基于全色全息透镜的增强现实系统

杨雨桦; 何龙; 邓林宵; 朱立全; 顾春; 许立新

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20222388

摘要

全息透镜是一种通过全息波前记录制作的成像元件. 由于其形状因子小、波长和角度选择性等优势, 在增强现实(augmented reality, AR)领域有着很好的应用前景. 全色全息透镜的制作与成像过程分析是当前的难点. 通过标量衍射理论推导了离轴全息透镜的共轭成像方程, 分析了现有成像系统中的畸变和像散问题. 此外, 通过 k 矢量圆和光线追迹相结合的几何光学方法模拟了一个视场角为18°, 眼盒为10 mm的AR系统, 通过干涉曝光实验制作了全色全息透镜, 其平均峰值衍射效率为56.7%, 达到国际较高水平. 将激光微投与全息透镜相结合, 搭建了AR系统原型, 得到了系统的畸变和像散效果实验效果, 与模拟的情况相一致. 并测量了系统的MTF参数, 其清晰度基本满足人眼的分辨率需求. 对于单色成像, 提出了添加柱面透镜的方式, 保证子午面和弧矢面的光焦度一致以消除像散; 提出了设计自由形式的波前记录方式以消除畸变. 对于全色成像, 提出了记录过程中预先补偿的方法, 以解决3个颜色通道之间图像不重合的问题.

关键词:

Abstract

Holographic optical element (HOE) lens is an imaging element fabricated through recording wavefront by interference. Because of its advantages of small form factor and wavelength, angle selectivity and arbitrary wavefront formation, it has a good application prospect in augmented reality display. To make the system more compact, the HOE lens is adopted as an off-axis optical element. At the same time, according to diffraction principle, its wavelength response is more sensitive than those of traditional refractive and reflective optical elements. Thus the fabrication and design of a full-color HOE lens is a challenge to optimizing the free-space head-up display system. To systematically analyze the HOE imaging system, the conjugate relation between the object and image is derived by scalar diffraction theory. Then the Gaussian conjugate imaging equation is obtained and the off-axis aberration of distortion and astigmatism in the HOE imaging system are analyzed. In addition, A head-up display with field of view (FOV) of 18° and eyebox of 10 mm is simulated and its imaging process is visualized through the geometric optics method of k -vector diagram and ray-tracing. A full-color HOE lens with high diffraction efficiency is fabricated by interference. Its average peak diffraction efficiency is 56.7%, reaching a high level in the world. A prototype of augmented reality system is established by integrating laser pico-projectior with HOE lens. The experimental results of distortion effect and astigmatism effect of the system are obtained, which are consistent with the simulation results. The modulation transfer function (MTF) parameter of the system is measured, and its definition basically meets the requirements of the human eyes for resolution. The aberration of the system is analyzed and the optimization method is proposed. To optimize the monochromatic image quality, an extra cylindrical lens is added to ensure the same optical power of meridian and sagittal plane to eliminate the astigmatism. Besides, a freeform wavefront is designed by the geometric construction method and forms a freeform HOE to deal with the distortion problem. The local recording freeform wavefront can be calculated by the imaging equation. When full-color HOE is applied to the display system, the images of three channels may separate in the space because of their different reconstruction wavelengths and angles. We propose a pre-compensation method of recording process to solve this problem. If these above-mentioned problems can be solved, due to its good image uniformity, sufficient field angle and eyebox area, the head-up display based on HOE lens with extra optical power will have a better application in augmented reality technology.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
中国科学技术大学, 核探测与核电子学国家重点实验室, 合肥　230026

2.
中国科学技术大学光学与光学工程系, 合肥　230026

3.
安徽省先进激光技术实验室, 合肥　230026

通信作者: 许立新, xulixin@ustc.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划(批准号: 2021YFF0307804)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

2.
Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

3.
Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230026, China

Corresponding author: Xu Li-Xin, xulixin@ustc.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2021YFF0307804).

