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同源重组是维持基因组稳定和生物多样性的核心机制. RecA作为最早被发现的同源重组酶, 在同源重组链交换过程中起着关键作用. 关于同源重组机制的研究已持续数十年, 近年来使用单分子技术使得该领域研究取得了不少重大突破. 其中单分子FRET(fluorescence resonance energy transfer)技术的应用最为广泛, 然而FRET实验所必需的荧光标记可能会对RecA介导的链交换过程产生影响, 且往往会被研究人员所忽视. 本文通过对不同标记位置和标记方式进行梳理, 将荧光标记对同源重组链交换的影响总结为链特异性和构象敏感性, 并给出了影响最小的标记方案. 该结果加深了对荧光标记影响的理解, 研究人员可以快速优化荧光标记位置和方式, 降低其对链交换过程带来的负面影响, 也对其他荧光标记实验有一定的启发意义.Homologous recombination is a central mechanism for maintaining genome stability and biodiversity. RecA, as the first discovered homologous recombinase, plays a crucial role in homologous recombination strand exchange. In recent years, with the development of structural biology, significant breakthroughs have been made in understanding the static structure of the RecA nucleoprotein filament. However, research on the kinetic process of homologous recombination strand exchange mediated by RecA continues to encounter significant challenges. Research into the dynamic process has been ongoing for decades. In recent years, the use of single-molecule techniques has resulted in significant breakthroughs in this field. Among these techniques, single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology is widely used due to its ultra-high temporal and spatial resolution, making it well suitable for studying RecA-mediated homologous recombination strand exchange. However, the fluorescent labels required for FRET experiments may affect the RecA-mediated strand exchange process, which is often overlooked by researchers. Most of related articles focus on the effect of fluorescent labels on local structure. This paper primarily examines the effect of DNA fluorescent labeling on protein function, focusing on its effects on strand exchange from two perspectives: strand specificity and conformational sensitivity of the fluorescent labeling. Using experiments such as double-strand binding, single-strand invasion, and strand exchange, we develop a labeling scheme with the minimal effect—9 bp spaced C-strand double-base labeling in triplet— that can effectively improve the efficiency of studying the homologous recombination process. This result enhances the understanding of the effect of fluorescent labeling, allowing researchers to rapidly optimize the position and method of fluorescent labeling, and reduce its negative effects on the strand exchange process. Moreover, it provides some inspirations for other fluorescent labeling experiments.
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Keywords:
- homologous recombination /
- RecA /
- single-molecule FRET /
- fluorescent labeling
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图 1 实验过程示意图 (a) ssDNA; (b) dsDNA; (c)单链缠绕实验; (d)双链缠绕实验; (e)单链入侵实验; (f)链交换实验; 其中黑色链为I链、蓝色链为C链、深红色链为O链、橙色椭圆为RecA蛋白
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental process: (a) ssDNA; (b) dsDNA; (c) single strand binding experiment; (d) double strand binding experiment; (e) single strand invasion experiment; (f) strand exchange experiment. The black strand is the I-strand, the blue strand is the C-strand, the red strand is the O-strand, the orange ellipse is the RecA protein.
图 2 链特异性实验 (a)上方为CI链标记位置示意图(其中绿色点为Cy3, 红色点为Cy5, 标记序列号为对应I链3'端起始的碱基位置), 下方为CI链标记的初态FRET值统计图(灰色, Ncurve = 724)和双链缠绕FRET值统计图 (蓝色, Ncurve = 1360), 箭头表示双链缠绕的方向; (b)上方为IC链标记位置示意图, 下方为IC链标记的初态FRET值统计图(灰色, Ncurve = 516)和双链缠绕FRET值统计图(蓝色, Ncurve = 2546); (c) OC链标记(上)和CO链标记(下)示意图, 箭头表示链交换的方向; (d)OC链标记的典型链交换反应曲线, 其中红色线为Cy5光强, 绿色线为Cy3光强, 黑色线为总光强, 蓝色线为FRET值
Fig. 2. Strand specificity experiment. (a) Schematic diagram of CI labeling positions at the top (where the green dot is Cy3 and the red dot is Cy5, and the labeled sequence number is the base position corresponding to the 3' end of the I-strand), and the statistical diagram of initial state FRET value of CI-strands labeling (gray, Ncurve = 724) and statistical diagram of double strand binding FRET value (blue, Ncurve = 1360) at the bottom, the arrow indicating double strand binding direction. (b) Schematic diagram of IC-strands labeling position at the top, and the statistical diagram of initial state FRET value of IC-strands labeling (gray, Ncurve = 516) and statistical diagram of double strand binding FRET value (blue, Ncurve = 2546) at the bottom. (c) Schematic diagram of OC-strands labeling (top) and CO-strands labeling (bottom), where the red dot is Cy5, green dot is Cy3. (d) A typical strand-exchange reaction trace labeled with OC strands, where the red line represents the light intensity of Cy5, the green line represents the light intensity of Cy3, the black line represents the total light intensity, and the blue line represents the FRET value.
