Biosonar emission characteristics and beam control of odontocetes

Song Zhong-Chang; Zhang Yu; Wei Chong; Yang Wu-Yi; Xu Xiao-Hui

doi:10.7498/aps.69.20200406

Abstract

Odontocetes have evolved for millions of years to own a unique echolocation system. The exceptional performance of odontocetes echolocation system can provide reference to artificial sonar systems, acoustic metamaterials and sound control designs. Research on odontocetes biosonar requires interdisciplinary effort, including acoustics, biology, biomimetics, anatomy, physiology and signal analysis. In this paper, we review odontoctes’ biosonar emission process from aspects of anatomy, biosonar signal and beam formation. To begin, computed tomography scanning and untrasound measurements are combined to reconstruct the sound speed and density distributions. To follow, efforts are thrown to probe into the biosonar signal and its corresponding acoustic behavior. Numerical simulations are used to investigate the odontocetes’ biosonar beam formation. The secret of exceptional performance of odontocetes’ echolocation system lies in their unique anatomy. Odontocete integrates acoustic structures with different acoustic impedances, namely solid bony structures, air space and soft tissues as a whole emission system to efficiently modulate sound propagation and sound beam formation. These acoustic structures are well organized in the forehead, forming a natural acoustic metamaterial to perform a good control of sounds. These results can enlighten artificial sonar designs.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
2.
Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth WA 6845, Australia

Corresponding author: Zhang Yu, yuzhang@xmu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFC1407504) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41676023, 41276040)

