搜索

x

留言板

尊敬的读者、作者、审稿人, 关于本刊的投稿、审稿、编辑和出版的任何问题, 您可以本页添加留言。我们将尽快给您答复。谢谢您的支持!

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

有机激光材料及器件的研究现状与展望

张琪 曾文进 夏瑞东

引用本文:
Citation:

有机激光材料及器件的研究现状与展望

张琪, 曾文进, 夏瑞东

Current reflearch and future development of organic laser materials and devices

Zhang Qi, Zeng Wen-Jin, Xia Rui-Dong
PDF
导出引用
  • 有机激光器因其制备简单, 价格低廉和易于集成等优势, 一直以来备受科研工作者的关注. 与无机激光介质相比, 有机激光材料来源广泛, 并具有发射光谱宽, 吸收与发射截面积大等特性, 因而有很大的发展潜力. 本文从激光的基本原理出发, 对有机激光材料的种类、特性进行了归纳, 并总结了高效有机激光材料的普遍特征; 分类讨论了常见有机激光微腔的类型与特点, 对有机激光系统内增益与损耗之间的动态关系进行了探讨. 鉴于实现电抽运激光一直以来都是有机激光领域期待解决的难题, 本文重点讨论了当前电抽运有机激光的研究现状和发展瓶颈, 以及科研工作者们对此问题的不懈探索和已有的工作基础. 最后总结了光抽运有机激光近年来的总体进展, 未来的研究方向, 这对于读者拓展新的研究思路有很好的参考和借鉴意义.
    Laser has been widely applied in the scientific and industrial areas, including materials, medicine, military and telecommunications, due to its extreflely well-defined frequency, narrow divergence and high intensity. In reflent fifty years, various laser sources have been developed. The laser output power, pulse duration, and attainable wavelengths have been greatly improved. To date, further optimization on laser is mainly focused on the three aspects: an effective gain medium capable of amplifying light, a convenient pump source, and a high efficient resonator (or cavity). Among these aspects, the gain medium plays a very important role in the generation of efficient and high-quality laser. Lots of laser materials have been explored and developed, among them, organic laser materials, small molecules or polymers based on -conjugated structure, have been attracting more and more attention in the current reflearch of high efficiency laser. Organic laser have advantages such as simple fabrication, low cost, easy integration, and so on. Although the organic lasers with optical pump source have been extensively reflearched, the issues how to achieve electrically pumped organic lasers, or the so-called organic laser diodes, still remain unsolved. Nevertheless, the prospects of organic laser are very promising, such as its application in spectroscopy, chemical sensor (e.g. trinitrotoluene or DNA sequences) and short-haul data communication. In this review, we try to draw a picture of the organic laser reflearch form its first appearence till the end of 2014, with emphasis on the latest progress and variation trends, instead of providing a complete survey of organic laser reflearch. In the first part of this paper, different types of organic materials used for lasers are briefly reviewed. First, basic rules for the selection of suitable materials for organic lasing are summaried as: 1) the appropriate energy level distribution for creating four-level systems; 2) a high-stimulated emission cross-section e, which should affect the gain and threshold; 3) an appropriate radius for host-guest blend if energy transfer system is applied; 4) the low stokes shift to reduce the pump energy converted into heat; 5) a low excited-state absorption to reduce the self-absorbance loss; 6) a low intersystem crossing rate and a low triplet-triplet absorption cross-section to eventually lower the triplet lifetime; 7) a high photoluminescence efficiency in solid-state, i.e. a low - packing; 8) the good stability against oxygen and moisture and photo stability against pump light. Such organic gain media are classified into dyes, semiconductors, and new-concept materials. The active host-guest system is also discussed, which is different from the dispersion chromophore in the inert matrix (e.g. PMMA). This energy transfer strategy has been well proved to be effective to improve the absorption of pump energy and move the absorption band away from the emission band. It is possible, therefore, to reduce the self-absorbance loss to lower the threshold of lasing. In the second part, different geometries and features of the most commonly used cavity are discussed to investigate the dynamic balance between the gain and loss inside the lasing operating system. We divide the resonator structures into the catalogs of planar waveguides, curved surface cavities, and vertical external cavity solid organic larers (VECSOL). The widely used types of planar waveguides are DFB and DBR. The lasing thresholds of these structures areflextreflely low and their emission wavelength can be tuned by changing the thickness of the organic layer or the period of the modulation. In the third part, current progress and future reflearch direction of the organic lasers are summarized. The challenge of electrically pumped organic laser (or organic laser diode) remains to be the major driving force for the scientific community to be devoted to the reflearch of organic lasers. Estimation of operating current based on the optical-pumped laser data is only 100 Acm-2. Actually, very high current densities of the order of kA cm-2 (even higher) have been realized both in pulsed OLEDs and light-emitting field-effect transistor (LEFET) devices. But lasing is still not observed. The extra losses brought about by electrical driving can be summarized as follows: 1) the electrodes used for electrical injection; 2) the charge carriers with broad absorption bands overlapping the emission; 3) the triplet excitons with longer lifetime and higher creation probability ratio. LEFET is now the most promising device structure of organic laser diodes. Unfortunately, LEFET is not applicable for dealing with the triplet trouble which is inherent in the organic materials. The proposition of new concept on directly pumped organic lasers seems to be an alternative way to solve this problem. Finally, we would like to describe the reflent progress in optically pumped organic lasers briefly. Efforts which have been made can be summarized as follows: lowering the lasing threshold, increasing the wavelength coverage (to the deep red or infrared and to the ultraviolet), improving the wavelength sensitivity, enhancing the lifetime of the devices, or improving the conversion efficiency, output power and beam quality. Although these progresses are realized under the condition of optical pumping, all these achievements are meaningful since they constitute the bases of future organic laser diodes.
    • 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 61376023, 61136003)、国家重点基础研究发展计划(973项目)(批准号: 2015CB932203)、 江苏省创新团队(批准号: IRT1148)江苏高校优势学科建设工程资助项目(PAPD)和南京邮电大学引进人才启动基金(批准号: NY212013, NY212034)资助的课题.
    • Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61376023, 61136003), the National Basic Resesarch program of China(Grant No. 2015CB932203), the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Teams in the Universities of Jiangsu Province, China (Grant No. IRT1148), the Priority Academic Program Development Fund of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD) and the Natural Science Foundation of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China (Grant Nos. NY212013, NY212034).
    [1]

