Stable transmission of low energy electrons in glass tube  with outer surface grounded conductively shielding

Li Peng-Fei; Yuan Hua; Cheng Zi-Dong; Qian Li-Bing; Liu Zhong-Lin; Jin Bo; Ha Shuai; Wan Cheng-Liang; Cui Ying; Ma Yue; Yang Zhi-Hu; Lu Di; Reinhold Schuch; Li Ming; Zhang Hong-Qiang; Chen Xi-Meng

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20212036

Abstract

The electron microbeam is useful for modifying certain fragments of biomolecule. It is successful to apply the guiding effect to making the microbeam of positively charged particles by using single glass capillary. However, the mechanism for the electron transport through insulating capillaries is unclear. Meanwhile, previous researches show that there are oscillations of the transmission intensity of electrons with time in the glass capillaries with outer serface having no grounded conductive shielding, So, the application of glass capillary to making the microbeam of electrons is limited.In this paper, the transmission of 1.5 and 0.9 keV electrons through the glass capillary without/with the grounded conductive-coated outer surface are investigated, respectively. This study aims to understand the mechanism for low energy electron transport in the glass capillaries, and find the conditions for the steady transport of the electrons. Two-dimensional angular distribution of the transported electrons and its time evolution are measured. It is found that the intensity of the transported electrons with the incident energy through the glass capillaries for the glass capillaries without and with the grounded conductive-coated outer surface show the typical geometrical transmission characteristics. The time evolution of the 1.5- keV electron transport presents an extremely complex variation for the glass capillary without the grounded conductive-coated outer surface. The intensity first falls, then rises and finally oscillates around a certain mean value. Correspondingly, the angular distribution center experiences moving towards positive-negative-settlement. In comparison, the charge-up process of the 0.9 keV electron transport through the glass capillary with the grounded conductive-coated outer surface shows a relatively simple behavior. At first, the intensity declines rapidly with time. Then, it slowly rises till a certain value and stays steady subsequently. The angular distribution of transported electrons follows the intensity distribution in general, but with some delay. It quickly moves to negative direction then comes back to positive direction. Finally, it regresses extremely slowly and ends up around the tilt angle. To better understand the physics behind the observed phenomena, the simulation for the interaction of the electrons with SiO₂ material is performed to obtain the possible deposited charge distribution by the CASINO code. Based on the analysis of the experimental results and the simulated charge deposition, the conditions for stabilizing the electron transport through glass capillary arepresented.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
2.
RIKEN Nishina Center, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
3.
Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
4.
Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-41296, Sweden
5.
Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
6.
Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
7.
Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China

Corresponding author: Zhang Hong-Qiang, zhanghq@lzu.edu.cn ; Chen Xi-Meng, chenxm@lzu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U1732269, 11805169), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. lzujbky-2021-sp41), the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education (Grant No. IB2018-8071), and the Key Program of the State Administration of Foreign Experts, China.

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References

[1]	Kumar A, Becker D, Adhikary A, Sevilla M D 2019 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20 3998 Google Scholar
[2]	Baccarelli I, Bald I, Gianturco F A, Illenberger E, Kopyra J 2011 Phys. Rep. 508 1 Google Scholar
[3]	Iwai Y, Ikeda T, Kojima T M, Yamazaki Y, Maeshima K, Imamoto N, Kobayashi T, Nebiki T, Narusawa T, Pokhil G P 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 023509 Google Scholar
[4]	Stolterfoht N, Bremer J H, Hoffmann V, Hellhammer R, Fink D, Petrov A, Sulik B 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 133201 Google Scholar
[5]	Zhang H Q, Skog P, Schuch R 2010 Phys. Rev. A 82 052901 Google Scholar
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[7]	Juhász Z, Sulik B, Rácz R, Biri S, Bereczky R, Tőkési K, Kövér Á, Pálinkás J, Stolterfoht N 2010 Phys. Rev. A 82 062903 Google Scholar
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[39]	Yang L, Da B, Tokesi K, Ding Z J 2021 Sci. Rep. 11 5954 Google Scholar

Cited By

图 1 (a)实验设备示意图; (b)裸玻璃管和涂导电胶玻璃管的示意图

Figure 1. (a) Schematic drawing of the experimental setup. The tilt angle α between the axis of the glass capillary and the electron beam, the observation angles φ and θ relative to the direction of the electron beam are indicated; (b) schematic drawing of the glass capillary, bare (above), silver conductive paint brushed (below).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 1.5和0.9 keV电子分别穿越裸玻璃毛细管(a)和涂导电胶玻璃毛细管(b)的穿透率随倾角变化的分布曲线. 图中, 虚线之间的角度代表几何穿透角. 图(b)中, 红线是高斯拟合线

