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Memristors exhibit controllable nonlinear characteristics, generating chaotic signals that are characterized by randomness, sensitivity, and unpredictability, thereby demonstrating significant potential applications in information encryption and signal processing. With the integration of chaos theory and electronic technology, constructing memristive hyperchaotic systems has become a hot topic in nonlinear science and information security. To overcome the limitation of monotonic dynamic characteristics in traditional chaotic systems, we design a novel memristor-based hyperchaotic system with richer dynamic behavior and higher application value in this paper. Moreover, the characteristic analysis, theoretical verification, application exploration, and hardware implementation are conducted to support the engineering applications of the system. Building upon the classical Chen system, this work is innovatively combined with a cubic nonlinear magnetically controlled memristor model as a feedback element. By establishing a mathematical model of the memristor and coupling it with the state equations of the Chen system, we design a four-dimensional memristor-based hyperchaotic system. First, by integrating numerical computation with differential equation theory, a comprehensive mathematical model is established to analyze fundamental properties, such as symmetry and dissipativity, thereby validating the system's rationality. Second, the system’s dynamical behaviors are analyzed, including attractor phase diagrams, Lyapunov exponents, power spectra, parameter effects, transient dynamics, and coexisting attractors. Simultaneously, variational methods are utilized to analyze unstable periodic orbits within the system. A symbolic coding approach based on orbital characteristics is established to convert orbital information into symbolic sequences, and orbital pruning rules are explored to provide a basis for optimal orbital control. Furthermore, a digital image encryption method is proposed based on this system. Using chaotic sequences as keys, image pixels are scrambled and diffused. The effectiveness of encryption is validated through histogram analysis, correlation analysis, information entropy evaluation, and testing of anti-attack capabilities. Finally, a DSP-based digital circuit hardware platform is constructed to run the system, and the hardware experimental results are compared with software simulation outcomes. These findings reveal that the introduction of memristors induces linearly distributed equilibrium points in phase space, generating hidden attractors that enrich the chaotic behavior of the system. The simulation of dynamic behavior confirms the rich dynamics of this four-dimensional memristor-based hyperchaotic system. The proposed digital image encryption method demonstrates robust security performance. The DSP hardware experiments and software simulations yield highly consistent attractor phase diagrams, validating the correctness and feasibility of the system.
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图 1 混沌吸引子相图 (a) x-y平面; (b) x-z平面; (c) y-z平面; (d) y-z-w三维视图
Figure 1. Phase portraits of chaotic attractor: (a) x-y phase; (b) x-z phase; (c) y-z phase; (d) The 3D view in y-z-w space.
图 2 连续的频谱图
Figure 2. Continuous broadband frequency spectrum.
图 6 不同 k 值对应的2D相图 (a) $ k=0.1 $; (b) $ k=0.5 $; (c) $ k=0.7 $; (d) $ k=2.5 $; (e) $ k=3.7 $; (f) $ k=4.4 $; (g) $ k=5.1 $; (h) $ k=8 $
Figure 6. 2D phase portraits corresponding to different k values: (a) $ k=0.1 $; (b) $ k=0.5 $; (c) $ k=0.7 $; (d) $ k=2.5 $; (e) $ k=3.7 $; (f) $ k=4.4 $; (g) $ k=5.1 $; (h) $ k=8 $.
图 7 暂态混沌转换周期行为 (a) z 的时域波形; (b) 在$ t\in \left (0, 100 \right) $ (绿色) 和$ t\in\left(200, 500\right) $ (红色) 下的相图
Figure 7. Transient chaotic transition periodic behavior: (a) Time domain waveform about z; (b) Phase portrait when $ t\in \left (0, 100 \right) $ (green) and $ t\in \left (200, 500 \right) $ (red).
图 8 暂态混沌转换周期行为 (a) z 的时域波形; (b) 在$ t\in \left (0, 500 \right) $ (绿色) 和$ t\in \left (500, 1000 \right) $ (红色)下的相图
Figure 8. Transient chaotic transition periodic behavior: (a) Time domain waveform about z; (b) Phase portrait when $ t\in \left (0, 500 \right) $ (green) and $ t\in \left (500, 1000 \right) $ (red).
图 9 暂态超混沌转换周期行为 (a) z 的时域波形; (b) 在$ t\in \left (0, 400 \right) $ (绿色), $ t\in \left (400, 1260 \right) $ (蓝色) 和$ t\in \left (1260, 2000 \right) $ (红色) 下的相图
Figure 9. Transient hyperchaotic transition periodic behavior: (a) Time domain waveform about z; (b) Phase portrait when $ t\in \left (0, 400 \right) $ (green), $ t\in \left (400, 1260 \right) $ (blue) and $ t\in \left (1260, 2000 \right) $ (red).