    Maiman T H 1960 Nature 187 493

    [2]

    Nakamura S, Mukai T, Senoh M 1994 Appl. Phys. Lett. 64 1687

    [3]

    Schafer F P, Schmidt W, Volze J 1966 Appl. Phys. Lett. 9 306

    [4]

    Soffer B H, McFarlan.Bb 1967 Appl. Phys. Lett. 10 266

    [5]

    Tang C W, Vanslyke S A 1987 Appl. Phys. Lett. 51 913

    [6]

    Yang J S, Swager T M 1998 JACS 120 11864

    [7]

    Rose A, Zhu Z G, Madigan C F, Swager T M, Bulovic V 2005 Nature 434 876

    [8]

    Gaylord B S, Heeger A J, Bazan G C 2003 JACS 125 896

    [9]

    Tang Y L, He F, Yu M H, Feng F D, An L L, Sun H, Wang S, Li Y L, Zhu D B 2006 Macromol. Rapid Commun. 27 389

    [10]

    Vannahme C, Klinkhammer S, Lemmer U, Mappes T 2011 Opt. Express 19 8179

    [11]

    Amarasinghe D, Ruseckas A, Turnbull G A, Samuel I D W 2009 Proc. IEEE 97 1637

    [12]

    Hide F, DiazGarcia M A, Schwartz B J, Andersson M R, Pei Q B, Heeger A J 1996 Science 273 1833

    [13]

    Tessler N, Denton G J, Friend R H 1996 Nature 382 695

    [14]

    Rauscher U, Bassler H, Bradley D D C, Hennecke M 1990 Physical Review B 42 9830

    [15]

    Rudenko A I, Bassler H 1991 Chem. Phys. Lett. 182 581

    [16]

    Kersting R, Lemmer U, Mahrt R F, Leo K, Kurz H, Bassler H, Gobel E O 1993 Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 3820

    [17]

    Samuel I D W, Crystall B, Rumbles G, Burn P L, Holmes A B, Friend R H 1993 Synth. Met. 54 281

    [18]

    Kozlov V G, Bulovic V, Burrows P E, Forrest S R 1997 Nature 389 362

    [19]

    Gupta R, Stevenson M, Heeger A J 2002 J. Appl. Phys. 92 4874

    [20]

    Dogariu A, Gupta R, Heeger A J, Wang H 1999 Synth. Met. 100 95

    [21]

    Kozlov V G, Bulovic V, Burrows P E, Baldo M, Khalfin V B, Parthasarathy G, Forrest S R, You Y, Thompson M E 1998 J. Appl. Phys. 84 4096

