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The electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), which is a result of destructive interference between different excitation paths in a three-energy-level atomic medium, makes opaque probe light transparent over a range of frequencies. As this EIT effect is usually accompanied with strong dispersion, it has potential applications such as slow light propagation, optical buffering, nonlinear optics, optical sensing, etc. However, for conventional quantum EIT effect which requires stable gas lasers and low temperature environment, the implementation of EIT in chip-scale applications is severely hampered by the scathing experimental requirements. Recently, the EIT-like effect in metamaterials, which are constructed by designing the artificial subwavelength functional elements and arranging the spatial sequences, attracts tremendous attention because of its advantages, such as room temperature manipulability, large bandwidth, and small sizes. In addition, the high-quality factor(Q) value obtained by EIT-like effect has great significance in designing the metamaterial-based devices. In this paper, we design an EIT-like metamaterial with such a structure. The unit cell of the proposed metamaterial is constructed by two asymmetric silicon blocks embedded on a silicon dioxide substrate. Meanwhile, we analyze its optical properties and EIT-like effects by using three-dimension (3D) FDTD method. Based on the coupled Lorentz model, the EIT-like effect of the designed metamaterial is investigated. Then, by employing the electric field distribution on the surface of the metamaterial, and combining with the three-level atomic system, the mechanism of the EIT-like effect is analyzed in detail. We find that the EIT-like effect in the proposed metamaterial has high Q value (Q ≈ 8616) and the high transmission (T = 96%). By changing the length of the silicon block to destroy the asymmetry of the metamaterial structure, an active tuning EIT-like effect is realized. Furthermore, the metamaterial structure has the advantages of low loss, easy preparation, and active-controllability. This study represents an innovative approach to designing the EIT-like metamaterial, which is expected to be useful for designing active tunable slow-light devices and highly sensitive optical sensors.
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Keywords:
- all-dielectric metamaterials /
- electromagnetically induced transparency /
- coupling the Lorenz model
[1] Xia H, Sharpe S J, Merriam A J, Harris S E 1997 Phys. Rev. A 56 315
[2] Zhou J H, Zhang C X, Liu Q R, You J, Zheng X, Cheng X A, Jiang T 2020 Nanophotonics 9 2797
Google Scholar
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Ning R X, Bao J, Jiao Z 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 100202
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Han Z H 2008 Ph. D. Dissertstion (Hangzhou: Zhejiang University) (in Chinese)
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Google Scholar
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图 1 ASADM模型结构图 (a)三维空间结构图; (b)二维平面结构图
Figure 1. Structure of ASADM model: (a) Three-dimensional (3D) structure diagram; (b) two-dimensional (2D) structure diagram.
图 2 类EIT透射光谱 (a)单独短硅块、长硅块微结构单元; (b)非对称全介质超材料的模拟计算和仿真光谱
Figure 2. EIT-like transmission spectra of (a) the short silicon block, and the long silicion block, (b) the simulations and calculations for ASADM.
图 3 ASADM类EIT效应的物理机理 (a) 1544 nm, (b) 1576 nm, (c) 1555 nm处的电场分布; (d)三能级原子系统示意图
Figure 3. Physical mechanism of EIT-like effect for the proposed ASADM: (a)–(c) Electric field distribution at wavelength of (a) 1544 nm, (b) 1576 nm and (c) 1555 nm; (d) diagram of the three-level system.
图 4 ASADM发生Mie氏共振的物理机理 (a)短硅块在1544 nm处的电场矢量分布; (b)长、短硅块在1544 nm处的磁场分布; (c)长硅块在1576 nm处的电场矢量分布; (d)长、短硅块在1576 nm处的磁场矢量分布; (e)短硅块和(f)长硅块在1555 nm处的电场矢量分布
Figure 4. Physical mechanism of Mie's resonance for the proposed ASADM: (a) Electric field vector distribution of the short silicon block at 1544 nm; (b) magnetic field distribution of long and short silicon blocks at 1544 nm; (c) electric field vector distribution of long silicon block at 1576 nm; (d) magnetic field vector distribution of long and short silicon blocks at 1576 nm; The electric field vector distribution of (e) short silicon block and (f) long silicon block at 1555 nm.