FullText HTML : translate this paragraph

References

[1]	Au W W L 1993 The Sonar of Dolphins (1st Ed.) (New York: Springer-Verlag) pp1−21
[2]	Au W W L, Simmons J A 2007 Phys. Today 60 40 Google Scholar
[3]	Jepsen G L 1970 Biology of Bats (1st Ed.) (New York: Academic Press) pp1−64
[4]	Griffin D R 1946 Nature 158 46 Google Scholar
[5]	Schevill W E, McBride A F 1956 Deep-Sea Res. 3 153 Google Scholar
[6]	Wood F G 1953 B. Mar. Sci. 3 120
[7]	Kellogg W N, Kohler R 1952 Sci. 116 250 Google Scholar
[8]	Kellogg W N, Kohler R, Morris H N 1953 Sci. 117 239 Google Scholar
[9]	Norris K S 1964 Marine Bio-acoustics (1st Ed.) (New York: Pergamon) pp316−336
[10]	Au W W L, Floyd R W, Penner R H, Murchison A E 1974 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 56 1280 Google Scholar
[11]	Au W W L, Penner R H 1981 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 70 687 Google Scholar
[12]	Au W W L, Pawloski J L, Nachtigall, P E, Blonz M, Gisner R C 1995 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 98 51 Google Scholar
[13]	Au W W L, Kastelein R A, Rippe T, Schooneman N M 1999 J.Acoust. Soc. Am. 106 3699 Google Scholar
[14]	Sayigh L S, Janik V M 2009 Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (2nd Ed.) (Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc) pp1014−1016
[15]	Li S H, Wang K X, Wang D, Akamatsu T 2005 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117 3288 Google Scholar
[16]	Goold J C, Jefferson T A 2002 Raffles. Bull. Zool. 10 131
[17]	Song Z C, Zhang Y, Wang X Y, Wei C, Wu F X, Miao X 2017 J. Biobased Mater. Bioenergy 11 45 Google Scholar
[18]	Gong Z N, Dong L J, Caruso F, Li M L, Liu M M, Dong J C, Li S H 2019 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 145 3480 Google Scholar
[19]	Zimmer W M, Johnson M P, Madsen P T, Tyack P L 2005 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117 3919 Google Scholar
[20]	Li S H, Wang D, Wang K, Akamatsu T, Ma Z Q, Han J B 2007 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 121 3938 Google Scholar
[21]	Li S H, Wang K, Wang D, Dong S Y, Akamatsu T 2008 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 124 716 Google Scholar
[22]	Evans W E, Prescott J H 1962 Zool 47 121
[23]	Norris K S, Dormer K J, Pegg J, Liese G T 1971 Proceedings of Conference on VIIIth Conference on Biolology of Sonar Diving Mammals, Menlo Park, CA, USA, 1971 p113
[24]	Evans W E, Maderson P F A 1973 Am. Zool 13 1205 Google Scholar
[25]	Cranford T W, Amundin M, Norris K S 1996 J. Morphol 228 223 Google Scholar
[26]	Cranford T W 1988 Animal Sonar: Processes and Performance (1st Ed.) (New York: Springer) pp67−77
[27]	Dubrovskiy N A, Urusovskiy I A 2006 J. Acoust. Soc. Am 119 3276 Google Scholar
[28]	Aroyan J L, Cranford T W, Kent J, Norris K S 1992 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 92 2539 Google Scholar
[29]	Cranford T W, Trijoulet V, Smith C R, Krysl P 2014 Bioacoustics 23 161 Google Scholar
[30]	Wei C, Au W W L, Ketten D R, Zhang Y 2018 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 143 2611 Google Scholar
[31]	Wei C, Au W W L, Ketten D R, Song Z C, Zhang Y 2017 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 141 4179 Google Scholar
[32]	Moore P W, Mankiewicz L A, Houser D S 2008 T J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 124 3324 Google Scholar
[33]	Wisniewska D M, Ratcliffe J M, Beedholm K, Christensen C B, Johnson M, Koblitz J C, Wahlberg M, Madsen P T 2015 eLife 4 e05651 Google Scholar
[34]	Zhang Y, Song Z C, Wang X Y, Cao W W, Au W W L 2017 Phys. Rev. Applied 8 064002 Google Scholar
[35]	Song Z C, Zhang Y, Thornton S W, Dong J C, Li S H 2017 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 142 2443 Google Scholar
[36]	Song Z C, Xu X, Dong J C, Xing R L, Zhang M, Liu X C, Zhang Y, Li S H, Berggren P 2015 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 138 3129 Google Scholar
[37]	Cranford T W, Krysl P 2015 PLoS ONE 10 e0122298 Google Scholar
[38]	Song Z C, Zhang Y, Berggren P, Wei C 2017 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 141 681 Google Scholar
[39]	荆显英, 肖友芙, 景荣才 1983 海洋学报 1 11 Google Scholar Jing X Y, Xiao Y F, Jing R C 1983 Acta. Oceanol. Sin. 1 11 Google Scholar
[40]	王丁, 刘仁俊, 陈佩薰, 王至藩, 卢文祥, 杨叔子 1989 水生生物学报 3 210 Wang D, Liu R J, Chen P X, Wang Z F, Lu W X 1989 Acta. Hydrobiol. Sin. 3 210
[41]	王克雄 2005 博士学位论文 (武汉: 中国科学院水生生物研究所) Wang K X 2005 Ph. D. Dissertation (Wuhan: Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
