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The integration of fiber with graphene has greatly expanded the two-dimensional functional materials in the field of photonics research. However, the growth method by using chemical vapor deposition with metal catalytic substrateis limited to the fabrication of a graphene-fiber composite due to inevitably transferring graphene flakes onto the optical fiber surface. In order to fully achieve the interaction between light and graphene material, optical fibers have to be treated with special structure, which greatly damages the fiber structure, resulting in inefficient and harmful manufacturing strategy for the mass production. In this paper, a graphene-photonic crystal fiber (G-PCF) composite is prepared by atmospheric chemical vapor deposition (APCVD), which can directly grow monolayer and multi-layer graphene into the air-hole of photonic crystal fiber. Furthermore, we randomly break a G-PCF and then conduct an electron microscope (SEM) test at the fractured section. It is obvious that a tube-like graphene protruding out of one hole in the fractured area of the G-PCF is observed, thus further demonstrating that a monolayer graphene is grown on the inner hole walls of the PCF as shown in
Fig. 2 . By changing the process parameters such as growth temperature, duration and gas flow rate of carbon source, the law of the influence of different parameters on the graphene layers is explored. In addition, the uniformity of graphene and defects in the graphene-photonic crystal fiber(G-PCF) are experimentally analyzed. As illustrated inFig. 7 , a 4-cm-long uniform graphene-photonic crystal fiber sample is achieved by controlling the gas flow rate, growth time and the growth temperature. The APCVD method of directly growing graphene onto the inner hole walls of the PCF is simple and effective. The flexible structure and optical control enable the G-PCF to have great potential applications in all-optical devices and photonics. The development of high-quality graphene synthesis and opto-electronics technology ensures its compatibility with the integrated electronics platform and existing optical fiber systems. Moreover, our results will pave the way for 2D materials and optical fiber applications, providing a new idea for the application of graphene to the integration of all-optical fibers.[1] Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos S V, Grigorieva I V, Firsov A A 2004 Science 306 666
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[11] Sun J Y, Zhang Y F, Liu Z F 2016 ChemNanoMat 2 212
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[12] Guo W, Jing F, Xiao J, Zhou C, Lin Y W, Wang S 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 3152
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[13] Xu X Z, Zhang Z H, Qiu L, Zhuang J N, Zhang L, Wang H, Liao C N, Song H D, Qiao R X, Gao P, Hu Z H, Liao L, Liao Z M, Yu D P, Wang E G, Ding F, Peng H L, Liu K H 2016 Nat. Nanotechnol. 11 930
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[15] Chen J H, Liang Z H, Yuan L R, Li C, Chen M R, Xia Y D, Zhang X J, Xu F, Lu Y Q 2017 Nanoscale 9 3424
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[16] Yang X C, Lu Y, Liu B L, Yao J Q 2016 Plasmonics 12 489
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图 1 石墨烯生长系统示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of graphene growth system.
图 2 (a) 用于生长石墨烯的光子晶体光纤端面SEM图; (b) G-PCF破损端面空气孔处突出的管状石墨烯
Figure 2. (a) SEM image of the G-PCF end surface; (b) SEM image of a tube-like graphene protruding out of air-holes of the fractured G-PCF.
图 3 (a) G-PCF拉曼显微镜成像图; (b) G-PCF拉曼光谱图
Figure 3. (a) Raman image of the G-PCF; (b) Raman spectrum of the G-PCF.
图 4 不同温度下生长的G-PCF拉曼光谱特征参数变化图 (a) G峰半高宽随温度的变化; (b) 2D峰半高宽随温度的变化; (c) I2D/IG随温度的变化; (d) ID/IG随温度的变化
Figure 4. Variation diagrams of Raman spectral characteristic parameters of G-PCF grown at different temperatures: (a) FWHMG; (b) FWHM2D; (c) I2D/IG; (d) ID/IG.
