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To reveal the impact velocity (Up) effect on the spalling and fracture behavior of single crystal nickel, a non-equilibrium molecular dynamics approach is performed to investigate the free surface velocity curve, radial distribution function, atomic crystal structures, dislocations, and void evolution process. The results show that the critical Up for spalling behavior in single crystal nickel is 1.5 km/s, the spallation mechanism is classical spallation damage (Up≤1.5 km/s) and micro-spallation damage (Up＞1.5 km/s). The number and distribution area, and stress distribution area under micro-spallation damage much higher than those under classical spallation damage. Analyzed the influence of impact velocity on the classical spalling damage behavior (Up ≤ 1.5 km/s) and obtained the corresponding spalling strength, an accident of spalling strength occurs at the Up of 1.3 km/s. The spalling strength of single crystal nickel is influenced by the combined effects of stacking faults, phase transformation, and dislocation mechanisms. The nucleation and emission of dislocations increase lead to a decrease in the spalling strength. When Up <1.3 km/s, spalling damage is primarily influenced by stacking faults. When Up =1.3 km/s, spalling strength is mainly affected by the competition between stacking faults and phase transformation. When Up >1.3 km/s, spalling strength is predominantly influenced by the body-centered cubic (BCC) phase transformation mechanism (transformation path: FCC → BCT → BCC). This study reveals the impact velocitydependent patterns, mechanisms, and effects on spalling damage and fracture, providing a theoretical basis for the protective application of nickel-based materials under extreme impact conditions.
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Keywords:
- Impact velocity /
- Single crystal nickel /
- Spallation /
- Phase transition /
- Molecular dynamics
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