图 5 当改变 (a) 硅块间距g, (b)短硅块的长度L2和(c)硅块的宽度W时, 非对称超材料结构的透射光谱
Figure 5. Transmission spectra for the proposed ASADM are illustrated when (a) the length of short-silicon block, (b) the gap of two silicon-blocks, and (c) the width of two silicon-blocks are changed.
图 6 当改变硅块间距g, 短硅块的长度L2时, Q值的分布图
Figure 6. Spectra of Q are illustrated when the gap of two silicon blocks, g and the length of short-silicon block, L2 are changed.
图 7 当改变硅块间距g, 短硅块的长度L2时,
$ F = Q \times A $ 的曲线图Figure 7. Spectra of
$ F = Q \times A $ are illustrated when the gap of two silicon blocks, g and the length of short-silicon block, L2 are changed.表 1 室温下, 不同非对称类EIT超材料的最大Q因子
Table 1. Maximum Q factors for different asymmetric EIT metamaterials at room temperature.
非对称结构超材料 最大 Q 因子 温度/K 铜(Cu) 54 300 金(Au) 7.34 300 硅(Si) 8616 300 
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[1] Xia H, Sharpe S J, Merriam A J, Harris S E 1997 Phys. Rev. A 56 315
[2] Zhou J H, Zhang C X, Liu Q R, You J, Zheng X, Cheng X A, Jiang T 2020 Nanophotonics 9 2797
Google Scholar
[3] Wang Z, Yu B 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 113 101
Google Scholar
[4] 宁仁霞, 鲍婕, 焦铮 2017 物理学报 66 100202
Google Scholar
Ning R X, Bao J, Jiao Z 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 100202
Google Scholar
[5] Boller K J, Imamo L A, Harris S E 1991 Phys. Rev. Lett. 66 2593
Google Scholar
[6] Hau L V, Harris S E, Dutton Z, Behroozi C H 1999 Natrue 397 18
Google Scholar
[7] Marco P, Dario G, Liam O F, Claudio A L 2018 Opt. Express 26 8470
Google Scholar
[8] Lu H, Liu X M, Mao D 2012 Phys. Rev. A 85 053803
Google Scholar
[9] Chen M M, Xiao Z Y, Lu X J 2020 Carbon 159 273
Google Scholar
[10] Wang Q, Yu L, Gao H X, Chu S W, Wei P 2019 Opt. Express 27 35012
Google Scholar
[11] Li S X, Zhao H W, Han G J 2015 J. Elcetron. Sci. Technol. 13 117
Google Scholar
[12] Huang Y, Kenta N, Yuma T, Hiroaki M, Kazuhiro H, Yoshiaki K 2020 Sci. Rep. 10 20807
Google Scholar
[13] Liu H Q, Ren G B, Zhu B F, Li H S, Wu B L, Jian S S 2015 Opt. Commun. 353 189
Google Scholar
[14] Zhang S, Genov D A, Wang Y 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 218
[15] Niakan N, Askari M, Zakery A 2012 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 29 2329
Google Scholar
[16] Liu C X, Liu P G, Bian L, Zhou Q H, Li G S, Liu H Q 2018 Opt. Commun. 410 17
Google Scholar
[17] Diao J Y, Han B X, Yin J, Li X J, Lang T T, Hong Z 2019 IEEE Photonics J. 11 4601110
Google Scholar
[18] Yang Y, Li J N, Li J, Huang J, Yan Q, Zhang Y T, Dai H T, Yao J Q 2020 Opt. Express 28 24047
[19] Hamed M N, Ehsan Z, Raheleh B J 2019 ENG SCI TECHN 22 862
Google Scholar
[20] Zhao Z, Wang H, Wang J 2020 China Commun. 17 180
[21] 韩张华 2008 博士学位论文(杭州: 浙江大学)
Han Z H 2008 Ph. D. Dissertstion (Hangzhou: Zhejiang University) (in Chinese)
[22] B.Tatian 1984 Appl. Opt. 23 4477
Google Scholar
[23] Han Z H, Bozhevolnyi S I 2011 Opt. Express 19 3251
Google Scholar
[24] Moritake Y, Kanamori Y, Hane K 2014 Opt. Lett. 39 4507
Google Scholar
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