图 5 不同生长时间下生长的G-PCF拉曼光谱特征参数变化图 (a) G峰半高宽随生长时间的变化; (b) 2D峰半高宽随生长时间的变化; (c) I2D/IG随生长时间的变化; (d) ID/IG随生长时间的变化
Figure 5. Variation diagrams of Raman spectral characteristic parameters of G-PCF under different growth time: (a) FWHMG; (b) FWHM2D; (c) I2D/IG; (d) ID/IG
图 6 甲烷流量与G-PCF拉曼光谱的特征参数关系图 (a) G峰半高宽随气体流速的变化; (b) 2D峰半高宽随气体流速的变化; (c) I2 D/IG随气体流速的变化; (d) ID/IG随气体流速的变化
Figure 6. Variation diagrams of Raman spectral characteristics parameters of G-PCF by different volume flowrate of Methane: (a) FWHMG; (b) FWHM2D; (c) I2D/IG; (d) ID/IG
图 7 (a) G-PCF拉曼测试位置示意图; 在9个测试位置上的拉曼光谱特征参数 (b) G峰半高宽, (c) 2D峰半高宽, (d) ID/IG
Figure 7. (a) Schematic diagram of Raman test positions of G-PCF; (b) The results of FWHMG, (c) FWHM2D, (d) ID/IG at 9 different test positions
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[1] Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos S V, Grigorieva I V, Firsov A A 2004 Science 306 666
Google Scholar
[2] Li L K, Yu Y J, Ye G J, Ge Q Q, Ou X D, Wu H, Feng D L, Chen H X, Zhang Y B 2014 Nat. Nanotechnol. 9 372
Google Scholar
[3] Zhao W, Ghorannevis Z, Chu L, Toh M, Kloc C, Tan P H, Eda G 2012 ACS Nano 7 791
[4] Dean C R, Young A F, Meric I, Lee C, Wang L, Sorgenfrei S, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kim P, Shepard K L, Hone J 2010 Nat. Nanotechnol. 5 722
Google Scholar
[5] Liu C H, Chang Y C, Norris T B, Zhong Z H 2014 Nat. Nanotechnol. 9 273
Google Scholar
[6] Xin W, Liu Z B, Sheng Q W, Feng M, Huang L G, Wang P, Jiang W S, Xing F, Liu Y G, Tian J G 2014 Opt. Express 22 10239
Google Scholar
[7] Li W, Chen B G, Meng C, Fang W, Xiao Y, Li X Y, Hu Z F, Xu Y X, Tong L M, Wang H Q, Liu W T, Bao J M, Shen R 2014 Nano Lett. 14 955
Google Scholar
[8] Martinez A, Fuse K, Yamashita S J 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 121107
Google Scholar
[9] Williams G M, Seger B, Kamat P 2008 ACS Nano 2 1487
Google Scholar
[10] Sutter P W, Flege J I, Sutter E A 2008 Nat. Mater. 7 406
Google Scholar
[11] Sun J Y, Zhang Y F, Liu Z F 2016 ChemNanoMat 2 212
Google Scholar
[12] Guo W, Jing F, Xiao J, Zhou C, Lin Y W, Wang S 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 3152
Google Scholar
[13] Xu X Z, Zhang Z H, Qiu L, Zhuang J N, Zhang L, Wang H, Liao C N, Song H D, Qiao R X, Gao P, Hu Z H, Liao L, Liao Z M, Yu D P, Wang E G, Ding F, Peng H L, Liu K H 2016 Nat. Nanotechnol. 11 930
Google Scholar
[14] Zhou F, Jin X F, Hao R, Zhang X M, Chi H, Zheng S L 2016 J. Opt. 45 337
Google Scholar
[15] Chen J H, Liang Z H, Yuan L R, Li C, Chen M R, Xia Y D, Zhang X J, Xu F, Lu Y Q 2017 Nanoscale 9 3424
Google Scholar
[16] Yang X C, Lu Y, Liu B L, Yao J Q 2016 Plasmonics 12 489
[17] Chen K, Zhou X, Cheng X, Qiao R X, Cheng Y, Liu C, Xie Y D, Yu W T, Yao F R, Sun Z P, Wang F, Liu K H, Liu Z F 2019 Nat. Photonics 13 754
Google Scholar
[18] 张秋慧, 韩敬华, 冯国英, 徐其兴, 丁立中, 卢晓翔 2012 物理学报 61 234302
Google Scholar
Zhang Q H, Hang J H, Feng G Y, Xu Q X, Ding L Z, Lu X X 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 234302
Google Scholar
[19] 吴娟霞, 徐华, 张锦 2014 化学学报 72 301
Google Scholar
Wu J X, Xu H, Zhang J 2014 Acta Chim. Sin. 72 301
Google Scholar
[20] Malard L M, Pimenta M A, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus M S 2009 Phys. Rep. 473 51
Google Scholar
[21] Lazzeri M, Attaccalite C, Wirtz L, Mauri F 2008 Phys. Rev. B 78 081406
Google Scholar
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