图 10 系统(3) 的三个周期吸引子的共存 (a) 不对称周期吸引子; (b) 另一个不对称周期吸引子; (c) 对称周期吸引子; (d) 三个共存吸引子; (e) 共存吸引子吸引盆
Figure 10. Three coexisting periodic attractors of system (3): (a) Asymmetrical periodic attractor; (b) Another asymmetrical periodic attractor; (c) Symmetrical periodic attractor; (d) Three coexisting attractors; (e) Basins of attraction.
图 11 系统(3) 的三个周期吸引子的共存 (a) 双层翼状周期吸引子; (b) 三层翼状周期吸引子; (c) 多层翼状周期吸引子; (d) 三个共存吸引子; (e) 共存吸引子吸引盆
Figure 11. Three coexisting periodic attractors of system (3): (a) Double-layered winged periodic attractor; (b) Three-layer winged periodic attractor; (c) Multi-layered winged periodic attractor; (d) Three coexisting attractors; (e) Basins of attraction.
图 12 准周期和周期吸引子的共存 (a) 周期吸引子; (b) 另一个周期吸引子; (c) 准周期吸引子; (d) 三个共存吸引子; (e) 共存吸引子吸引盆
Figure 12. Coexistence of quasi-periodic and periodic attractors: (a) Periodic attractor; (b) Another periodic attractor; (c) Quasi-periodic attractor; (d) Three coexisting attractors; (e) Basins of attraction.
图 13 混沌和准周期吸引子的共存 (a) 准周期吸引子; (b) 混沌吸引子; (c) 两个共存吸引子; (d) 共存吸引子吸引盆
Figure 13. Coexistence of chaotic and quasi-periodic attractors: (a) Quasi-periodic attractor; (b) Chaotic attractor; (c) Two coexisting attractors; (d) Basins of attraction.
图 14 在参数$ (a, b, c, d, e, k)=(51, 2.4, 30, 2, 0.1, 0.01) $下, 当$ w_0=-90 $(黑色), $ w_0=-60 $(黄色), $ w_0=-30 $(洋红), $ w_0=0 $(青色), $ w_0=30 $(蓝色), $ w_0=60 $(绿色), $ w_0=90 $(红色) 时的相图 (a) x-y-w平面; (b) x-w平面
Figure 14. In the parameters $ (a, b, c, d, e, k)=(51, 2.4, 30, 2, 0.1, 0.01) $, the phase portraits under $ w_0=-90 $ (black), $ w_0=-60 $ (yellow), $ w_0=-30 $ (magenta), $ w_0=0 $ (cyan), $ w_0=30 $ (blue), $ w_0=60 $ (green), $ w_0=90 $ (red): (a) The 3D plot in x-y-w space; (b) The 2D plot in x-w plane.
图 15 在参数$ (a, b, c, d, e, k)=(51, 3, 30, 2, 0.1, 1.7) $下, 当$ z_0=-45 $(黑色), $ z_0=-12 $(红色), $ z_0=5 $(蓝色), $ z_0=12 $(绿色)时的相图 (a) y-z-w平面; (b) x-y平面
Figure 15. In the parameters $ (a, b, c, d, e, k)=(51, 3, 30, 2, 0.1, 1.7) $, the phase portraits under $ z_0=-45 $ (black), $ z_0=-12 $ (red), $ z_0=5 $ (blue), $ z_0=12 $ (green): (a) The 3D plot in y-z-w space; (b) The 2D plot in x-y plane.
图 18 八个拓扑结构不同的不稳定周期轨道 (a) 轨道205; (b) 轨道1AA; (c) 轨道AA3; (d) 轨道4B1; (e) 轨道3A2B; (f) 轨道B01A; (g) 轨道AAB3; (f) 轨道2A13
Figure 18. Eight unstable periodic orbits with different topologies: (a) Cycle 205; (b) Cycle 1AA; (c) Cycle AA3; (d) Cycle 4B1; (e) Cycle 3A2B; (f) Cycle B01A; (g) Cycle AAB3; (f) Cycle 2A13.
图 19 混沌图像加密算法流程图
Figure 19. Chaotic image encryption flow chart algorithm.
图 20 明文图像加解密实验图 (a) 明文图像; (b) 密文图像; (c) 解密图像
Figure 20. Experimental diagram of plaintext image encryption and decryption: (a) Plaintext image; (b) Ciphertext image; (c) Decrypted image.