Figure 2. The steady-state values of the transmission rate as a function of the tilt angle for 1.5 keV electrons through bare glass capillary (a) and 0.9 keV electrons through conductive-coated glass capillary (b). The dash lines indicate the geometric transmission angle of 1.68º spread angle. The red solid line is a Gaussian fit curve of the measured 0.9 keV data.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 对倾角为–0.2°的裸玻璃毛细管(a), (b), (c)和涂导电胶的玻璃毛细管(d), (e), (f)的充电过程的测量. 图(a)和图(d)分别为1.5和0.9 keV电子的穿透率随时间演化曲线; 图(b)和图(e)分别为1.5和0.9 keV能量下的穿透电子在φ平面的投影中心随时间的演化曲线; 图(c)和图(f)为充电过程中选取的穿透电子的二维角分布图像; 每个图像分别对应图(a)和图(c)中画红圈的位置

Figure 3. Measurements of the charge-up process in the glass capillary at certain tilt angle (α = –0.2°). Investigations conducted with both electron energies of 1.5 and 0.9 keV. (a) and (d) show the measured time evolution of the transmission rates. (b) and (e) show the projection of the transmitted electron angular distribution on the φ-plane. (c) and (f) show the 2 D images of electron angular distribution at different stages during the charge-up process. Each image in Figure (c) and Figure (f) corresponds to a red circle as marked in Figure (a) and Figure (d), respectively.

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图 4 0.9 keV电子在入射角为7.1°时造成的空穴深度分布(a)和电子沉积深度分布(b); 1.5 keV的电子在入射角为5.5°时造成的空穴深度分布(c)和电子沉积深度分布(d). X 方向为毛细管轴向方向, X正向方向为入射电子具有最大动量的方向, (0, 0)位置为碰撞点

Figure 4. The holes distribution (a), (c) and deposited electrons distribution (b), (d) in depth for 0.9 keV electrons at tilt angle 7.1°(a), (b) and 1.5 keV electrons at tilt angle 5.5°(c), (d). The impact occurred at the (0, 0) point.

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图 5 无导电层(a)和有导电层(b)时, SiO₂表面电场场强的演化示意图. 图中的数字代表演化的先后顺序

Figure 5. The evolution of the electronic field on the surface for the bare SiO₂ (a) and conductive-coated SiO₂ (b). The numbers in the figure stand for evolution sequences.

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图 6 充电过程中, 裸玻璃管((a)—(c))的和涂导电胶的玻璃管((d)—(f))的穿透电子在玻璃管内的轨迹示意图. 红色箭头线为电子轨迹

Figure 6. The diagrams for the trajectories of the transmitted electrons through the bare glass capillary ((a)–(c)) and the conductive-coated glass capillary ((d)–(f)) in the charging up process.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

[1]	Kumar A, Becker D, Adhikary A, Sevilla M D 2019 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20 3998 Google Scholar
[2]	Baccarelli I, Bald I, Gianturco F A, Illenberger E, Kopyra J 2011 Phys. Rep. 508 1 Google Scholar
[3]	Iwai Y, Ikeda T, Kojima T M, Yamazaki Y, Maeshima K, Imamoto N, Kobayashi T, Nebiki T, Narusawa T, Pokhil G P 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 023509 Google Scholar
[4]	Stolterfoht N, Bremer J H, Hoffmann V, Hellhammer R, Fink D, Petrov A, Sulik B 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 133201 Google Scholar
[5]	Zhang H Q, Skog P, Schuch R 2010 Phys. Rev. A 82 052901 Google Scholar
[6]	Skog P, Zhang H, Schuch R 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 223202 Google Scholar
[7]	Juhász Z, Sulik B, Rácz R, Biri S, Bereczky R, Tőkési K, Kövér Á, Pálinkás J, Stolterfoht N 2010 Phys. Rev. A 82 062903 Google Scholar
[8]	Hellhammer R, Pešic Z, Sobocinski P, Fink D, Bundesmann J, Stolterfoht N 2005 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. , Sect. B 233 213 Google Scholar
[9]	Skog P, Soroka I L, Johansson A, Schuch R 2007 Nucl. Instrum. Metods Phys. Res., Sect. B 258 145 Google Scholar
[10]	Chen Y F, C X M, Lou F J, Xu J Z, Shao J X, Sun G Z, Wang J, Xi F Y, Yin Y Z, Wang X A, Xu J K, Cui Y, Ding B W 2009 Chin. Phys. B 18 2739 Google Scholar
[11]	Juhász Z, Sulik B, Biri S, Iván I, Tőkési K, Fekete É, Mátéfi-Tempfli S, Mátéfi-Tempfli M, Víkor G, Takács E 2009 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. , Sect. B 267 321 Google Scholar
[12]	Sahana M, Skog P, Vikor G, Kumar R R, Schuch R 2006 Phys. Rev. A 73 040901 Google Scholar
[13]	Stolterfoht N, Hellhammer R, Sulik B, Juhász Z, Bayer V, Trautmann C, Bodewits E, Hoekstra R 2011 Phys. Rev. A 83 062901 Google Scholar
[14]	Juhász Z, Kovács S, Herczku P, Rácz R, Biri S, Rajta I, Gál G, Szilasi S, Pálinkás J, Sulik B 2012 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. , Sect. B 279 177 Google Scholar
[15]	Zhang H, Akram N, Soroka I L, Trautmann C, Schuch R 2012 Phys. Rev. A 86 022901 Google Scholar
[16]	Zhang H Q, Akram N, Skog P, Soroka I L, Trautmann C, Schuch R 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 193202 Google Scholar
[17]	Zhang H, Akram N, Schuch R 2016 Phys. Rev. A 94 032704 Google Scholar
[18]	Ikeda T, Kanai Y, Kojima T M, Iwai Y, Kambara T, Yamazaki Y, Hoshino M, Nebiki T, Narusawa T 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 163502 Google Scholar
[19]	Cassimi A, Maunoury L, Muranaka T, Huber B, Dey K R, Lebius H, Lelièvre D, Ramillon J M, Been T, Ikeda T 2009 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 267 674 Google Scholar
[20]	Nakayama R, Tona M, Nakamura N, Watanabe H, Yoshiyasu N, Yamada C, Yamazaki A, Ohtani S, Sakurai M 2009 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 267 2381 Google Scholar
[21]	Giglio E, Guillous S, Cassimi A, Zhang H, Nagy G, Töőkési K 2017 Phys. Rev. A 95 030702 Google Scholar
[22]	Giglio E, Guillous S, Cassimi A 2018 Phys. Rev. A 98 052704 Google Scholar
[23]	Lemell C, Burgdörfer J, Aumayr F 2013 Prog. Surf. Sci. 88 237 Google Scholar
[24]	Stolterfoht N, Yamazaki Y 2016 Phys. Rep. 629 1 Google Scholar
[25]	Stolterfoht N, Tanis J 2018 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. , Sect. B 421 32 Google Scholar
[26]	Milosavljević A, Víkor G, Pešić Z, Kolarž P, Šević D, Marinković B, Mátéfi-Tempfli S, Mátéfi-Tempfli M, Piraux L 2007 Phys. Rev. A 75 030901 Google Scholar
[27]	Milosavljević A, Schiessl K, Lemell C, Tőkési K, Mátéfi-Tempfli M, Mátéfi-Tempfli S, Marinković B, Burgdörfer J 2012 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. , Sect. B 279 190 Google Scholar
[28]	Das S, Dassanayake B, Winkworth M, Baran J, Stolterfoht N, Tanis J 2007 Phys. Rev. A 76 042716 Google Scholar
[29]	Dassanayake B, Keerthisinghe D, Wickramarachchi S, Ayyad A, Das S, Stolterfoht N, Tanis J 2013 Nucl. Instrum. Methods. Phys. Res. , Sect. B 298 1 Google Scholar
[30]	Keerthisinghe D, Dassanayake B, Wickramarachchi S, Stolterfoht N, Tanis J 2013 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. , Sect. B 317 105 Google Scholar
[31]	Schiessl K, Tőkési K, Solleder B, Lemell C, Burgdörfer J 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 163201 Google Scholar
[32]	Dassanayake B, Das S, Bereczky R, Tőkési K, Tanis J 2010 Phys. Rev. A 81 020701 Google Scholar
[33]	Dassanayake B, Bereczky R, Das S, Ayyad A, Tökési K, Tanis J 2011 Phys. Rev. A 83 012707 Google Scholar
[34]	Wickramarachchi S, Ikeda T, Dassanayake B, Keerthisinghe D, Tanis J 2016 Phys. Rev. A 94 022701 Google Scholar
[35]	Wickramarachchi S, Ikeda T, Dassanayake B, Keerthisinghe D, Tanis J 2016 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 382 60 Google Scholar
[36]	万城亮, 李鹏飞, 钱立冰, 靳博, 宋光银, 高志民, 周利华, 张琦, 宋张勇, 杨治虎, 邵剑雄, 崔莹, Reinhold Schuch, 张红强, 陈熙萌 2016 物理学报 65 204103 Google Scholar Wan C L, Li P F, Qian L B, Jin B, Song G Y, Gao Z M, Zhou L H, Zhang Q, Song Z Y, Yang Z H, Shao J X, Cui Y, Reinhold S, Zhang H Q, Chen M 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 204103 Google Scholar
[37]	钱立冰, 李鹏飞, 靳博, 靳定坤, 宋光银, 张琦, 魏龙, 牛犇, 万成亮, 周春林, Arnold Milenko Mscrir, Max Dobeli, 宋张勇, 杨治虎, Reinhold Schuch, 张红强, 陈熙萌 2017 物理学报 66 124101 Google Scholar Qian L B, Li P F, Jin B, Jin D K, Song G Y, Zhang Q, Wei L, Niu B, Wan C L, Zhou C L, Arnold Milenko M, Max D, Song Z Y, Yang Z H, Reinhold S, Zhang H Q, Chen X M 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 124101 Google Scholar
[38]	Drouin D, Couture A R, Gauvin R, Hovington P, Horny P, Demers H 2016 Computer Code CASINO, Version 3.3, https://www.gel.usherbrooke.ca/casino/index.html
[39]	Yang L, Da B, Tokesi K, Ding Z J 2021 Sci. Rep. 11 5954 Google Scholar

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Vol. 71, Issue 7 - 2022-04-05

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