[42]	王丁, 王克雄, 刘仁俊, 陈佩薰 1989 湘潭大学学报(自然科学) 2 116 Wang D, Wang K X, Liu R J, Chen P X 1989 Nat. Sci. J. Xiangtan. Univ. 2 116
[43]	肖友芙, 王丁, 王克雄 1993 海洋学报 1 125 Xiao Y F, Wang D, Wang K X 1993 Acta. Oceanol. Sin. 1 125
[44]	王丁, 王克雄, 刘仁俊, 谌刚, 卢文祥 1988 华中理工大学学报 3 55 Google Scholar Wang D, Wang K X, Liu R J, Chen G, Lu W X 1988 J. Huazhong. Univ. Sci. Tech. 3 55 Google Scholar
[45]	Akamatsu T, Wang D, Wang K, Naito Y 2000 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108 1353 Google Scholar
[46]	Akamatsu T, Wang D, Wang K, Wei Z 2001 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109 1723 Google Scholar
[47]	Li S, Wang D, Wang K, Akamatsu T 2006 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 120 1803 Google Scholar
[48]	Soldevilla M S, Henderson E E, Campbell G S, Wiggins S M, Hildebrand J A, Roch M A 2008 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 124 609 Google Scholar
[49]	Janik V M, King S L 2013 Mar. Mamm. Sci. 29 109 Google Scholar
[50]	Lilly J C, Miller A M 1961 Sci. 133 1689 Google Scholar
[51]	Lilly J C 1966 Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises (1st Ed.) (Berkeley: University of California Press) pp503−509
[52]	Yang W Y, Luo W Y, Zhang Y 2017 Electron. Lett. 53 367 Google Scholar
[53]	杨武夷, 孙馨喆, 宋忠长, 张宇, 杨燕明 2017 声学学报 42 445 Google Scholar Yang W Y, Sun X Z, Song Z C, Zhang Y, Yang Y M 2017 Acta. Acust. 42 445 Google Scholar
[54]	Luo W Y, Yang W Y, Zhang Y 2019 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 145 EL7 Google Scholar
[55]	Driscoll A D 1995 M. S. Thesis (Santa Cruz: University of California Santa Cruz)
[56]	Bazúa-Duran C 1997 M. S. Thesis (Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autonoma De Mexico)
[57]	Bazúa-Duran C, Au W W L 2002 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 112 3064 Google Scholar
[58]	魏翀 2016 博士学位论文 (厦门: 厦门大学) Wei C 2016 Ph. D. Dissertation (Xiamen: Xiamen University) (in Chinese)
[59]	魏翀, 许肖梅, 张宇, 牛富强 2014 声学学报 39 452 Google Scholar Wei C, Xu X M, Zhang Y, Niu F Q 2014 Acta. Acust. 39 452 Google Scholar
[60]	King S L, Sayigh L S, Wells R S, Feller W, Janik V M 2013 P. Roy. Soc. B 280 20130053 Google Scholar
[61]	Wang Z T, Fang L, Shi W J, Wang K X, Wang D 2013 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 133 2479 Google Scholar
[62]	Belikov R A, Belkovich V M 2007 Acoust. Phys. 53 528 Google Scholar
[63]	Au W W L, Floyd R W, Haun J E 1978 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 64 411 Google Scholar
[64]	Au W W L, Moore P W, Pawloski D 1986 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 80 688 Google Scholar
[65]	Au W W L, Branstetter B, Moore P W, Finneran J J 2012 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 131 569 Google Scholar
[66]	Wahlberg M, Jensen F H, Soto N A, Beedholm K, Bejder L, Oliveira C, Rasmussen M, Simon M, Villadsgaard A, Madsen P T 2011 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 130 2263 Google Scholar
[67]	Au W W L, Penner R H, Turl C W 1987 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 82 807 Google Scholar
[68]	Zimmer W M, Tyack P L, Johnson M P, Madsen P T 2005 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117 1473 Google Scholar
[69]	Madsen P T, Johnson M, de Soto N A, Zimmer W M X, Tyack P 2005 J. Exp. Biol. 208 181 Google Scholar
[70]	Kyhn L A, Jensen F H, Beedholm K, Tougaard J, Hansen M, Madsen P T 2010 J. Exp. Biol. 213 1940 Google Scholar
[71]	Dible S A, Flint J A, Lepper P A 2009 Bioinspir. Biomim. 4 015005 Google Scholar
[72]	Dobbins P F 2007 Bioinspir. Biomim. 2 19 Google Scholar
[73]	Graf S, Megill W M, Blondel P, Clift S E 2008 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 123 3360 Google Scholar
[74]	Song Z, Zhang Y, Wei C, Wang X Y 2016 Phys. Rev. E 93 012411 Google Scholar
[75]	Wei C, Au W W L, Song Z C, Zhang Y 2016 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 139 875 Google Scholar
[76]	Wei C, Song Z C, Au W W L, Zhang Y, Wang D 2018 J. Comput. Acoust. 26 1850009 Google Scholar
[77]	Wei C, Zhang Y, Au W W L 2014 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 136 423 Google Scholar
[78]	Norris K S, Harvey G W 1974 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 56 659 Google Scholar
[79]	Zhang Y, Gao X W, Zhang S, Cao WW, Tang L G, Wang D, Li Y 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 123502 Google Scholar
[80]	Dong E Q, Zhang Y, Song Z C, Zhang T Y, Cai C, Fang N X 2019 Natl. Sci. Rev. 6 921 Google Scholar