图 21 明文图像、密文图像和解密图像的 R, G, B 分量直方图 (a) 明文图像的R分量; (b) G分量; (c) B分量; (d) 密文图像的R分量; (e) G分量; (f) B分量; (g) 解密图像的R分量; (h) G分量; (i) B分量
Figure 21. Histogram of R, G, B components of plaintext, ciphertext and decrypted image: (a) The R-component of plaintext image; (b) The G-component; (c) The B-component; (d) The R-component of ciphertext image; (e) The G-component; (f) The B-component; (g) The R-component of decrypted image; (h) The G-component; (i) The B-component.
图 22 明文图像 R, G, B 通道分别在水平、垂直、对角线相邻元素相关性点图 (a) R通道水平相邻元素相关性点图; (b) 垂直; (c) 对角线; (d) G通道水平相邻元素相关性点图; (e) 垂直; (f) 对角线; (g) B通道水平相邻元素相关性点图; (h) 垂直; (i) 对角线
Figure 22. Plaintext image R, G, B channel in horizontal, vertical, diagonal adjacent elements correlation point map respectively: (a) R Channel Horizontal Neighboring Element Correlation Point Plot; (b) Vertical direction; (c) Diagonal direction; (d) G Channel Horizontal Neighboring Element Correlation Point Plot; (e) Vertical direction; (f) Diagonal direction; (g) B Channel Horizontal Neighboring Element Correlation Point Plot; (h) Vertical direction; (i) Diagonal direction.
图 23 密文图像R, G, B通道分别在水平、垂直、对角线相邻元素相关性点图 (a) R通道水平相邻元素相关性点图; (b) 垂直; (c) 对角线; (d) G通道水平相邻元素相关性点图; (e) 垂直; (f) 对角线; (g) B通道水平相邻元素相关性点图; (h) 垂直; (i) 对角线
Figure 23. Ciphertext image R, G, B channel in horizontal, vertical, diagonal adjacent elements correlation point map respectively: (a) R Channel Horizontal Neighboring Element Correlation Point Plot; (b) Vertical direction; (c) Diagonal direction; (d) G Channel Horizontal Neighboring Element Correlation Point Plot; (e) Vertical direction; (f) Diagonal direction; (g) B Channel Horizontal Neighboring Element Correlation Point Plot; (h) Vertical direction; (i) Diagonal direction.
图 24 密钥敏感性测试图 (a) 明文图像; (b) 密文$ P_1 $(密钥为$ p_1 $); (c) 密文$ P_2 $(密钥为$ p_2 $); (d) $ P_1 $用$ p_1 $解密结果; (e) $ P_1 $用$ p_2 $解密结果; (f) $ P_2 $用$ p_1 $解密结果
Figure 24. Key sensitivity tests: (a) Plaintext image; (b) Ciphertext $ P_1 $ (key $ p_1 $); (c) Ciphertext $ P_2 $ (key $ p_2 $); (d) $ P_1 $ decryption result with key $ p_1 $; (e) $ P_1 $ decryption result with key $ p_2 $; (f) $ P_2 $ decryption result with key $ p_1 $.
图 26 系统(3)在$ (a, b, c, d, e, k)=(51, 3, 30, 2, 0.1, 0.1) $, $ (x_0, y_0, z_0, w_0)=(10, 10, 10, 10) $条件下的DSP实现 (a) DSP实验平台; (b) 在x-y平面; (c) 在x-z平面; (d) 在y-z平面
Figure 26. DSP implementation of the system (3) with initial conditions $ (10, 10, 10, 10) $, $ (a, b, c, d, e, k)=(51, 3, 30, 2, 0.1, 0.1) $: (a) DSP experimental platform; (b) In the x-y plane; (c) In the x-z plane; (d) In the y-z plane.
表 1 不同k值对应的李雅普诺夫指数和吸引子类型及相图
Table 1. Lyapunov exponents, attractor types and phase corresponding to different parameter k.
