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Existing localization methods have mismatch problem when applied to the real uncertain ocean, and this will lead to performance degradation. In normal mode models, some modal eigenfunctions remain to be more correlated than others in the presence of environmental uncertainties. Based on this, we have proposed a mode subspace reconstruction robust localization method, which uses stable modes to reconstruct the replica vector to grantee the localization performance. The data from simulation and experiment are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Performances of the matched field processor (MFP) and the robust ML (maximum localization) estimator are also given here for comparison. Results show that: (1) the generally used MFP method has a low localization performance even at high SNR values; (2) the proposed method outperforms the robust ML estimator and the generally used MFP.
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Keywords:
- robust localization /
- mode subspace /
- reconstructed replica vector /
- uncertain ocean environment
[1] Baggeroer A B, Kuperman W A, Mikhalevsky P N 1993 IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 18 401
[2] Pace N G, Jensen F 2002 Impact of littoral environmental variability of acoustic predictions and sonar performance (Dordrecht, The netherlands: Springer) p507
[3] Liu Z W, Sun C, Du J Y 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 064303 (in Chinese) [刘宗伟, 孙超, 杜金燕 2013 物理学报 62 064303]
[4] Del Balzo D R, Feuillade C, Rowe M M 1988 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 83 2180
[5] Tolstoy A 1989 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 85 2394
[6] Schmidt H, Baggeroer A B, Kuperman W A, Scheer E K 1990 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 88 1851
[7] Zhao H F, Li J L, Gong X Y 2011 J. Harbin. Eng. Univ. 32 200 (in Chinese) [赵航芳, 李建龙, 宫先仪 2011 哈尔滨工程大学学报 32 200]
[8] Krolik J L 1992 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 92 1408
[9] Gingras D F, Gerr N L 1993 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93 2798
[10] Liu Z W, Sun C 2011 Technical Acoustics 30 274 (in Chinese) [刘宗伟, 孙超 2011 声学技术 30 274]
[11] Richardson A M, Nolte L W 1991 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 89 2280
[12] Shorey J A, Nolte L W, Krolik J L 1994 Journal of Computational Acoustics 2 285
[13] Sha L W, Nolte L W 2005 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117 1942
[14] Collins M D, Kuperman W A 1991 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 90 1410
[15] Gerstoft P 1994 J. Comput. Acousti. 2 251
[16] Harrison B F, Vaccaro R J, Tufts D W 1996 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 100 384
[17] Walker S C, Roux P, Kuperman W A 2005 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 118 1518
[18] Wang H Z, Wang N, Gao D Z 2011 Chin. Phys. Lett. 28 114302
[19] Li J, Stoica P 2006 Robust adaptive beamforming (New York: Wiley-Interscience) p91
[20] Yan S F, Ma Y L 2008 Sensor Array Beampattern optimization: theory with applications (Beijng: Science Press) (in Chinese) [鄢社锋, 马远良 2008 传感器阵列波束优化设计及应用(北京: 科学出版社)] p48
[21] Tabrikian J, Krolik J L, Messer H 1997 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 101 241
[22] Jensen F B, Kuperman W A, Portor M B, Schmidt H 2000 Computational ocean acoustics (New York: Springer) p67
[23] Yang T C 1990 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 87 2072
[24] Buck J R, Preisig J C, Wage K E 1998 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103 1813
[25] Collison N E, Dosso S E 2000 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 107 3089
[26] Yi F, Sun C 2013 Acta Acustica 38 35 (in Chinese) [易锋, 孙超 2013 声学学报 38 35]
[27] Wilson G R, Koch R A, Vidmar P J 1988 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 84 310
[28] Porter M B 1991 The Kraken Normal Mode Program (La Spezia, Italy: SACLANT Underwater Acoustic Research Center)
[29] Sha L W, Nolte L W 2006 IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 31 345
[30] Michalopoulou Z H 2000 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108 2082
[31] Yardim C, Gerstoft P, Hodgkiss W S 2010 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 128 75
[32] Musil M, Chapman N R, Wilmut M J 1999 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 106 3270
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[1] Baggeroer A B, Kuperman W A, Mikhalevsky P N 1993 IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 18 401
[2] Pace N G, Jensen F 2002 Impact of littoral environmental variability of acoustic predictions and sonar performance (Dordrecht, The netherlands: Springer) p507
[3] Liu Z W, Sun C, Du J Y 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 064303 (in Chinese) [刘宗伟, 孙超, 杜金燕 2013 物理学报 62 064303]
[4] Del Balzo D R, Feuillade C, Rowe M M 1988 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 83 2180
[5] Tolstoy A 1989 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 85 2394
[6] Schmidt H, Baggeroer A B, Kuperman W A, Scheer E K 1990 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 88 1851
[7] Zhao H F, Li J L, Gong X Y 2011 J. Harbin. Eng. Univ. 32 200 (in Chinese) [赵航芳, 李建龙, 宫先仪 2011 哈尔滨工程大学学报 32 200]
[8] Krolik J L 1992 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 92 1408
[9] Gingras D F, Gerr N L 1993 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93 2798
[10] Liu Z W, Sun C 2011 Technical Acoustics 30 274 (in Chinese) [刘宗伟, 孙超 2011 声学技术 30 274]
[11] Richardson A M, Nolte L W 1991 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 89 2280
[12] Shorey J A, Nolte L W, Krolik J L 1994 Journal of Computational Acoustics 2 285
[13] Sha L W, Nolte L W 2005 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117 1942
[14] Collins M D, Kuperman W A 1991 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 90 1410
[15] Gerstoft P 1994 J. Comput. Acousti. 2 251
[16] Harrison B F, Vaccaro R J, Tufts D W 1996 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 100 384
[17] Walker S C, Roux P, Kuperman W A 2005 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 118 1518
[18] Wang H Z, Wang N, Gao D Z 2011 Chin. Phys. Lett. 28 114302
[19] Li J, Stoica P 2006 Robust adaptive beamforming (New York: Wiley-Interscience) p91
[20] Yan S F, Ma Y L 2008 Sensor Array Beampattern optimization: theory with applications (Beijng: Science Press) (in Chinese) [鄢社锋, 马远良 2008 传感器阵列波束优化设计及应用(北京: 科学出版社)] p48
[21] Tabrikian J, Krolik J L, Messer H 1997 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 101 241
[22] Jensen F B, Kuperman W A, Portor M B, Schmidt H 2000 Computational ocean acoustics (New York: Springer) p67
[23] Yang T C 1990 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 87 2072
[24] Buck J R, Preisig J C, Wage K E 1998 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103 1813
[25] Collison N E, Dosso S E 2000 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 107 3089
[26] Yi F, Sun C 2013 Acta Acustica 38 35 (in Chinese) [易锋, 孙超 2013 声学学报 38 35]
[27] Wilson G R, Koch R A, Vidmar P J 1988 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 84 310
[28] Porter M B 1991 The Kraken Normal Mode Program (La Spezia, Italy: SACLANT Underwater Acoustic Research Center)
[29] Sha L W, Nolte L W 2006 IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 31 345
[30] Michalopoulou Z H 2000 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108 2082
[31] Yardim C, Gerstoft P, Hodgkiss W S 2010 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 128 75
[32] Musil M, Chapman N R, Wilmut M J 1999 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 106 3270
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