文章全文 : translate this paragraph

参考文献

[1]	Xiong J, Hsiang E L, He Z, Zhan T, Wu S T 2021 Light: Sci. Appl. 10 216 Google Scholar
[2]	Zhan T, Yin K, Xiong J, He Z, Wu S T 2020 iScience 23 101397 Google Scholar
[3]	史晓刚, 薛正辉, 李会会, 王丙杰, 李双龙 2021 中国光学 14 1146 Google Scholar Shi X G, Xue Z H, Li H H, Wang B J, Li S L 2021 Chin. Opt. 14 1146 Google Scholar
[4]	Yu C, Peng Y F, Zhao Q, Li H F, Liu X 2017 Appl. Opt. 56 9390 Google Scholar
[5]	Han J, Liu J, Yao X C, Wang Y T 2015 Opt. Express 23 3534 Google Scholar
[6]	金闻嘉 2020 硕士学位论文 (杭州: 浙江大学) Jin W J 2020 M S. Dissertation (Hangzhou: Zhejiang University) (in Chinese)
[7]	Peng H C, Cheng D W, Han J, Xu C, Song W T, Ha L Z, Yang J, Hu Q X, Wang Y T 2014 Appl. Opt. 53 H177 Google Scholar
[8]	Li G, Lee D, Jeong Y, Cho J, Lee B 2016 Opt. Lett. 41 2486 Google Scholar
[9]	Chang C, Bang K, Wetzstein G, Lee B, Gao L 2020 Optica 7 1563 Google Scholar
[10]	刘奡 2019 博士学位论文 (南京: 东南大学) Liu A 2019 Ph. D. Dissertation (Nanjing: Dongnan University) (in Chinese)
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[12]	Cheng D W, Wang Y T, Hua H, Talha M M 2009 Appl. Opt. 48 2655 Google Scholar
[13]	Pulli K 2017 Sid Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 48 132 Google Scholar
[14]	Li G, Jeong J, Lee D, Yeom J, Jang C, Lee S, Lee B 2015 Opt. Express 23 33170 Google Scholar
[15]	Jang C G, Mercier O, Bang K, Li G, Zhao Y, Lanman D 2020 ACM Trans. Graph. 39 184 Google Scholar
[16]	Maimone A, Wang J 2020 ACM Trans. Graph. 39 67 Google Scholar
[17]	Jang C, Hong K, Yeom J, Lee B 2014 Opt. Express 22 27958 Google Scholar
[18]	Jang C, Lee C K, Jeong J, Li G, Lee S, Yeom J, Hong K, Lee B 2016 Appl. Opt. 55 A71 Google Scholar
[19]	Lee S, Lee B, Cho J, Jang C, Kim J, Lee B 2017 IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 29 82 Google Scholar
[20]	Li Y N Q, Yang Q, Xiong J H, Yin K, Wu S T 2021 Opt. Express 29 42696 Google Scholar
[21]	Xiong J, Yin K, Li K, Wu S T 2021 Adv. Photonics Res. 2 2000049 Google Scholar
[22]	Xie Y, Kang M W, Wang B P 2014 Appl. Opt. 53 4206 Google Scholar
[23]	Zhang Y N, Zhu X L, Liu A, Weng Y S, Shen Z W, Wang B P 2019 Appl. Opt. 58 G84 Google Scholar
[24]	Shen Z W, Zhang Y N, Weng Y S, Li X H 2017 IEEE Photonics J 9 7000911 Google Scholar
[25]	Piao J A, Li G, Piao M L, Kim N 2013 J. Opt. Soc. Korea. 17 242 Google Scholar
[26]	Piao M L, Kim N 2014 Appl. Opt. 53 2180 Google Scholar
[27]	Piao M L, Kwon K C, Kang H J, Lee K Y, Kim N 2015 Appl. Opt. 54 5252 Google Scholar
[28]	Zhu J, Yang T, Jin G F 2013 Opt. Express 21 26080 Google Scholar

施引文献

图 1 光波导AR显示系统原理示意图

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of optical waveguide AR display system principle.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 自由空间光学组合器AR显示系统示意图

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of free-space optical combiner AR display system.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 全息透镜记录波前示意图

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the recording wavefront of an HOE lens.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 单片全息透镜的成像原理图, 红、绿和蓝线分别为不同视场的物光线(图中FOV为视场角; HOEL为全息透镜)

Fig. 4. Principle diagram of the imaging process of a singlet HOE lens and the red, green and blue rays are the object rays with different fields of view. (FOV represents the field of view and HOEL represents the holographic optical element lens)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 HOE的波前k矢量图　(a)记录过程; (b)再现过程

Fig. 5. k-vector diagram of an HOE: (a) Recording process; (b) reconstruction process.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 光线追迹的方式模拟成像效果　(a)子午面xz; (b)弧矢面yz

Fig. 6. Simulation of the imaging process through ray-tracing: (a) Meridian plane xz; (b) sagittal plane yz.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 全色全息透镜AR系统示意图(SLM, 空间光调制器; HOEL, 全息透镜)

Fig. 7. Schematic diagram of full-color AR system based on an HOE lens (SLM, a spatial light modulator; HOEL, holographic optical element lens).

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 全色全息透镜的制作示意图

Fig. 8. Schematic diagram for fabricating a full-color HOE lens.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 投影型AR系统的原型

Fig. 9. Prototype of projection-type AR system.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 全色全息透镜成像的图像效果　(a)红光; (b)绿光; (c)蓝光

Fig. 10. Image effect of full-color HOE lens: (a) Red light; (b) green light; (c) blue light..