参数k值 $ L_{1} $ $ L_{2} $ $ L_{3} $ $ L_{4} $ 吸引子类型 相图 $ 0.1 $ $ 0.3675 $ $ 0.0109 $ $ -0.0012 $ $ -24.0787 $ 超混沌 图6(a) $ 0.5 $ $ 0.2356 $ $ 0.0596 $ $ -0.0059 $ $ -23.1174 $ 超混沌 图6(b) $ 1.7 $ $ 0.0058 $ $ -0.0011 $ $ -0.1339 $ $ -19.9824 $ 准周期 图6(c) $ 2.5 $ $ 0.0004 $ $ -0.0807 $ $ -0.0812 $ $ -18.1232 $ 极限环 图6(d) $ 3.7 $ $ 0.0002 $ $ -0.8435 $ $ -1.2411 $ $ -13.4649 $ 极限环 图6(e) $ 4.4 $ $ 0.0011 $ $ 0 $ $ -0.2547 $ $ -14.4246 $ 混沌 图6(f) $ 5.1 $ $ 0.0006 $ $ -0.0526 $ $ -0.0530 $ $ -13.2676 $ 极限环 图6(g) $ 8 $ $ -0.0006 $ $ -1.9258 $ $ -1.9672 $ $ -2.9574 $ 不动点 图6(h) 
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表 2 不同优化因子f值对应的李雅普诺夫指数, 吸引子类别及相图
Table 2. Lyapunov exponents, attractor types and phases corresponding to different values of optimization factor with parameter f.
参数f值 $ L_{1} $ $ L_{2} $ $ L_{3} $ $ L_{4} $ 分形维数 吸引子类型 相图 $ 0 $ $ 0.0052 $ $ -0.0017 $ $ -0.3898 $ $ -18.8902 $ $ 2.0116 $ 准周期 图16(a) $ 0.8 $ $ 0.0023 $ $ -0.0320 $ $ -0.0377 $ $ -19.4078 $ $ 1.0706 $ 极限环 图16(b) $ 8 $ $ 0.0013 $ $ -0.6203 $ $ -1.1092 $ $ -6.4579 $ $ 1.0020 $ 极限环 图16(c) $ 10 $ $ 0.0017 $ $ -0.4181 $ $ -2.6648 $ $ -14.3500 $ $ 1.004 $ 极限环 图16(d) $ -0.4 $ $ 0.0595 $ $ 0.0002 $ $ -0.1958 $ $ -19.2351 $ $ 2.3053 $ 混沌 图16(e) $ -30 $ $ 120.4688 $ $ 13.6667 $ $ 12.6813 $ $ -87.5597 $ $ 4.6768 $ 超混沌 图16(f)
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表 3 系统(3)中隐藏超混沌吸引子内嵌的长度4以内的34条轨道, 其各自的拓扑长度, 编码以及周期
Table 3. The thirty-four orbits of length 4 or less embedded in the hidden hyperchaotic attractor of system (3), with their respective topological lengths, itinerary, and period.
长度 编码 周期 长度 编码 周期 2 AB 0.959005 4 AAB3 2.046255 A3 1.218612 BBA2 2.046255 B2 1.218612 B01A 2.219597 01 1.282773 A10B 2.219597 23 1.756488 3A2B 2.278487 3 1AA 1.798867 0AB3 2.533050 0BB 1.798867 1BA2 2.533050 205 2.099686 2A13 2.543823 314 2.099686 3B02 2.543823 AA3 2.173642 2B01 2.574009 BB2 2.173642 3A10 2.574009 4B1 2.251978 141A 2.704436 5A0 2.251978 050B 2.704436 114 2.445506 33A0 2.936549 005 2.445506 22B1 2.936549 343 3.003352 54B0 3.161825 252 3.003352 45A1 3.161825
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表 4 相关性分析数据对比(以 R 通道为例)
Table 4. Correlation analysis data comparison (in the case of the R channel).
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表 5 明文图像和密文图像在R, G, B通道上的信息熵值
Table 5. Information entropy value of plaintext and ciphertext image on R, G, B channel.
通道 信息熵 明文图像 密文图像 R 7.4346 7.9994 G 7.5319 7.9994 B 7.3011 7.9993
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表 7 忆阻器参数对加密性能的影响
Table 7. The influence of memristor parameters on encryption performance.
文献 所用忆阻器模型 功耗 磁滞回归线面积 平均信息熵 NPCR UACI 本文 $ \alpha \varphi +\beta \varphi ^{3} $ $ 200\mu J $/周期 $ 0.5\mu J $ 7.9994 $ 99.5795{\text{%}} $ $ 33.4555{\text{%}} $ 文献[41] $ \alpha +\beta \varphi ^{2} $ $ 220\mu J $/周期 $ 0.5\mu J $ 7.9990 $ 98.0042{\text{%}} $ $ 32.2856{\text{%}} $ 文献[42] $ tanh(z)\varphi $ $ \gt 200\mu J $/周期 $ 0.5\mu J $ 7.9993 $ 99.5952{\text{%}} $ $ 33.0282{\text{%}} $
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