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The interaction between DNA and counter-ions of different valence, including sodium chloride (Na+), magnesium chloride (Mg2+), hexammine cobalt III ([Co(NH3)6]3+), and spermine ([C10N4H30]4+), is investigated by dynamic light scattering. It is found that the ratio of electrophoretic motilities of DNA in a buffer containing Na+ and Mg2+ is about 2:1, when the concentration of counter-ions c≥ 5 mM. But the ratio of DNA motilities in a buffer containing Na+ and [Co(NH3)6]3+ is about 4.5:1. When c<5 mM, the ratio grows with increasing concentration of counter-ions. DNA charge reversal can be observed in the case of quadrivalent counter-ion. The experimental results are in good agreement with the Manning counter-ions condensation theory for cases of monovalent or bivalent counter-ions. However, when the valency of counter-ions is equal to three, the experimental data deviates from the expectation of the theory significantly. For the quadrivalent counter-ions, the counter-ions condensation theory, which is based on the average field, fails. Furthermore, through the atomic force microscopy, it is found that DNA molecules will condense into compact structures when the valency of counter-ions is equal to or greater than three. Thus, the conformation of polyelectrolyte in free solution and the ion correlation play an important role in the migration process of polyelectrolyte.
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Keywords:
- electrophoretic mobility /
- counter-ions /
- dynamic light scattering /
- DNA
[1] Vuletić T, Babić S D, Grgićin D, Aumiler D, Raedler J, Livolant F, Tomić S 2011 Phys. Rev. E 83 041803
[2] Ouyang Z C 2003 Physics 32 728 (in Chinese) [欧阳钟灿 2003 物理 32 728]
[3] Manning G S 1978 Quart. Rev. Biophys. 11 179
[4] Manning G S, Ray J 1998 J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 16 461
[5] Mills P, Anderson C F, Record Jr M T 1985 J. Phys. Chem. 89 3984
[6] Mohanty U, Ninham B W, Oppenheim I 1996 Pro. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93 4342
[7] Raspaud E, Durand D, Livolant F 2005 Biophys. J. 88 392
[8] Hud N V, Vilfan I D 2005 Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 34 295
[9] Thomas T, Thomas T 2001 J. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 58 244
[10] Hougaard D M 1992 Int. Rev. Cytol. 138 51
[11] Camerini-Otero R D, Hsieh P 1993 Cell 73 217
[12] Sikorav J L, Church G M 1991 J. Mol. Biol. 222 1085
[13] Nguyen T, Grosberg A Y, Shklovskii B 2000 J. Chem. Phys. 113 1110
[14] Ran S Y, Sun B, Li M 2007 Physics 36 228 (in Chinese) [冉诗勇, 孙博, 李明 2007 物理 36 228]
[15] Hou X M, Zhang X H, Wei K J, Ji C, Dou S X, Wang W C, Li M, Wang P Y 2010 Physics 39 108 (in Chinese) [侯锡苗, 张兴华, 魏孔吉, 季超, 窦硕星, 王渭池, 李明, 王鹏业 2010 物理 39 108]
[16] Ji C, Zhang L Y, Dou S X, Wang P Y 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 098703 (in Chinese) [季超, 张凌云, 窦硕星, 王鹏业 2011 物理学报 60 098703]
[17] Ma C, Bloomfield V A 2004 Biopolymers 35 211
[18] Besteman K, Van Eijk K, Lemay S 2007 Nat. Phys. 3 641
[19] Luan B, Aksimentiev A 2010 Soft Matter 6 243
[20] Hsiao P Y, Luijten E 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 148301
[21] Ouameur A A, Tajmir-Riahi H A 2004 J. Biol. Chem. 279 42041
[22] Estévez-Torres A, Baigl D 2011 Soft Matter 7 6746
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[1] Vuletić T, Babić S D, Grgićin D, Aumiler D, Raedler J, Livolant F, Tomić S 2011 Phys. Rev. E 83 041803
[2] Ouyang Z C 2003 Physics 32 728 (in Chinese) [欧阳钟灿 2003 物理 32 728]
[3] Manning G S 1978 Quart. Rev. Biophys. 11 179
[4] Manning G S, Ray J 1998 J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 16 461
[5] Mills P, Anderson C F, Record Jr M T 1985 J. Phys. Chem. 89 3984
[6] Mohanty U, Ninham B W, Oppenheim I 1996 Pro. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93 4342
[7] Raspaud E, Durand D, Livolant F 2005 Biophys. J. 88 392
[8] Hud N V, Vilfan I D 2005 Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 34 295
[9] Thomas T, Thomas T 2001 J. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 58 244
[10] Hougaard D M 1992 Int. Rev. Cytol. 138 51
[11] Camerini-Otero R D, Hsieh P 1993 Cell 73 217
[12] Sikorav J L, Church G M 1991 J. Mol. Biol. 222 1085
[13] Nguyen T, Grosberg A Y, Shklovskii B 2000 J. Chem. Phys. 113 1110
[14] Ran S Y, Sun B, Li M 2007 Physics 36 228 (in Chinese) [冉诗勇, 孙博, 李明 2007 物理 36 228]
[15] Hou X M, Zhang X H, Wei K J, Ji C, Dou S X, Wang W C, Li M, Wang P Y 2010 Physics 39 108 (in Chinese) [侯锡苗, 张兴华, 魏孔吉, 季超, 窦硕星, 王渭池, 李明, 王鹏业 2010 物理 39 108]
[16] Ji C, Zhang L Y, Dou S X, Wang P Y 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 098703 (in Chinese) [季超, 张凌云, 窦硕星, 王鹏业 2011 物理学报 60 098703]
[17] Ma C, Bloomfield V A 2004 Biopolymers 35 211
[18] Besteman K, Van Eijk K, Lemay S 2007 Nat. Phys. 3 641
[19] Luan B, Aksimentiev A 2010 Soft Matter 6 243
[20] Hsiao P Y, Luijten E 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 148301
[21] Ouameur A A, Tajmir-Riahi H A 2004 J. Biol. Chem. 279 42041
[22] Estévez-Torres A, Baigl D 2011 Soft Matter 7 6746
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