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In recent years, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based nanofiber membranes, as key materials for applications in sensors, energy harvesters, and flexible electronics, have received significant attention due to their excellent piezoelectric properties. However, the research on the piezoelectric performance of PVDF membranes is still limited because of their intrinsic structure and material characteristics. Therefore, in this work, the effects of filler doping on the properties of PVDF nanofiber membranes are investigated to enhance their piezoelectric performance and stability. Using electrospinning technology, electret particles are incorporated into PVDF nanofiber membranes at different concentrations (e.g. 1%, 1.5%, and 2%). Characterization tests of the composite nanofiber membranes, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), reveal that the doping of electret particles can increase the average fiber diameter and enhance the β-phase content. In the piezoelectric performance tests, the piezoelectric sensors made of nanofiber membranes doped with electric particles show significant improvement in electrical output at a test pressure of 20 N. Furthermore, increasing the membrane area and using higher pressure can further enhance the electrical output. These results show that the piezoelectric properties of PVDF membranes can be effectively improved by appropriately doping electric particles. Stability tests carried out three months after sensor was fabricated shows that the electrical output stability of the piezoelectric sensors containing electric particles has been significantly improved. Additionally, an efficient signal processing method is proposed, with an FIR digital low-pass filter used to remove high-frequency noise. This method is not only a smoothing prior method to eliminate baseline drift, but also an improved AMPD algorithm to accurately detect the peak position and features of the piezoelectric signal. This method can significantly enhance the stability and accuracy of signal feature extraction. All in all, this study presents a simple and effective approach to improving the piezoelectric performance and electrical output stability of PVDF nanofiber membranes through the combination of filler doping and electrospinning technology. This method not only optimizes the performance of PVDF-based composites but also provides new insights into and technical support for their broad applications in energy collection, smart sensors, flexible electronic devices, and other fields.
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Keywords:
- electrospinning /
- electret particles /
- PVDF nanofiber membranes /
- signal processing
[1] Rasoolzadeh M, Sherafat Z, Vahedi M, Bagherzadeh E 2022 J. Alloys Compd. 917 165505
Google Scholar
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Guo X G 2018 M. S. Thesis (Nanjing: Southeast University
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图 1 (a) 正压电效应; (b) 逆压电效应
Figure 1. (a) Positive piezoelectric effect; (b) converse piezoelectric effect.
图 2 压电传感器在不同状态下的工作原理 (a) 未施加压力; (b) 施加压力
Figure 2. Working principle of piezoelectric sensors in different states: (a) No pressure applied; (b) with pressure applied.
图 3 (a)—(f) 压电传感器的制备过程; (g) 制备的压电膜的照片; (h) 压电膜的显微镜照片
Figure 3. (a)–(f) Fabrication process of the piezoelectric sensors; (g) picture of fabricated piezoelectric membrane; (h) microscope picture of the piezoelectric membrane.
图 4 (a)—(d) 不同浓度纳米复合薄膜的SEM图像及纳米纤维直径分布图; (e) PVDF和掺杂EtP的纳米复合薄膜的XRD谱图
Figure 4. (a)–(d) SEM images and nanofiber diameter distribution maps of nanocomposite films with different concentrations; (e) XRD spectra of PVDF and EtP doped nanocomposite films.
图 5 (a) 压电传感器的测试系统和传感器样品; (b) 不同PVDF/EtP浓度传感器的输出电压测试; (c) 输出电压与传感器尺寸之间的关系; (d) 输出电压与施加力之间的关系; (e) 制备传感器在不同施加力下的平均输出电压幅度; (f)压电系数测试
Figure 5. (a) Testing system of the piezoelectric sensors and a sensor sample; (b) the output voltage testing of the sensors with various PVDF/EtP concentration; (c) relationship between the output voltage and the sensor size; (d) relationship between the output voltage and the applied force; (e) the average output voltage magnitude of fabricated sensors under different force; (f) piezoelectric coefficient test.
图 6 传感器在20000次振动循环下的长期稳定性, 插图显示了不同循环周期下的信号, 新制备传感器的重复性测试 (a) 1% PVDF/EtP; (b) 10% PVDF. 制备3个月后传感器的重复性测试 (c) 1% PVDF/EtP; (d) 10% PVDF
Figure 6. The long-term stability of the sensor under 20000 vibration cycles is shown in the illustration, which displays the signals at different cycle periods, repeatability testing of newly fabricated sensors: (a) 1% PVDF/EtP; (b) 10% PVDF. Repeatability testing of sensors fabricated three months before: (a) 1% PVDF/EtP; (b) 10% PVDF.
图 7 (a) 基于PVDF/EtP纳米纤维压电传感器的系统工作流程; (b) 硬件系统照片; (c) 基于PVDF/EtP纳米纤维的压电传感器用于检测, 其中(I)为手指按压; (II)为肘部弯曲
Figure 7. (a) System workflow based on PVDF/EtP nanofiber piezoelectric sensor; (b) hardware system photos; (c) a piezoelectric sensor based on PVDF/EtP nanofibers is used for detecting, where (I) represents finger pressure; (II) represents bend the elbow.
