Delocalized magnetism in low-dimensional graphene system

Zheng Yu-Qiang; Wang Shi-Yong

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20220895

Abstract

Delocalized p-shell electron magnetism emerging in a low-dimensional graphene system due to quantum effect is distinct from the localized d/f-shell electron’s. The delocalization effect allows the precise engineering of the magnetic ground state and magnetic exchange interactions in nanographenes, thus implementing the accurate construction of high-quality graphene-based magnetic quantum materials. In recent years, with the development of surface chemistry and surface physics, it has become feasible to study the magnetism of nanographenes with single-atom precision, thus opening a new research direction for studying purely organic quantum magnetism. This review starts from the summarizing of the research background of nanographene magnetism. Then, the physics nature behind the nanographene magnetism and recent experimental researches are discussed. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for further studying low-dimensional magnetic graphenes are briefly discussed.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
2.
School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

Corresponding author: Wang Shi-Yong, shiyong.wang@sjtu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2020YFA0309000) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11521404, 11634009, 92065201, 11874256, 11874258, 12074247, 11790313, 11861161003).

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图 1 石墨烯磁性研究的3个重点　 1) 精准化学合成: 制备不同结构的原子级精确的纳米石墨烯. 2) 低维量子磁性: 基于磁性纳米石墨烯构建低维量子自旋系统. 3) 超导近邻效应: 纳米石墨烯磁性与超导相结合

Figure 1. Three important directions for studying graphene quantum magnetism. 1) Precise chemical synthesis: preparation of atomically precise nanographenes with different structures. 2) Low-dimensional quantum magnetism: construction of low-dimensional quantum spin system based on π-magnetic nanographene. 3) Proximity effect of superconductivity: combination of π-magnetic nanographene with superconductivity.

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图 2 三角烯^[30]和Clar’s goblet^[34]磁性的理论计算　(a), (b) 结构示意图; (c)—(f) 不考虑(c), (e)和考虑(d), (f)电子-电子间多体相互作用的平均场近似能级谱; (g), (i) 单占电子在单占轨道的分布; (h), (j) 单占电子自旋密度分布 ((c), (d), (g), (h)出自文献[30], 已获得授权)

Figure 2. Calculation of magnetism in triangulene^[30] and Clar’s goblet^[34]: (a), (b) Molecular structure; (c)–(f) energy spectrum calculated by MFH model considering (c), (e) without and (d), (f) with electron-electron many-body interaction; (g), (i) the distribution of single-occupied electrons in single-occupied molecular orbitals; (h), (j) the distribution of spin density of single-occupied electrons ((c), (d), (g), (h) reproduced with permission from Ref. [30]).

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图 3 π电子磁性起源于共振苯环　(a) 共振苯环结构; (b), (c) 分别为并苯和超庚烯的磁性转变; (d) n = 5超庚烯的分子结构、MFH模型的能级分布和单占电子的自旋密度分布, 磁基态为闭壳^[33]; (e) n = 7超庚烯的分子结构、MFH模型的能级分布和单占电子的自旋密度分布, 磁基态为开壳^[50] ((d), (e)出自文献[33, 50], 已获得授权)

Figure 3. Clar sextets-induced π-magnetism: (a) Structure of Clar sextets; (b), (c) magnetic transition in acenes and super-zethrenes, respectively; (d) molecular structure, the distribution of energy level and single-occupied electrons spin density of n = 5 super-zethrenes, where magnetic ground state is close shell^[33]; (e) molecular structure, the distribution of energy level and single-occupied electrons spin density of n = 7 super-zethrenes, where magnetic ground state is open shell^[50] ((d), (e) reproduced with permission from Ref. [33, 50]).

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图 4 π电子磁性起源于拓扑缺陷　(a) 双碳五环纳米石墨烯不同构型的磁基态^[93]; (b) 基于碳五环可设计的高自旋结构^[54]

Figure 4. Topological defect-induced π-magnetism: (a) Magnetic ground states of nanographenes with double carbon-five-rings in the different configurations^[93]; (b) design of high spins structures based on carbon-five-rings^[54].

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图 5 表面化学合成磁性纳米石墨烯　(a) 原理示意图; (b)—(s) 实验合成的不同磁基态纳米石墨烯^{[30-32,34-40,42,44,45,47-51]} ((b)^[36,42], (c)^[32], (d)^[39], (e)^[37], (f)^[30], (g)^[31], (h)^[44], (i)^[45], (j)^[47], (k)^[35], (l)^[50], (m)^[38], (n)^[38], (o)^[34], (p)^[49], (q)^[40], (r)^[48], (s)^[51])

Figure 5. On-surface synthesis of magnetic nano graphenes: (a) Schematic illustration of on-surface synthesis; (b)–(s) experimental synthesis results of nanographenes with different magnetic ground states^{[30-32,34-40,42,44,45,47-51]}.