Cited By

图 1 (a) 东亚江豚头部的三维重建; (b) 小抹香鲸头部的三维重建; (c) 中华白海豚头部的三维重建

Figure 1. (a) Three-dimensional reconstruction of a finless porpoise head; (b) three-dimensional reconstruction of a pygmy sperm whale head; (c) three-dimensional reconstruction of an Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 (a) 东亚江豚头部声学结构的三维重建; (b)小抹香鲸头部声学结构的三维重建; (c) 中华白海豚头部声学结构的三维重建结果; 青色、棕色、红色、黄色和灰色分别表示结缔组织、额隆、声源、气囊与上颌骨

Figure 2. (a) Three-dimensional acoustic structure reconstructions of a finless porpoise; (b) three-dimensional acoustic structure reconstructions of a pygmy sperm whale; (c) three-dimensional acoustic structure reconstructions of an Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin. Upper jaw, sound source, air components (including the air sacs and nasal passage) are represented in different colors.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 (a)东亚江豚头部声发射系统的水平截面声速重建; (b)东亚江豚头部声发射系统的垂直截面声速重建^[34]; (c)小抹香鲸头部声发射系统的水平截面声速重建; (d)小抹香鲸头部声发射系统的垂直截面声速重建^[36]; (e)中华白海豚头部声发射系统的水平截面声速重建; (f)中华白海豚头部声发射系统的垂直截面声速重建^[38]