    [22]

    Sheridan A K, Buckley A R, Fox A M, Bacher A, Bradley D D C, Samuel I D W 2002 J. Appl. Phys. 92 6367

    [23]

    Brouwer H J, Krasnikov V V, Hilberer A, Wildeman J, Hadziioannou G 1995 Appl. Phys. Lett. 66 3404

    [24]

    Rabe T, Hoping M, Schneider D, Becker E, Johannes H H, Kowalsky W, Weimann T, Wang J, Hinze P, Nehls B S, Scherf U, Farrell T, Riedl T 2005 Adv. Funct. Mater. 15 1188

    [25]

    Peterson O G, Webb J P, McColgin W C, Eberly J H 1971 J. Appl. Phys. 42 1917

    [26]

    Lehnhardt M, Riedl T, Weimann T, Kowalsky W 2010 Physical Review B 81 165206

    [27]

    Giebink N C, Forrest S R 2009 Physical Review B 79 073302

    [28]

    Gritsai Y, Sakhno O, Goldenberg L M, Stumpe J 2014 J. Opt. 16 035103

    [29]

    Ahmad M, King T A, Ko D K, Cha B H, Lee J 2002 Journal of Physics D-Applied Physics 35 1473

    [30]

    Faloss M, Canva M, Georges P, Brun A, Chaput F, Boilot J P 1997 Appl. Opt. 36 6760

    [31]

    Rahn M D, King T A 1995 Appl. Opt. 34 8260

    [32]

    Yariv E, Reisfeld R 1999 Opt. Mater. 13 49

    [33]

    Liu L, Huang W, Diao Z, Peng Z, Mu Q Q, Liu Y, Yang C, Hu L, Xuan L 2014 Liq. Cryst. 41 145

    [34]

    Kozlov V G, Bulovic V, Forrest S R 1997 Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 2575

    [35]

    Bernanose A, Comte M, Vouaux P 1953 J. Chim. Phys. Phys.-Chim. Biol. 50 64

    [36]

    Pope M, Magnante P, Kallmann H P 1963 J. Chem. Phys. 38 2042

    [37]

    Tang C W, Vanslyke S A, Chen C H 1989 J. Appl. Phys. 65 3610

    [38]

    Forget S, Chenais S, Tondelier D, Geffroy B, Gozhyk I, Lebental M, Ishow E 2010 J. Appl. Phys. 108 064509

    [39]

    Ishow E, Brosseau A, Clavier G, Nakatani K, Tauc P, Fiorini-Debuisschert C, Neveu S, Sandre O, Leaustic A 2008 Chem. Mater. 20 6597

    [40]

    Rabbani-Haghighi H, Forget S, Chenais S, Siove A, Castex M-C, Ishow E 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 95 033305

    [41]

    Jordan G, Flammich M, Ruther M, Kobayashi T, Blau W J, Suzuki Y, Kaino T 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 161114

    [42]

    Ribierre J C, Tsiminis G, Richardson S, Turnbull G A, Samuel I D W, Barcena H S, Burn P L 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 081108

    [43]

    Xia R, Lai W-Y, Levermore P A, Huang W, Bradley D D C 2009 Adv. Funct. Mater. 19 2844

    [44]

    Nakanotani H, Akiyama S, Ohnishi D, Moriwake M, Yahiro M, Yoshihara T, Tobita S, Adachi C 2007 Adv. Funct. Mater. 17 2328

    [45]

    Schneider D, Rabe T, Riedl T, Dobbertin T, Kroger M, Becker E, Johannes H H, Kowalsky W, Weimann T, Wang J, Hinze P 2004 Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 1659

    [46]

    Johansson N, Salbeck J, Bauer J, Weissortel F, Broms P, Andersson A, Salaneck W R 1998 Adv. Mater. 10 1136

    [47]

    Berggren M, Dodabalapur A, Slusher R E 1997 Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 2230

    [48]

    Heeger A J 2001 Rev. Mod. Phys. 73 681

    [49]

    Chen Y, Herrnsdorf J, Guilhabert B, Kanibolotsky A L, Mackintosh A R, Wang Y, Pethrick R A, Gu E, Turnbull G A, Skabara P J, Samuel I D W, Laurand N, Dawson M D 2011 Org. Electron. 12 62

    [50]

    Holzer W, Penzkofer A, Pertsch T, Danz N, Brauer A, Kley E B, Tillmann H, