Dynamics of low energy electrons transmitting through straight glass capillary: Tilt angle dependence

Li Peng-Fei; Yuan Hua; Cheng Zi-Dong; Qian Li-Bing; Liu Zhong-Lin; Jin Bo; Ha Shuai; Zhang Hao-Wen; Wan Cheng-Liang; Cui Ying; Ma Yue; Yang Zhi-Hu; Lu Di; Reinhold Schuch; Li Ming; Zhang Hong-Qiang; Chen Xi-Meng

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20212335

Abstract

It is a hot topic that using glass capillary to focus and shape the charged particle beam, for it is inexpensive and simple. There are the cases that single glass capillaries are used to make the microbeam of the positive ions. When it comes to electrons, their transmitting through insulating capillaries is complex and the attempt to use the glass capillary to produce electron beams in the size of micrometer needs further exploring.In this paper, the charging-up process of the 900-eV electrons transmitting through a glass capillary with the grounded conductive-coated outer surface is reported. Two-dimensional angular distributions of the transmitted electrons and their time evolutions are measured for the cases of various tilt angles of glass tube. It is found that there are a considerable number of transmitted electrons at the tilt angle exceeding the geometrical opening angle (1°) of the glass tube. The intensity of transmitted electrons for large tilt angle (i.e. –1.15°) can be considered as first falling to zero, then keeping zero for a long time, finally rising to a certain stable value. Correspondingly, the angular distribution center experiences moving towards negative-positive-negative-settled. The energy losses are measured for various tilt angles. The larger the tilt angles, the larger the energy loss of transmitted electrons is. To better understand the physics behind the observed phenomena, the simulations of the energy loss for transmitted electrons at various tilt angles are performed by the Monte Carlo method. The comparation between the simulated energy losses and the measured energy losses shows that the experimental results are well explained by multiple deflections from the wall.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
2.
School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China
3.
RIKEN Nishina Center, RIKEN, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
4.
Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
5.
Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
6.
Physics Department, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
7.
Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
8.
Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China

Corresponding author: Zhang Hong-Qiang, zhanghq@lzu.edu.cn ; Chen Xi-Meng, chenxm@lzu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U1732269, 11805169), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (Grant No. lzujbky-2021-sp41), and the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education (Grant No. IB2018-8071)

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References

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[14]	李嘉庆, 王建中, 王旭飞, 张杰雄, 张伟, 张斌, 邵春林, 施立群 2013 原子能科学与技术 47 1917 Google Scholar Li J Q, Wang J Z, Wang X F, Zhang J X, Zhang W, Zhang B, Shao C L, Shi L Q 2013 Atom. Ener. Sci. Tech. 47 1917 Google Scholar
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[22]	Zhang H Q, Skog P, Schuch R 2010 Phys. Rev. A 82 052901 Google Scholar
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[31]	Das S, Dassanayake B, Winkworth M, Baran J, Stolterfoht N, Tanis J 2007 Phys. Rev. A 76 042716 Google Scholar
[32]	Milosavljević A, Schiessl K, Lemell C, Tőkési K, Mátéfi-Tempfli M, Mátéfi-Tempfli S, Marinković B, Burgdörfer J 2012 Nucl. Inst. Meth. Phys. Res. B 279 190 Google Scholar
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[34]	Dassanayake B, Keerthisinghe D, Wickramarachchi S, Ayyad A, Das S, Stolterfoht N, Tanis J 2013 Nucl. Inst. Meth. Phys. Res. B 298 1 Google Scholar
[35]	Keerthisinghe D, Dassanayake B, Wickramarachchi S, Stolterfoht N, Tanis J 2013 Nucl. Inst. Meth. Phys. Res. B 317 105 Google Scholar
[36]	Keerthisinghe D, Dassanayake B, Wickramarachchi S, Stolterfoht N, Tanis J 2015 Phys. Rev. A 92 012703 Google Scholar
[37]	Schiessl K, Tőkési K, Solleder B, Lemell C, Burgdörfer J 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 163201 Google Scholar
[38]	李鹏飞, 袁华, 程紫东, 钱立冰, 刘中林, 靳博, 哈帅, 万城亮, 崔莹, 马越, 杨治虎, 路迪, Reinhold Schuch, 黎明, 张红强, 陈熙萌 2022 物理学报 71 074101 Google Scholar Li P F, Yuan H, Cheng Z D, Qian L B, Liu Z L, Jin B, Ha S, Wan C L, Cui Y, Ma Y, Yang Z H, Lu D, Reinhold S, Li M, Zhang H Q, Chen X M 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 074101 Google Scholar
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Cited By

图 1 实验设备示意图

Figure 1. A schematic drawing of the experimental setup.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 900 eV电子涂导电胶玻璃毛细管的穿透率随倾角变化的分布曲线