Figure 3. (a) Sound speed reconstructions of finless porpoise for sound emission system in horizontal section; (b) sound speed reconstructions of finless porpoise for sound emission system in vertical section^[34]; (c) sound speed reconstructions of pygmy sperm whale for sound emission system in horizontal section; (d) sound speed reconstructions of pygmy sperm whale for sound emission system in vertical section^[36]; (e) sound speed reconstructions of the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin for sound emission system in horizontal section; (f) sound speed reconstructions of the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin for sound emission system in vertical section^[38].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 沿着图3(d)垂直截面中的截线的声速分布(Mu为肌肉组织的缩写, Me为额隆组织的缩写而T则为结缔组织罩的缩写)^[36]

Figure 4. Sound velocity distribution along the y axis corresponds to the line in the right part of Fig. 3(d). Mu, muscle; Me, melon; T, theca^[36].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 (a)中华白海豚不同能量回声定位脉冲的频谱分布; (b) 东亚江豚不同能量回声定位脉冲信号的频谱分布; 图中的–3 dB, –6 dB, –10 dB以及–20 dB分别表示能量处于最高能量声信号–3 dB到0 dB范围, –6 dB到–3 dB范围, –10 dB到–6 dB范围以及–20 dB到–10 dB范围的回声定位信号

Figure 5. (a) Mean spectrum of the clicks from –3 dB, –6 dB, and –10 dB groups for the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin; (b) the mean spectrum of the clicks from –3 dB, –6 dB, –10 dB and –20 dB groups for the finless porpoise.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 (a)宽吻海豚固定频率型通信声信号时频图; (b)宽吻海豚正弦型通信声信号时频图; (c)宽吻海豚凸型通信声信号时频图; (d)宽吻海豚凹型通信声信号时频图; (e) 宽吻海豚上扫频型通信声信号时频图; (f) 宽吻海豚下扫频型通信声信号时频图^[58,59]; 其中颜色深浅表示声信号强度大小

Figure 6. (a) Spectrogram of constant frequency whistles of the bottlenose dolphins; (b) the spectrogram sinusoidal whistles of the bottlenose dolphins; (c) the spectrogram of convex or hill whistles of the bottlenose dolphins; (d) the spectrogram of concave or valley whistles of the bottlenose dolphins; (e) the spectrogram of upsweep whistles of the bottlenose dolphins; (f) the spectrogram of down sweep frequency whistles of the bottlenose dolphins^[58,59].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 (a) 厦门五缘湾圈养两只宽吻海豚处在自由游动状态; (b) 宽吻海豚处于训练状态; (c)宽吻海豚处于自由游动时发出的通信声信号类别及其占比; (d) 宽吻海豚处于训练状态下发出的通信信号的类别及其占比^[58,59]

Figure 7. (a) Two captive free swimming bottlenose dolphins in Xiamen; (b) bottlenose dolphins under training; (c) pie chart of the classified whistles of two bottlenose dolphins under free swimming; (d) pie chart of the classified whistles of two bottlenose dolphins under training conditions^[58,59].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 (a) 中心频率为130 kHz的声脉冲经过鼠海豚无头骨模型调控形成的声波波束; (b) 中心频率为130 kHz的声脉冲经过鼠海豚完整模型调控形成的声波波束^[31]

Figure 8. (a) Beam directivity of a sound pulse with a centroid frequency of 130 kHz for No-Skull model of harbor porpoise; (b) the beam directivity of a sound pulse with a centroid frequency of 130 kHz for a complete model of harbor porpoise^[31].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 9 (a) 声波在白鱀豚垂直截面第一传播时刻的声场分布; (b) 声波在白鱀豚垂直截面第二传播时刻的声场分布, 其中RW与IW分别表示传播过程中的反射波与表面波; (c) 声波在白鱀豚垂直截面第三传播时刻的声场分布; (d)第一传播时刻声场分布放大; (e)第二传播时刻声场分布放大; (f)第三传播时刻声场分布放大^[74]

Figure 9. (a) Propagation plot of a short-duration impulse source for Baiji in vertical section at time 1; (b) propagation plot of a short-duration impulse source for Baiji in vertical section at time 2; (c) propagation plot of a short-duration impulse source for Baiji in vertical section at time 3; (d) enlarged details of (a); (e) enlarged details of (b); (f) enlarged details of (c)^[74].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 10 白鱀豚上颌骨表面20个点的固体位移分布情况^[74]

Figure 10. Solid displacements of the 20 maxilla points of baiji^[74].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 11 (a) 声波在小抹香鲸完整头部模型第一传播时刻的声场分布; (b) 声波在小抹香鲸完整头部模型第二传播时刻的声场分布; (c) 声波在小抹香鲸完整头部模型第三传播时刻的声场分布; (d)声波在小抹香鲸头部无气体结构模型第一传播时刻的声场分布; (e) 声波在小抹香鲸头部无气体结构模型第二传播时刻的声场分布; (f) 声波在小抹香鲸头部无气体结构模型第三传播时刻的声场分布; (g) 峰值频率为125 kHz的声脉冲经过小抹香鲸头部完整模型调控形成的声波波束; (h) 峰值频率为125 kHz的声脉冲经过小抹香鲸头部无气体结构模型调控形成的声波波束^[35]