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图 6 STM针尖诱导表面反应　(a) Ullmann反应^[111]; (b) Glaser耦合的中间态^[112]; (c) 针尖诱导去氢反应示意图^[29]; (d)—(g) 纳米石墨烯中针尖诱导去氢反应, 并逐步获得高自旋^{[29,34,37,39]} ((a), (b), (d), (e)出自文献[111, 112, 29, 39], 已获得授权)

Figure 6. STM tip-driven on surface reactions: (a) Ullmann reaction^[111]; (b) Glaser coupling and intermediates^[112]; (c) schematic illustration of tip-driven on surface dehydrogenation^[29]; (d)–(g) tip-driven dehydrogenation in nanographenes and high spins states in the same nanographene are available step by step^{[29,34,37,39]} ((a), (b), (d), (e) reproduced with permission from Ref. [111, 112, 29, 39])

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图 7 S = 1/2纳米石墨烯的近藤效应　(a) S = 1/2的近藤共振谱示意图; (b) 近藤共振峰的空间分布^[36]; (c) 近藤温度^[36]; (d) 近藤共振峰的塞曼劈裂^[36]; (e)—(i) 多种S = 1/2纳米石墨烯的近藤效应^{[32,35,40,41,49]} ((b)—(i)出自文献[36, 32, 35, 40, 41, 49], 已获得授权)

Figure 7. Kondo effect of S = 1/2 nanographenes: (a) Schematic illustration of Kondo resonance spectroscopy of S = 1/2; (b) spatial distribution of Kondo resonance peak^[36]; (c) Kondo temperature^[36]; (d) Zeeman splitting of Kondo resonance peak^[36]; (e)–(i) Kondo effect of various S = 1/2 nanographenes^{[32,35,40,41,49]} ((b)–(i) reproduced with permission from Ref. [36, 32, 35, 40, 41, 49]).

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图 8 高自旋纳米石墨烯的近藤效应　(a) S = 1自旋的近藤共振谱示意图; (b), (c) 同一个纳米石墨烯S = 1/2和S = 1的近藤效应^[37,39] ((b), (c) 出自文献[37, 39], 已获得授权)

Figure 8. Kondo effect of high spins nanographenes: (a) Schematic illustration of Kondo resonance spectroscopy of S = 1; (b), (c) Kondo effect of S = 1/2 and S = 1 in the same nanographene^[37,39] ((b), (c) reproduced with permission from Ref. [37, 39]).

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图 9 自旋单重态纳米石墨烯的自旋交换　(a) S = 0自旋单重态的自旋翻转谱示意图; (b)—(h) 不同纳米石墨烯的自旋交换J ^{[34-36,38,42,47,50]} ((b), (c), (f)—(h)出自文献[38, 50, 35, 47], 已获得授权)

Figure 9. Spin exchange interaction of nanographenes with singlet ground state: (a) Schematic illustration of spin-flip spectroscopy of S = 0 singlet state; (b)–(h) spin exchange interaction J of different nanographenes with singlet ground state ^{[34-36,38,42,47,50]} ((b), (c), (f)–(h) reproduced with permission from Ref. [38, 50, 35, 47]).

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图 10 磁交换方向的调控　(a), (b) 联接方式改变纳米石墨烯磁基态^[38,39]; (c)—(e) AB子格碳原子直联改变磁基态^[42] ((a)—(e) 出自文献[38, 39, 42], 已获得授权)

Figure 10. Controlling magnetic exchange direction: (a), (b) Change of magnetic ground states by different connecting configurations^[38,39]; (c)–(e) change of magnetic ground states by direct connecting two C atoms in AB sublattice respectively^[42] ((a)–(e) reproduced with permission from Ref. [38, 39, 42]).

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图 11 纳米石墨烯构建一维量子自旋链　(a) S = 1/2铁磁链^[136]; (b) S = 1/2反铁磁链^[138]; (c) 基于三角烯构建S = 1反铁磁链^[51]; (d) 基于类卟啉纳米石墨烯构建S = 1反铁磁链^[48]; (e) Haldane 量子自旋链^[48,51] ((c), (d) 出自文献[51, 48], 已获得授权)

Figure 11. Building 1D quantum spin chains with magnetic nanographenes: (a) S = 1/2 ferromagnetic spin chain^[136]; (b) S = 1/2 antiferromagnetic spin chain^[138]; (c) S = 1 antiferromagnetic quantum spin chain build with triangulene^[51]; (d) S = 1 antiferromagnetic quantum spin chain build with porphyrins-based magnetic nanographenes^[48]; (e) Haldane quantum spin chain^[48,51] ((c), (d) reproduced with permission from Ref. [51, 48]).

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Vol. 71, Issue 18 - 2022-09-20

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