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Double perovskite materials have received significant attention in the photovoltaic field due to their low cost, environmental friendliness, and lead-free composition, which make them ideal candidates for next-generation solar cell applications. In this work, the photovoltaic performance of solar cells using Cs2AgBiI6 as the light-absorbing layer is systematically investigated through simulations using Silvaco ATLAS software. Based on the previously reported single hole transport layer device architecture, namely ITO/ZnO/Cs2AgBiI6/HTL/Au, a new dual hole transport layer structure ITO/ZnO/Cs2AgBiI6/HTL1/HTL2/Au is proposed. Different dual hole transport layer combinations are explored, and their influence on the internal physical mechanism and the device performance are analyzed and optimized in detail. The simulation results show that the devices using Cu2O/NiO and NiO/Si respectively as dual hole transport layer significantly improve charge extraction and generate a negative electric field at the interface, thereby reducing recombination losse and accelerating the transport of hole carriers. These two configurations exhibit substantially higher efficiencies than those configurations with a single hole transport layer, confirming the advantages of the dual hole transport layer structure. Additionally, devices using Cu2O/CZTS and MoO3/CZTS as dual hole transport layer show better performance than the reference structure using Spiro-OMeTAD/CZTS, indicating the potential for further improvement by optimizing material selection and layer properties. Of the various dual hole transport layer combinations tested, the structure utilizing Cu2O/CZTS achieves the highest simulated power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.85%. By optimizing the thickness of each functional layer, the efficiency can be further increased to 25.62%, and the optimal layer thickness is determined to be 40 nm for ZnO, 850 nm for Cs2AgBiI6, 140 nm for Cu2O, and 150 nm for CZTS. Furthermore, the effects of environmental and material parameters, such as temperature and hole transport layer doping concentration, on device performance are investigated. This study lays a theoretical foundation for the design and enhancement of double perovskite solar cells. By demonstrating the potential that the dual hole transport layer structures can significantly improve device efficiency, their value in advancing environmentally friendly and lead-free photovoltaic technologies becomes very prominent. The insights gained from this research pave the way for developing high-performance double perovskite solar cells with optimized architectures and material properties.
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Keywords:
- double perovskite solar cell /
- dual HTLs /
- photoelectric conversion efficiency /
- optimization
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图 1 (a) Cs2AgBiI6单HTL钙钛矿太阳能电池; (b) Cs2AgBiI6双HTL钙钛矿太阳电池结构
Figure 1. Device structure of (a) Cs2AgBiI6-based single HTL perovskite solar cell and (b) Cs2AgBiI6-based dual HTLs perovskite solar cell.
图 2 基于Cs2AgBiI6的不同单空穴传输层太阳能电池的J-V参数曲线
Figure 2. J-V parameter curves for different single HTL solar cells based on Cs2AgBiI6.
图 3 基于Cs2AgBiI6的不同双空穴传输层太阳能电池的J-V参数曲线
Figure 3. J-V parameter curves for different dual HTLs solar cells based on Cs2AgBiI6.
图 4 具有不同双空穴传输层的Cs2AgBiI6太阳能电池界面电场 (a) Cu2O/NiO; (b) NiO/Si; (c) /MoO3/Cu2O; (d) MoO3/Spiro
Figure 4. Electric fields at the interfaces of Cs2AgBiI6 PSCs with different HTL combinations: (a) Cu2O/NiO; (b) NiO/Si; (c) /MoO3/Cu2O; (d) MoO3/Spiro.
图 5 具有不同双空穴传输层的Cs2AgBiI6太阳能电池复合率 (a) Cu2O/NiO; (b) NiO/Si; (c) MoO3/Cu2O, (d) MoO3/Spiro
Figure 5. Charge recombination rate of Cs2AgBiI6 PSCs with different HTL combinations: (a) Cu2O/NiO; (b) NiO/Si; (c) MoO3/Cu2O; (d) MoO3/Spiro.