Figure 11. (a) Propagation plot of the transient sound waves at time 1 under a full model case of pygmy sperm whale; (b) propagation plot of the transient sound waves at time 2 under a full model case of pygmy sperm whale; (c) propagation plot of the transient sound waves at time 3 under a full model case of pygmy sperm whale; (d) propagation plot of the transient sound waves at time 1 under a model case without air components; (e) propagation plot of the transient sound waves at time 2 under a model case without air components; (f) propagation plot of the transient sound waves at time 3 under a model case without air components; (g) the beam directivity of a sound pulse with a peak frequency of 125 kHz for the full model case of the pygmy sperm whale; (h) the beam directivity of a sound pulse with a peak frequency of 125 kHz for the model case of pygmy sperm whale without air components^[35].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 12 (a)鼠海豚无额隆模型和完整模型在第一传播时刻的传播声场分布; (b)鼠海豚无额隆模型和完整模型在第二传播时刻的声场分布; (c) 鼠海豚无额隆模型和完整模型在第三传播时刻的声场分布; (d) 鼠海豚无额隆模型和完整模型在第四传播时刻的声场分布; (e) 中心频率为130 kHz的声脉冲经过鼠海豚无额隆模型调控形成的声波波束; (f) 中心频率为130 kHz的声脉冲经过鼠海豚完整模型调控形成的声波波束^[31]

Figure 12. (a) Acoustic field of no-melon and full head cases at time 1; (b) acoustic field of no-melon and full head cases at time 2; (c) acoustic field of no-melon and full head cases at time 3; (d) acoustic field of no-melon and full head cases at time 4; (e) the beam directivity of a sound pulse with a centroid frequency of 130 kHz for no-melon case of harbor porpoise; (f) the beam directivity of a sound pulse with a centroid frequency of 130 kHz for the full head case^[31].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 13 (a) 头部压缩对峰值频率为125 kHz的声脉冲传播形成的声场的影响, 其中θ表示的是前庭囊的倾斜角, NA代表的是相对于原始模型的归一化面积; (b) 五种模型相应的波束分布特性; (c) 五种模型形成的声波波束的–3 dB带宽与主瓣角分布^[34]

Figure 13. (a) Compressing effect of models I, II, III, IV, and V on acoustic field of the sound pulse with a peak frequency of 125 kHz inside the head, where θ represents the orientation angle of the vestibular sac and NA represents the normalized area of the forehead tissues with respect to those of the original model I; (b) beam directivities of the five cases; (c) sound beams’ –3 dB beam widths and main beam angle distribution of the five cases^[34].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

[1]	Au W W L 1993 The Sonar of Dolphins (1st Ed.) (New York: Springer-Verlag) pp1−21
[2]	Au W W L, Simmons J A 2007 Phys. Today 60 40 Google Scholar
[3]	Jepsen G L 1970 Biology of Bats (1st Ed.) (New York: Academic Press) pp1−64
[4]	Griffin D R 1946 Nature 158 46 Google Scholar
[5]	Schevill W E, McBride A F 1956 Deep-Sea Res. 3 153 Google Scholar
[6]	Wood F G 1953 B. Mar. Sci. 3 120
[7]	Kellogg W N, Kohler R 1952 Sci. 116 250 Google Scholar
[8]	Kellogg W N, Kohler R, Morris H N 1953 Sci. 117 239 Google Scholar
[9]	Norris K S 1964 Marine Bio-acoustics (1st Ed.) (New York: Pergamon) pp316−336
[10]	Au W W L, Floyd R W, Penner R H, Murchison A E 1974 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 56 1280 Google Scholar
[11]	Au W W L, Penner R H 1981 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 70 687 Google Scholar
[12]	Au W W L, Pawloski J L, Nachtigall, P E, Blonz M, Gisner R C 1995 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 98 51 Google Scholar
[13]	Au W W L, Kastelein R A, Rippe T, Schooneman N M 1999 J.Acoust. Soc. Am. 106 3699 Google Scholar
[14]	Sayigh L S, Janik V M 2009 Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (2nd Ed.) (Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc) pp1014−1016
[15]	Li S H, Wang K X, Wang D, Akamatsu T 2005 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117 3288 Google Scholar
[16]	Goold J C, Jefferson T A 2002 Raffles. Bull. Zool. 10 131
[17]	Song Z C, Zhang Y, Wang X Y, Wei C, Wu F X, Miao X 2017 J. Biobased Mater. Bioenergy 11 45 Google Scholar
[18]	Gong Z N, Dong L J, Caruso F, Li M L, Liu M M, Dong J C, Li S H 2019 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 145 3480 Google Scholar
[19]	Zimmer W M, Johnson M P, Madsen P T, Tyack P L 2005 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117 3919 Google Scholar
[20]	Li S H, Wang D, Wang K, Akamatsu T, Ma Z Q, Han J B 2007 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 121 3938 Google Scholar
[21]	Li S H, Wang K, Wang D, Dong S Y, Akamatsu T 2008 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 124 716 Google Scholar
[22]	Evans W E, Prescott J H 1962 Zool 47 121
[23]	Norris K S, Dormer K J, Pegg J, Liese G T 1971 Proceedings of Conference on VIIIth Conference on Biolology of Sonar Diving Mammals, Menlo Park, CA, USA, 1971 p113
[24]	Evans W E, Maderson P F A 1973 Am. Zool 13 1205 Google Scholar
[25]	Cranford T W, Amundin M, Norris K S 1996 J. Morphol 228 223 Google Scholar
[26]	Cranford T W 1988 Animal Sonar: Processes and Performance (1st Ed.) (New York: Springer) pp67−77
[27]	Dubrovskiy N A, Urusovskiy I A 2006 J. Acoust. Soc. Am 119 3276 Google Scholar
[28]	Aroyan J L, Cranford T W, Kent J, Norris K S 1992 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 92 2539 Google Scholar
[29]	Cranford T W, Trijoulet V, Smith C R, Krysl P 2014 Bioacoustics 23 161 Google Scholar
[30]	Wei C, Au W W L, Ketten D R, Zhang Y 2018 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 143 2611 Google Scholar
[31]	Wei C, Au W W L, Ketten D R, Song Z C, Zhang Y 2017 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 141 4179 Google Scholar
[32]	Moore P W, Mankiewicz L A, Houser D S 2008 T J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 124 3324 Google Scholar
[33]	Wisniewska D M, Ratcliffe J M, Beedholm K, Christensen C B, Johnson M, Koblitz J C, Wahlberg M, Madsen P T 2015 eLife 4 e05651 Google Scholar
[34]	Zhang Y, Song Z C, Wang X Y, Cao W W, Au W W L 2017 Phys. Rev. Applied 8 064002 Google Scholar
[35]	Song Z C, Zhang Y, Thornton S W, Dong J C, Li S H 2017 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 142 2443 Google Scholar
[36]	Song Z C, Xu X, Dong J C, Xing R L, Zhang M, Liu X C, Zhang Y, Li S H, Berggren P 2015 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 138 3129 Google Scholar
[37]	Cranford T W, Krysl P 2015 PLoS ONE 10 e0122298 Google Scholar
[38]	Song Z C, Zhang Y, Berggren P, Wei C 2017 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 141 681 Google Scholar
[39]	荆显英, 肖友芙, 景荣才 1983 海洋学报 1 11 Google Scholar Jing X Y, Xiao Y F, Jing R C 1983 Acta. Oceanol. Sin. 1 11 Google Scholar
[40]	王丁, 刘仁俊, 陈佩薰, 王至藩, 卢文祥, 杨叔子 1989 水生生物学报 3 210 Wang D, Liu R J, Chen P X, Wang Z F, Lu W X 1989 Acta. Hydrobiol. Sin. 3 210
[41]	王克雄 2005 博士学位论文 (武汉: 中国科学院水生生物研究所) Wang K X 2005 Ph. D. Dissertation (Wuhan: Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
[42]	王丁, 王克雄, 刘仁俊, 陈佩薰 1989 湘潭大学学报(自然科学) 2 116 Wang D, Wang K X, Liu R J, Chen P X 1989 Nat. Sci. J. Xiangtan. Univ. 2 116
[43]	肖友芙, 王丁, 王克雄 1993 海洋学报 1 125 Xiao Y F, Wang D, Wang K X 1993 Acta. Oceanol. Sin. 1 125
[44]	王丁, 王克雄, 刘仁俊, 谌刚, 卢文祥 1988 华中理工大学学报 3 55 Google Scholar Wang D, Wang K X, Liu R J, Chen G, Lu W X 1988 J. Huazhong. Univ. Sci. Tech. 3 55 Google Scholar
[45]	Akamatsu T, Wang D, Wang K, Naito Y 2000 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108 1353 Google Scholar
[46]	Akamatsu T, Wang D, Wang K, Wei Z 2001 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109 1723 Google Scholar
[47]	Li S, Wang D, Wang K, Akamatsu T 2006 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 120 1803 Google Scholar
[48]	Soldevilla M S, Henderson E E, Campbell G S, Wiggins S M, Hildebrand J A, Roch M A 2008 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 124 609 Google Scholar
[49]	Janik V M, King S L 2013 Mar. Mamm. Sci. 29 109 Google Scholar
[50]	Lilly J C, Miller A M 1961 Sci. 133 1689 Google Scholar
[51]	Lilly J C 1966 Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises (1st Ed.) (Berkeley: University of California Press) pp503−509
[52]	Yang W Y, Luo W Y, Zhang Y 2017 Electron. Lett. 53 367 Google Scholar
[53]	杨武夷, 孙馨喆, 宋忠长, 张宇, 杨燕明 2017 声学学报 42 445 Google Scholar Yang W Y, Sun X Z, Song Z C, Zhang Y, Yang Y M 2017 Acta. Acust. 42 445 Google Scholar
[54]	Luo W Y, Yang W Y, Zhang Y 2019 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 145 EL7 Google Scholar
[55]	Driscoll A D 1995 M. S. Thesis (Santa Cruz: University of California Santa Cruz)
[56]	Bazúa-Duran C 1997 M. S. Thesis (Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autonoma De Mexico)
[57]	Bazúa-Duran C, Au W W L 2002 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 112 3064 Google Scholar
[58]	魏翀 2016 博士学位论文 (厦门: 厦门大学) Wei C 2016 Ph. D. Dissertation (Xiamen: Xiamen University) (in Chinese)
[59]	魏翀, 许肖梅, 张宇, 牛富强 2014 声学学报 39 452 Google Scholar Wei C, Xu X M, Zhang Y, Niu F Q 2014 Acta. Acust. 39 452 Google Scholar
[60]	King S L, Sayigh L S, Wells R S, Feller W, Janik V M 2013 P. Roy. Soc. B 280 20130053 Google Scholar
[61]	Wang Z T, Fang L, Shi W J, Wang K X, Wang D 2013 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 133 2479 Google Scholar
[62]	Belikov R A, Belkovich V M 2007 Acoust. Phys. 53 528 Google Scholar
[63]	Au W W L, Floyd R W, Haun J E 1978 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 64 411 Google Scholar
[64]	Au W W L, Moore P W, Pawloski D 1986 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 80 688 Google Scholar
[65]	Au W W L, Branstetter B, Moore P W, Finneran J J 2012 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 131 569 Google Scholar
[66]	Wahlberg M, Jensen F H, Soto N A, Beedholm K, Bejder L, Oliveira C, Rasmussen M, Simon M, Villadsgaard A, Madsen P T 2011 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 130 2263 Google Scholar
[67]	Au W W L, Penner R H, Turl C W 1987 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 82 807 Google Scholar
[68]	Zimmer W M, Tyack P L, Johnson M P, Madsen P T 2005 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117 1473 Google Scholar
[69]	Madsen P T, Johnson M, de Soto N A, Zimmer W M X, Tyack P 2005 J. Exp. Biol. 208 181 Google Scholar
[70]	Kyhn L A, Jensen F H, Beedholm K, Tougaard J, Hansen M, Madsen P T 2010 J. Exp. Biol. 213 1940 Google Scholar
[71]	Dible S A, Flint J A, Lepper P A 2009 Bioinspir. Biomim. 4 015005 Google Scholar
[72]	Dobbins P F 2007 Bioinspir. Biomim. 2 19 Google Scholar
[73]	Graf S, Megill W M, Blondel P, Clift S E 2008 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 123 3360 Google Scholar
[74]	Song Z, Zhang Y, Wei C, Wang X Y 2016 Phys. Rev. E 93 012411 Google Scholar
[75]	Wei C, Au W W L, Song Z C, Zhang Y 2016 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 139 875 Google Scholar
[76]	Wei C, Song Z C, Au W W L, Zhang Y, Wang D 2018 J. Comput. Acoust. 26 1850009 Google Scholar
[77]	Wei C, Zhang Y, Au W W L 2014 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 136 423 Google Scholar
[78]	Norris K S, Harvey G W 1974 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 56 659 Google Scholar
[79]	Zhang Y, Gao X W, Zhang S, Cao WW, Tang L G, Wang D, Li Y 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 123502 Google Scholar
[80]	Dong E Q, Zhang Y, Song Z C, Zhang T Y, Cai C, Fang N X 2019 Natl. Sci. Rev. 6 921 Google Scholar