Figure 2. The steady-state values of the transmission rate as a function of the tilt angle for 900 eV electrons through conductive-coated glass capillary.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 不同倾角下, 900 eV电子对涂导电胶的玻璃毛细管的充电过程中, 穿透率随时间的演化曲线

Figure 3. The measured time evolution of the transmission rates of the charge-up process in the glass capillary at various tilt angles for 900 eV electrons.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 不同倾角下, 900 eV电子对涂导电胶的玻璃毛细管的充电过程中选取的穿透电子的二维角分布图像　(a) –0.15°; (b) –0.4°; (c) –1.15°

Figure 4. The 2D images of electron angular distribution at different stages during the charge-up process at various tilt angles for 900 eV electrons: (a) –0.15°; (b) –0.4°; (c) –1.15°.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 在–0.15°, –0.4°和–1.15°倾角下, 900 eV电子对涂导电胶的玻璃毛细管的充电过程中, 穿透电子在ϕ平面的投影中心随时间的演化曲线. 数据空白处为等待时间

Figure 5. The time evolution of the projection center of the transmitted electron angular distribution on the ϕ-plane during the charge-up process at various tilt angles (–0.15°, –0.4° and –1.15°) for 900 eV electrons. The blanks of data are waiting time.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 充电达到稳定阶段后, 900 eV能量的电子穿越不同倾角(–0.15°, –0.4°和–1.15°)玻璃管的穿透电子能谱图

Figure 6. The energy spectrum of transmitted electrons for 900 eV electrons at various tilt angles (–0.15°, –0.4° and –1.15°) in the steady stage.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 充电完成达到稳定阶段后, 电子在涂导电胶的玻璃毛细管内的反射轨迹示意, 其中红线为电子轨迹

Figure 7. The diagrams for the trajectories of the transmitted electrons through the conductive-coated glass capillary in the steady stage, where the red line is electron trajectory.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