图 3 标记位置与标记方式对比实验 (a) CI链标记位置示意图(其中绿色点为Cy3, 红色点为Cy5, 标记序列号为对应I链3'端起始的碱基位置); (b)碱基标记Cy3分子结构式[23]; (c)骨架标记Cy3分子结构式[25]; (d) triplets之间骨架标记, 以及其B-DNA(灰色, Ncurve = 895)、单链入侵(红色, Ncurve = 1017)、双链缠绕(浅蓝, Ncurve = 2392)实验终了态FRET值统计图; (e) triplet内部骨架标记, 以及其B-DNA(灰色, Ncurve = 694)、单链入侵(红色, Ncurve = 2238)、双链缠绕(浅蓝, Ncurve = 3543)实验终了态FRET值统计图; (f) triplets边缘碱基标记, 以及其B-DNA(灰色, Ncurve = 895)、单链入侵(红色, Ncurve = 2797)、双链缠绕(浅蓝, Ncurve = 2339)实验终了态FRET值统计图; (g) triplet中间碱基标记的B-DNA(灰色, Ncurve = 935)、单链入侵(红色, Ncurve = 2341)、双链缠绕(浅蓝, Ncurve = 2346)FRET值统计图, (d), (e), (f), (g)左侧示意图为(a)方框处的局部放大图
Fig. 3. Comparison experiments of labeling positions and labeling methods: (a) Schematic diagram of CI-strand labeling positions (where the green dot is Cy3 and the red dot is Cy5, and the labeled sequence number is the base position corresponding to the 3' end of the I-strand); (b) molecular structural formula of base labeled Cy3[23]; (c) molecular structural formula of backbone labeled Cy3[25]; (d) statistical diagram of initial state FRET value of the B-DNA with backbone labeling between triplets (gray, Ncurve = 724) , final state FRET value of single strand invasion(red, Ncurve = 1017) and double strand binding (light blue, Ncurve = 2392); (e) statistical diagram of initial state FRET value of the B-DNA with backbone labeling in triplets (gray, Ncurve = 694) , final state FRET value of single strand invasion(red, Ncurve = 2238) and double strand binding (light blue, Ncurve = 3543); (f) statistical diagram of initial state FRET value of the B-DNA with base labeling between triplets (gray, Ncurve = 895) , final state FRET value of single strand invasion(red, Ncurve = 2797) and double strand binding (light blue, Ncurve = 2339); (g) statistical diagram of initial state FRET value of the B-DNA with base labeling in triplets (gray, Ncurve = 935) , final state FRET value of single strand invasion(red, Ncurve = 2341) and double strand binding (light blue, Ncurve = 2346); the left-side diagrams of (d), (e), (f), and (g) are enlarged views of the area marked in the box in (a).
图 4 C链双标记实验 (a)标记位置示意图(其中绿色点为Cy3, 红色点为Cy5, 标记序列号为对应I链3'端起始的碱基位置); (b) C链骨架双标记放大图(左), 其B-DNA(灰色, Ncurve = 674)、单链入侵(红色, Ncurve = 987)、双链缠绕(浅蓝色, Ncurve = 3606)FRET值统计图(中)和链交换(深蓝色, Ncurve = 684)FRET值统计图(右); (c) C链碱基双标记放大图(左), 其B-DNA(灰色, Ncurve = 974)、单链入侵(红色, Ncurve = 1495)、双链缠绕(浅蓝色, Ncurve = 1618)FRET值统计图(中)链交换(浅蓝色, Ncurve = 597)FRET值统计图(右)
Fig. 4. C-strand double labeling experiment. (a) Schematic diagram of labeling position (where the green dot is Cy3 and the red dot is Cy5, and the labeled sequence number is the base position corresponding to the 3' end of the I-strand). (b) Enlarged view of the C-strand backbone double labeling (left). Statistical diagram of its initial state FRET value of the B-DNA (gray, Ncurve = 674) , final state FRET value of single strand invasion (red, Ncurve = 987), and double strand binding (light blue, Ncurve = 3606) (middle). Strand exchange (deep blue, Ncurve = 974) FRET (right). (c) Enlarged view of the double C-strand base labeling (left). Statistical diagram of its initial state FRET value of the B-DNA (gray, Ncurve = 692) , final state FRET value of single strand invasion(red, Ncurve = 1495), double strand binding (light blue, Ncurve = 1618) (middle). And strand exchange(deep blue, Ncurve = 597) FRET (right).
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