图 6 具有不同双空穴传输层的Cs2AgBiI6太阳能电池的能带图 (a) NiO/Si; (b) Cu2O/NiO.
Figure 6. Energy band diagram of Cs2AgBiI6 PSCs with different HTL combinations: (a) NiO/Si; (b) Cu2O/NiO.
图 7 基于Cs2AgBiI6的不同HTL/CZTS双空穴传输层太阳能电池的J-V参数曲线
Figure 7. J-V parameter curves for different HTL/CZTS solar cells based on Cs2AgBiI6.
图 8 Cs2AgBiI6太阳能电池中 (a) Spiro/CZTS, (b) MoO3/CZTS, (c) Cu2O/CZTS双空穴传输层界面上的电场, 以及(d) Spiro/CZTS, (e) MoO3/CZTS, (f) Cu2O/CZTS双空穴传输层的复合率
Figure 8. Electric fields at the interfaces of Cs2AgBiI6 PSCs with different HTL combinations: (a) Spiro/CZTS; (b) MoO3/CZTS; (c) Cu2O/CZTS. Charge recombination dynamics of Cs2AgBiI6 PSCs with different HTL combinations: (d) Spiro/CZTS; (e) MoO3/ CZTS; (f) Cu2O/CZTS.
图 9 Cu2O/CZTS双空穴传输层Cs2AgBiI6太阳能电池的能带图
Figure 9. Energy band diagram of Cs2AgBiI6 solar cell with Cu2O/CZTS dual hole transport layer.
图 10 (a)电子传输层ZnO、(b)钙钛矿层Cs2AgBiI6、双空穴传输层(c) CZTS和(d) Cu2O厚度对钙钛矿太阳能电池VOC, JSC, FF和PCE的影响
Figure 10. Effects of thicknesses of (a) electron transport layer ZnO, (b) perovskite layer Cs2AgBiI6, (c) hole transport layer Ⅰ CZTS, (d) hole transport layer Ⅱ Cu2O on VOC, JSC, FF and PCE of dual HTLs perovskite solar cell.
图 11 基于Cs2AgBiI6的Cu2O/CZTS钙钛矿太阳能电池优化前后J-V参数曲线
Figure 11. J-V parameter curves before and after optimization of Cu2O/CZTS dual HTLs perovskite solar cell based on Cs2AgBiI6.
图 12 空穴传输层CZTS和Cu2O浓度对Cs2AgBiI6钙钛矿太阳能电池的 (a)短路电流密度JSC、(b)开路电压VOC、(c)光电转效率PCE和(d)填充因子FF的影响
Figure 12. Effects of the concentrations of the CZTS and Cu2O on (a) JSC, (b) VOC, (c) PCE and (d) FF of the Cs2AgBiI6 perovskite solar cell.
图 13 电池输出参数随HTL空穴迁移率的变化
Figure 13. Variations of solar cell output parameters with HTL hole mobility.
图 14 温度对Cs2AgBiI6钙钛矿太阳能电池的 (a)开路电压VOC、(b)短路电流密度JSC、(c)光电转效率PCE和(d)填充因子FF的影响
Figure 14. Effect of the temperature on (a) JSC, (b) VOC, (c) PCE and (d) FF of the Cs2AgBiI6 perovskite solar cell.
表 1 太阳能电池不同层材料的参数
Table 1. Device parameters for different layers of the cells.