[1]	Ikeda T, Kanai Y, Kojima T M, Iwai Y, Kambara T, Yamazaki Y, Hoshino M, Nebiki T, Narusawa T 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 163502 Google Scholar
[2]	Cassimi A, Maunoury L, Muranaka T, Huber B, Dey K R, Lebius H, Lelièvre D, Ramillon J M, Been T, Ikeda T 2009 Nucl. Inst. Meth. Phys. Res. B 267 674 Google Scholar
[3]	Nakayama R, Tona M, Nakamura N, Watanabe H, Yoshiyasu N, Yamada C, Yamazaki A, Ohtani S, Sakurai M 2009 Nucl. Inst. Meth. Phys. Res. B 267 2381 Google Scholar
[4]	Dassanayake B, Das S, Bereczky R, Tőkési K, Tanis J 2010 Phys. Rev. A 81 020701 Google Scholar
[5]	Dassanayake B, Bereczky R, Das S, Ayyad A, Tökési K, Tanis J 2011 Phys. Rev. A 83 012707 Google Scholar
[6]	Wang W, Chen J, Yu D Y, Yang B, Wu Y H, Zhang M W, Ruan F F, Cai X H 2011 Phys. Scri. T144Google Scholar
[7]	万城亮, 李鹏飞, 钱立冰, 靳博, 宋光银, 高志民, 周利华, 张琦, 宋张勇, 杨治虎, 邵剑雄, 崔莹, Reinhold Schuch, 张红强, 陈熙萌 2016 物理学报 65 204103 Google Scholar Wan C L, Li P F, Qian L B, Jin B, Song G Y, Gao Z M, Zhou L H, Zhang Q, Song Z Y, Yang Z H, Shao J X, Cui Y, Reinhold S, Zhang H Q, Chen X M 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 204103 Google Scholar
[8]	Wickramarachchi S, Ikeda T, Dassanayake B, Keerthisinghe D, Tanis J 2016 Phys. Rev. A 94 022701 Google Scholar
[9]	Wickramarachchi S, Ikeda T, Dassanayake B, Keerthisinghe D, Tanis J 2016 Nucl. Inst. Meth. Phys. Res. B 382 60 Google Scholar
[10]	钱立冰, 李鹏飞, 靳博, 等 2017 物理学报 66 124101 Google Scholar Qian L B, Li P F, Jin B, et al. 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 124101 Google Scholar
[11]	Iwai Y, Ikeda T, Kojima T M, Yamazaki Y, Maeshima K, Imamoto N, Kobayashi T, Nebiki T, Narusawa T, Pokhil G P 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 023509 Google Scholar
[12]	Giglio E, Guillous S, Cassimi A 2018 Phys. Rev. A 98 052704 Google Scholar
[13]	Ikeda T 2020 Quan. Beam Sci. 4 22 Google Scholar
[14]	李嘉庆, 王建中, 王旭飞, 张杰雄, 张伟, 张斌, 邵春林, 施立群 2013 原子能科学与技术 47 1917 Google Scholar Li J Q, Wang J Z, Wang X F, Zhang J X, Zhang W, Zhang B, Shao C L, Shi L Q 2013 Atom. Ener. Sci. Tech. 47 1917 Google Scholar
[15]	Simon M J, Döbeli M, Müller A M, Synal H A 2012 Nucl. Inst. Meth. Phys. Res. B 273 237 Google Scholar
[16]	Hasegawa J, Shiba S, Fukuda H, Oguri Y 2008 Nucl. Inst. Meth. Phys. Res. B 266 2125 Google Scholar
[17]	Sekiba D, Yonemura H, Nebiki T, Wilde M, Ogura S, Yamashita H, Matsumoto M, Kasagi J, Iwamura Y, Itoh T 2008 Nucl. Inst. Meth. Phys. Res. B 266 4027 Google Scholar
[18]	Kowarik G, Bereczky R J, Aumayr F, Tőkési K 2009 Nucl. Inst. Meth. Phys. Res. B 267 2277 Google Scholar
[19]	Stolterfoht N, Bremer J H, Hoffmann V, Hellhammer R, Fink D, Petrov A, Sulik B 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 133201 Google Scholar
[20]	Lemell C, Burgdörfer J, Aumayr F 2013 Prog. Surf. Sci. 88 237 Google Scholar
[21]	Stolterfoht N, Yamazaki Y 2016 Phys. Rep. 629 1 Google Scholar
[22]	Zhang H Q, Skog P, Schuch R 2010 Phys. Rev. A 82 052901 Google Scholar
[23]	Zhang H, Akram N, Soroka I L, Trautmann C, Schuch R 2012 Phys. Rev. A 86 022901 Google Scholar
[24]	Zhang H Q, Akram N, Skog P, Soroka I L, Trautmann C, Schuch R 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 193202 Google Scholar
[25]	Zhang H, Akram N, Schuch R 2016 Phys. Rev. A 94 032704 Google Scholar
[26]	Skog P, Zhang H, Schuch R 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 223202 Google Scholar
[27]	Liu S D, Wang Y Y, Zhao Y T, Zhou X M, Cheng R, Lei Y, Sun Y B, Ren J R, Duan J L, Liu J, Xu H S, Xiao G Q 2015 Phys. Rev. A 91 012714 Google Scholar
[28]	Liu S D, Zhao Y T, Wang Y Y 2017 Chin. Phys. B 26 106104 Google Scholar
[29]	Xue Y, Yu D, Liu J, Zhang M, Yang B, Zhang Y, Cai X 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 107 254102 Google Scholar
[30]	Stolterfoht N, Tanis J 2018 Nucl. Inst. Meth. Phys. Res. B 421 32 Google Scholar
[31]	Das S, Dassanayake B, Winkworth M, Baran J, Stolterfoht N, Tanis J 2007 Phys. Rev. A 76 042716 Google Scholar
[32]	Milosavljević A, Schiessl K, Lemell C, Tőkési K, Mátéfi-Tempfli M, Mátéfi-Tempfli S, Marinković B, Burgdörfer J 2012 Nucl. Inst. Meth. Phys. Res. B 279 190 Google Scholar
[33]	Milosavljević A, Víkor G, Pešić Z, Kolarž P, Šević D, Marinković B, Mátéfi-Tempfli S, Mátéfi-Tempfli M, Piraux L 2007 Phys. Rev. A 75 030901 Google Scholar
[34]	Dassanayake B, Keerthisinghe D, Wickramarachchi S, Ayyad A, Das S, Stolterfoht N, Tanis J 2013 Nucl. Inst. Meth. Phys. Res. B 298 1 Google Scholar
[35]	Keerthisinghe D, Dassanayake B, Wickramarachchi S, Stolterfoht N, Tanis J 2013 Nucl. Inst. Meth. Phys. Res. B 317 105 Google Scholar
[36]	Keerthisinghe D, Dassanayake B, Wickramarachchi S, Stolterfoht N, Tanis J 2015 Phys. Rev. A 92 012703 Google Scholar
[37]	Schiessl K, Tőkési K, Solleder B, Lemell C, Burgdörfer J 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 163201 Google Scholar
[38]	李鹏飞, 袁华, 程紫东, 钱立冰, 刘中林, 靳博, 哈帅, 万城亮, 崔莹, 马越, 杨治虎, 路迪, Reinhold Schuch, 黎明, 张红强, 陈熙萌 2022 物理学报 71 074101 Google Scholar Li P F, Yuan H, Cheng Z D, Qian L B, Liu Z L, Jin B, Ha S, Wan C L, Cui Y, Ma Y, Yang Z H, Lu D, Reinhold S, Li M, Zhang H Q, Chen X M 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 074101 Google Scholar
[39]	Drouin D, Couture A R, Gauvin R, Hovington P, Horny P, Demers H 2016 Computer Code CASINO (version 3.3), https://www.gel.usherbrooke.ca/casino/index.html

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