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[1] Rasoolzadeh M, Sherafat Z, Vahedi M, Bagherzadeh E 2022 J. Alloys Compd. 917 165505
Google Scholar
[2] Zhang D D, Zhang X L, Li X J, Wang H P, Sang X D, Zhu G D, Yeung Y H 2022 Eur. Polym. J 166 0014
Google Scholar
[3] Fu G M, Shi Q S, Liang Y R, He Y Q, Xue R, He S F, Chen Y J 2022 Polyme 254 125087
Google Scholar
[4] Liang H, Zhang L, Wu T, Song H, Tang C 2022 Nanomaterials 13 102
Google Scholar
[5] Mirjalali S, Mahdavi A, Abrishami S, Bagherzadeh R, Asadnia M, Huang S 2023 Macromol. Mater. Eng. 308 2200442
Google Scholar
[6] Zhang M H, Hu K, Meng Q Y, Lan Z Y, Shi S T, Sun Q F, Zhou L, Shen X P 2023 Mater. Opt. Electron 11 4766
Google Scholar
[7] Leung C M, Chen X, Wang T, Tang Y, Duan Z, Zhao X, Zhou H, Wang F 2022 Mater. 15 1769
Google Scholar
[8] Tiwari S, Dubey D K, Prakash O, Das S, Maiti P 2023 Energy 275 127492
Google Scholar
[9] Chen G, Chen G, Pan L, Chen D 2022 Diam. Relat. Mater 129 109358
Google Scholar
[10] Chen L, Xiao W Q, Yan L, Wu T, Qiu Y S, Lin H L, Bian J, Lu Y 2018 J. Funct. Mater. 49 6064
Google Scholar
[11] Revathi S, Kennedy L J, Basha S K, Padmanabhan R 2018 J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 18 4953
Google Scholar
[12] Xu J, Yu T, Han D, Guan X L, Lei X P 2019 J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. Mater. Sci. Ed. 34 1279
Google Scholar
[13] Gregorio Jr R 2006 J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 100 3272
Google Scholar
[14] Tashiro K 1995 Plast. Eng. 28 63
[15] Mahanty B, Ghosh S K, Lee D W 2023 Nano 24 100421
Google Scholar
[16] Furukawa T 1989 Phase Transit. 18 143
Google Scholar
[17] Ramasundaram S, Yoon S, Kim K J, Lee J S 2008 Macromol. Chem. Phys. 209 2516
Google Scholar
[18] Constantino C J L, Job A E, Simoes R D, Giacometti J A, Zucolotto V, Oliveira O N, Gozzi G, Chinaglia D L 2005 Appl Spectrosc. 59 275
Google Scholar
[19] He S, Xin B J, Chen Z M, Liu Y 2018 Cellulose 25 3691
Google Scholar
[20] Gao Q, Cao C, Ao J P, Bi J L, Yao L Y, Guo J J, Sun G Z, Liu W, Zhang Y, Liu F F, Li W 2021 Appl. Surf. Sci. 578 152063
Google Scholar
[21] Nunes J S, Sencadas V, Wu A, Kholkin A L, Vilarinho P M, Lanceros-Méndez S 2006 MRS Online proc. Libr. 949 0949
Google Scholar
[22] Chen X, Han M, Chen H, Cheng X, Song Y, Su Z, Jiang Y, Zhang H 2017 Nanoscale 9 1263
Google Scholar
[23] Kim Y, Wu X, Lee C, Oh J H 2021 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13 36967
Google Scholar
[24] 郭欣格 2018 硕士学位论文 (南京: 东南大学)
Guo X G 2018 M. S. Thesis (Nanjing: Southeast University
[25] Wang X Y, Zuo J L, Jiang T L, Xiao J X, Tong J, Huang S Q, Zhang W H 2024 Engergies. 17 3886
Google Scholar
[26] Kulkarni N D, Kumari P 2023 Mater. Res. Bull. 157 112039
Google Scholar
[27] Kwon H, Yoo Y W, Park Y, Nam U H, Byon E 2023 J. Asian Ceram. Soc. 11 282
Google Scholar
[28] Kim M S, Lee D S, Park E C, Jeong S J, Song J S 2007 J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 27 13
Google Scholar
[29] Haily E, Bih L, Bouari A E, Lahmar A, Elmarssi M, Manoun B 2020 Mater. Chem. Phys. 241 122434
Google Scholar
[30] Song G L, Chen L, Xing L Y, Zhang K, Wu Z Y, Yang H G, Zhang N 2021 Physica B 621 413308
Google Scholar
[31] Wang Q P, Jiang S L, Zhang Y Y, Zhang G Z, Xiong L Y 2011 J. Mater. Sci-Mater. El. 22 849
Google Scholar
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