[1]	Han Xu, Xue Bin, Cao Yi, Wang Wei. Self-assembled biomolecular soft materials and their physical properties. Acta Physica Sinica, 2024, 73(17): 178103. doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20240947
[2]	. Biological effects of terahertz waves. Acta Physica Sinica, 2022, (): . doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20211996
[3]	Yin Hong-Run, Ye Ming, Wu Yang, Liu Kai, Pan Hua-Ping, Yao Jia-Feng. Biological tissue detection based on electrical impedance spectroscopic tomograsphy. Acta Physica Sinica, 2022, 71(4): 048706. doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20211600
[4]	Peng Xiao-Yu, Zhou Huan. Biological effects of terahertz waves. Acta Physica Sinica, 2021, 70(24): 240701. doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20211996
[5]	. Biological tissue detection based on electrical impedance spectroscopic tomography. Acta Physica Sinica, 2021, (): . doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20211600
[6]	. . Acta Physica Sinica, 2021, 70(24): 240101. doi: 10.7498/aps.70.240101
[7]	Song Zhong-Chang, Zhang Jin-Hu, Feng Wen, Yang Wu-Yi, Zhang Yu. An overview of mechanism of target detection by odontocetes biosonar. Acta Physica Sinica, 2021, 70(15): 154302. doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20210284
[8]	Zhang Fa-Ye, Jiang Ming-Shun, Sui Qing-Mei, Lü Shan-Shan, Shan Jia. Acoustic emission localization technique based on fiber Bragg grating sensing network and signal feature reconstruction. Acta Physica Sinica, 2017, 66(7): 074210. doi: 10.7498/aps.66.074210
[9]	Luo Yang, Wang Ya-Nan. Physical hardware trojan failure analysis and detection method. Acta Physica Sinica, 2016, 65(11): 110602. doi: 10.7498/aps.65.110602
[10]	Si Tie-Yan, Yuan Jun-Hua, Wu Yi-Lin, Jay X. Tang. Physical biology of bacterial motility. Acta Physica Sinica, 2016, 65(17): 178703. doi: 10.7498/aps.65.178703
[11]	Lu Jin-Lei, Wang Xiao-Chen, Rong Xiao-Hui, Liu Li-Yu. 3D micro/nano fabrication and its application in cancer biophysics. Acta Physica Sinica, 2015, 64(5): 058705. doi: 10.7498/aps.64.058705
[12]	Xu Ying-Ying, Kan Yu-He, Wu Jie, Tao Wei, Su Zhong-Min. Theoretical study on the electronic structures and photophysical properties of carbon nanorings and their analogues. Acta Physica Sinica, 2013, 62(8): 083101. doi: 10.7498/aps.62.083101
[13]	Song Tong, Li Han. Chaotic time series prediction based on wavelet echo state network. Acta Physica Sinica, 2012, 61(8): 080506. doi: 10.7498/aps.61.080506
[14]	Chen Zhi-Min, Zhu Hai-Chao, Mao Rong-Fu. Research on localization of the source of cyclostationary sound field. Acta Physica Sinica, 2011, 60(10): 104304. doi: 10.7498/aps.60.104304
[15]	Li De-Cai, Han Min. Chaotic time series prediction based on robust echo state network. Acta Physica Sinica, 2011, 60(10): 108903. doi: 10.7498/aps.60.108903
[16]	Li Xiao-Jing. The periodic solutions of El Nino mechanism of atmospheric physics. Acta Physica Sinica, 2008, 57(9): 5366-5368. doi: 10.7498/aps.57.5366
[17]	Wu Chong-Qing, Zhao Shuang. Study on the localization of the electric dipole sources. Acta Physica Sinica, 2007, 56(9): 5180-5184. doi: 10.7498/aps.56.5180
[18]	Mo Jia-Qi, Lin Wan-Tao. A variational iteration method for solving El Ni?o mechanism of atmospheric physics. Acta Physica Sinica, 2005, 54(3): 1081-1083. doi: 10.7498/aps.54.1081
[19]	Lu Ting, Zhou Hong-Yu, Ding Xiao-Ji, Wang Xin-Fu, Zhu Guang-Hua. The study of depth distribution for ion with low energy implanted into plant seeds and mechanism of biological effect. Acta Physica Sinica, 2005, 54(10): 4822-4826. doi: 10.7498/aps.54.4822
[20]	CHAO YUE-SHENG, XIAO SU-HONG. THE PHYSICAL MECHANISM OF PROMOTED AMORPHOUS CRYSTALLIZATION BY MULTIPLE ULTRASHORT ELECTROPULSING. Acta Physica Sinica, 1998, 47(12): 2012-2017. doi: 10.7498/aps.47.2012

Catalog

Vol. 69, Issue 15 - 2020-08-05

Metrics

Abstract views: 10053
PDF Downloads: 215
Cited By: 0

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

Search

Article

留言板