting.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 对撞等离子体二维时间演化　(a)不同时刻双锥顶中心对撞等离子体自发光图像; (b)自发光区域横向、纵向和光强随时间演化信息

Fig. 4. Two-dimensional temporal evolution of the colliding plasma: (a) Self emission from the colliding plasma in the center of the double cone tips; (b) evolution of size and brightness of the colliding plasma core.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 X射线单色背光成像　(a)压缩前时刻双锥阴影图; (b)双锥对撞最大压缩时刻阴影图; (c)单锥喷出等离子体阴影; (d)对撞等离子体密度、面密度随时间演化; (e)对撞等离子体横向密度、面密度分布; (f)单锥口等离子体横向密度、面密度分布

Fig. 5. X-ray monochromatic backlighting radiography: (a) The radiography image of double cone before compression time. Row data of an undriven double cone target, the shape of the cone is clearly seen, and the bright spots on the top and bottom are the self-emission from the laser ablated shells. (b) The radiography image of a colliding plasma at the maximum compression time. (c) The radiography image from a single cone. (d) The time revolution of the colliding plasma density ρ and areal density ρD before and after the maximum compression. (e) Line profile of the ρ and ρD at the center of the cones for panel (b). (f) Line profile of the ρ and ρD at the center of the cones for panel (c).

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 满足Lawson条件的面密度(ρR)和温度(T)的关系, 红色区域为聚变能正增益参数范围

Fig. 6. Relationship of ρR and T for Lawson condition. The red dot area is condition for a fusion energy positive gain.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

[1]	Lindl J D 1994 AIP Conference Proceedings 318 635
[2]	Tabak M, Hammer J, Glinsky M E, Kruer W L, Wilks S C, Woodworth J, Campbell E M, Perry M D, Mason R J 1994 Phys. Plasmas 1 1626 Google Scholar
[3]	Kodama R, Norreys P A, Mima K, Dangor A E, Evans R G 2001 Nature 412 798 Google Scholar
[4]	Murakami M, Nagatomo H 2005 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A 544 67 Google Scholar
[5]	Azechi H, Sakaiya T, Watari T, et al. 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 235002 Google Scholar
[6]	Betti R, Zhou C D, Anderson K S, Perkins L J, Theobald W, Solodov A A 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 155001 Google Scholar
[7]	Theobald W, Bose A, Yan R, et al. 2017 Phys. Plasmas 24 120702 Google Scholar
[8]	Zylstra A B, Kritcher A L, Hurricane O A, Callahan D A, Baker K, Braun T, Casey D T, Clark D 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 126 025001 Google Scholar
[9]	Town R 2020 Laser Indirect Drive Input to NNSA 2020 Report (NNSA)
[10]	Craxton R S, Anderson K S, Boehly T R, et al. 2015 Phys. Plasmas 22 110501 Google Scholar
[11]	Montgomery D S 2016 Phys. Plasmas 23 055601 Google Scholar
[12]	Smalyuk V A, Robey H F, Alday C L, et al. 2018 Phys. Plasmas 25 072705 Google Scholar
[13]	Zhang J, Wang W, Yang X H, Wu D, Ma Y Y, Jiao J L, Zhang Z, Wu F Y, Yuan X H, Li Y T, Zhu J Q 2020 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 378 20200015 Google Scholar
[14]	Wang W, Gibbon P, Sheng Z M, Li Y T 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 015001 Google Scholar
[15]	Sakata S, Lee S, Morita H, et al. 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 3937 Google Scholar
[16]	Wu F, Yang X H, Ma Y Y, Zhang Q, Zhang Z, Yuan X H, Liu H, Liu Z, Zhong J Y, Zheng J, Li Y T, Zhang J 2022 High Power Laser Sci. Eng. 10 e12 Google Scholar
[17]	Fletcher L B, Kritcher A L, Pak A E, et al. 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 145004 Google Scholar
[18]	Glenzer S H, Redmer R 2009 Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 1625 Google Scholar
[19]	Theobald W, Solodov A A, Anderson K S, et al. 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 5785 Google Scholar
[20]	Arkadiev V A, Bjeoumikhov A A, Haschke M, Langhoff N, Legall H, Stiel H, Wedell R 2007 Spectrochimica Acta Part B 62 577 Google Scholar
[21]	Del Ría M S , Dejus R J 2011 Proc. SPIE 8141 814115 Google Scholar
[22]	Yi S, Si H, Fang K, Fang Z H, Wu J, Qi R, Zhang Z, Wang Z 2022 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 39 A61 Google Scholar
[23]	Lawson J D 1957 Proc. Phys. Soc. Sect. B 70 6 Google Scholar
[24]	Atzeni S, Meyer-ter-Vehn J 2009 The Physics of Inertial Fusion: Beam Plasma Interaction, Hydrodynamics, Hot Dense Matter (International Series of Monographs on Physics) (Oxford: Oxford University Press) p39

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超音速高密度喷流对撞过程中的高效能量转移