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 11 RGB子光栅的角度选择性

Fig. 11. Angular selectivity of the RGB sub-gratings.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 12 全息透镜成像系统的MTF曲线测量

Fig. 12. MTF curves measurement of HOE lens imaging system.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 13 全息透镜的像散效果, 透镜聚焦于(a)子午像处和(b)弧矢像处

Fig. 13. Astigmatic of the HOE lens, focusing on (a) meridian image and (b) sagittal image.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 14 子午面和弧矢面的成像示意图　(a)子午面xz; (b)弧矢面yz

Fig. 14. Imaging diagram of meridian plane and sagittal plane: (a) Meridian plane xz; (b) sagittal plane yz.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 15 全息透镜的畸变效果

Fig. 15. Distortion effect of HOE lens.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 16 自由曲面HOE的几何构造设计方法示意图

Fig. 16. Schematic diagram of geometric construction design method of freeform HOE.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 17 不同子光栅的成像过程(其中红线、绿线分别为红光、绿光的成像过程, 青色线为物方光线)

Fig. 17. Imaging process of different sub-grating (red line represents red light, green line represents green light and cyan line represents light from the object).

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 全息透镜成像系统的光学参数

Table 1. Optical parameters of HOE lens imaging system.

参数数值

眼盒大小/mm 10
视场角/(°) 18
全息透镜焦距/mm 65
红、绿、蓝光栅角带宽/(°) 12

下载: 导出CSV

[1]	Xiong J, Hsiang E L, He Z, Zhan T, Wu S T 2021 Light: Sci. Appl. 10 216 Google Scholar
[2]	Zhan T, Yin K, Xiong J, He Z, Wu S T 2020 iScience 23 101397 Google Scholar
[3]	史晓刚, 薛正辉, 李会会, 王丙杰, 李双龙 2021 中国光学 14 1146 Google Scholar Shi X G, Xue Z H, Li H H, Wang B J, Li S L 2021 Chin. Opt. 14 1146 Google Scholar
[4]	Yu C, Peng Y F, Zhao Q, Li H F, Liu X 2017 Appl. Opt. 56 9390 Google Scholar
[5]	Han J, Liu J, Yao X C, Wang Y T 2015 Opt. Express 23 3534 Google Scholar
[6]	金闻嘉 2020 硕士学位论文 (杭州: 浙江大学) Jin W J 2020 M S. Dissertation (Hangzhou: Zhejiang University) (in Chinese)
[7]	Peng H C, Cheng D W, Han J, Xu C, Song W T, Ha L Z, Yang J, Hu Q X, Wang Y T 2014 Appl. Opt. 53 H177 Google Scholar
[8]	Li G, Lee D, Jeong Y, Cho J, Lee B 2016 Opt. Lett. 41 2486 Google Scholar
[9]	Chang C, Bang K, Wetzstein G, Lee B, Gao L 2020 Optica 7 1563 Google Scholar
[10]	刘奡 2019 博士学位论文 (南京: 东南大学) Liu A 2019 Ph. D. Dissertation (Nanjing: Dongnan University) (in Chinese)
[11]	邬融, 孙明营, 周申蕾, 乔战峰, 华能 2020 物理学报 69 234209 Google Scholar Wu R, Sun M Y, Zhou S L, Qiao Z F, Hua N 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 234209 Google Scholar
[12]	Cheng D W, Wang Y T, Hua H, Talha M M 2009 Appl. Opt. 48 2655 Google Scholar
[13]	Pulli K 2017 Sid Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 48 132 Google Scholar
[14]	Li G, Jeong J, Lee D, Yeom J, Jang C, Lee S, Lee B 2015 Opt. Express 23 33170 Google Scholar
[15]	Jang C G, Mercier O, Bang K, Li G, Zhao Y, Lanman D 2020 ACM Trans. Graph. 39 184 Google Scholar
[16]	Maimone A, Wang J 2020 ACM Trans. Graph. 39 67 Google Scholar
[17]	Jang C, Hong K, Yeom J, Lee B 2014 Opt. Express 22 27958 Google Scholar
[18]	Jang C, Lee C K, Jeong J, Li G, Lee S, Yeom J, Hong K, Lee B 2016 Appl. Opt. 55 A71 Google Scholar
[19]	Lee S, Lee B, Cho J, Jang C, Kim J, Lee B 2017 IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 29 82 Google Scholar
[20]	Li Y N Q, Yang Q, Xiong J H, Yin K, Wu S T 2021 Opt. Express 29 42696 Google Scholar
[21]	Xiong J, Yin K, Li K, Wu S T 2021 Adv. Photonics Res. 2 2000049 Google Scholar
[22]	Xie Y, Kang M W, Wang B P 2014 Appl. Opt. 53 4206 Google Scholar
[23]	Zhang Y N, Zhu X L, Liu A, Weng Y S, Shen Z W, Wang B P 2019 Appl. Opt. 58 G84 Google Scholar
[24]	Shen Z W, Zhang Y N, Weng Y S, Li X H 2017 IEEE Photonics J 9 7000911 Google Scholar
[25]	Piao J A, Li G, Piao M L, Kim N 2013 J. Opt. Soc. Korea. 17 242 Google Scholar
[26]	Piao M L, Kim N 2014 Appl. Opt. 53 2180 Google Scholar
[27]	Piao M L, Kwon K C, Kang H J, Lee K Y, Kim N 2015 Appl. Opt. 54 5252 Google Scholar
[28]	Zhu J, Yang T, Jin G F 2013 Opt. Express 21 26080 Google Scholar

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基于全色全息透镜的增强现实系统