Parameter ZnO Cs2AgBiI6 Cu2O MoO3 CZTS Spiro-OMeTAD NiO P3HT Si Thickness/nm 50 800 50 50 100 200 100 50 50 Permittivity, εr 9 6.5 7.5 12.5 9 3 10.7 3 11.9 Band gap/eV 3.3 1.6 2.17 3 1.4 2.2 3.8 1.7 1.12 Affinity/eV 4 3.9 3.2 2.5 3.8 3 1.46 3.5 4.17 NC/(1018 cm–3) 3.7 10.0 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.2 28.0 2000.0 250.0 NV/(1018 cm–3) 18.0 10.0 11.0 18.0 1.8 250.0 10.0 2000.0 180.0 ND(1018 cm–3) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NA/(1015 cm–3) 0 1 1000 1000 10000 1000 1000 1000 10 μn/(cm2·V–1·s–1) 100 2 200 25 100 2×10–4 12 1.8×10–3 1500 μp/(cm2·V–1·s–1) 25 2 80 100 12.5 2×10–4 2.8 1.86×10–2 480 
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表 2 不同单空穴传输层电池的输出参数
Table 2. PSCs with various HTLs and their performance parameters.
电池结构 VOC/V JSC/(mA·cm–2) PCE/% FF/% FTO/ZnO/Cs2AgBiI6/Cu2O/Au 1.096 23.02 21.17 83.91 FTO/ZnO/Cs2AgBiI6/MoO3/Au 1.097 23.01 21.16 83.83 FTO/ZnO/Cs2AgBiI6/CZTS/Au 1.088 22.07 20.00 83.29 FTO/ZnO/Cs2AgBiI6/Spiro/Au 1.095 23.08 20.14 79.69 FTO/ZnO/Cs2AgBiI6/NiO/Au 1.095 23.00 20.64 82.10 FTO/ZnO/Cs2AgBiI6/P3HT/Au 1.070 23.04 17.91 72.65 FTO/ZnO/Cs2AgBiI6/Si/Au 1.055 22.00 17.18 74.02 Bhattarai等[34] 1.08 24.20 21.72 83.14 Hossain等[33] 1.08 23.74 20.31 79.28
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表 3 不同双空穴传输层电池的输出参数
Table 3. PSCs with dual HTLs and their performance parameters. .
Device structures VOC/V JSC/(mA·cm–2) PCE/% FF/% FTO/ZnO/Cs2AgBiI6/Cu2O/NiO/Au 1.098 23.19 21.39 83.46 FTO/ZnO/Cs2AgBiI6/NiO/Si/Au 1.093 23.05 20.71 82.21 FTO/ZnO/Cs2AgBiI6/MoO3/Cu2O/Au 1.097 22.9 21.13 83.44 FTO/ZnO/Cs2AgBiI6/MoO3/Spiro/Au 1.097 23.96 21.12 83.77
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表 4 不同HTL/CZTS双空穴传输层电池的输出参数
Table 4. PSCs with HTL/CZTS and their performance parameters. .
Device structures VOC/V JSC/(mA·cm–2) PCE/% FF/% FTO/ZnO/Cs2AgBiI6/Spiro/CZTS/Au 1.1 24.73 22.62 83.15 FTO/ZnO/Cs2AgBiI6/Cu2O/CZTS/Au 1.1 24.89 22.85 83.46 FTO/ZnO/Cs2AgBiI6/MoO3/CZTS/Au 1.1 24.83 22.79 83.44
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表 5 正交实验中Cu2O和CZTS作为HTL的太阳能电池性能参数
Table 5. Performance parameters of PSCs with Cu2O and CZTS as HTL in orthogonal experiments.
Experiment No. Thickness/nm VOC/V JSC/(mA·cm–2) PCE/% FF/% ZnO Cs2AgBiI6 CZTS Cu2O 1 40 850 150 140 1.103 28.31 25.62 82.05 2 40 900 170 150 1.100 28.36 25.46 81.61 3 40 950 160 160 1.098 28.37 25.25 81.06 4 50 850 170 160 1.102 27.92 25.26 82.10 5 50 900 160 140 1.101 28.10 25.21 81.49 6 50 950 150 150 1.098 28.09 25.01 81.09 7 60 850 160 150 1.103 27.80 25.15 82.02 8 60 900 150 160 1.100 27.56 24.75 81.64 9 60 950 170 140 1.098 28.30 25.15 80.94
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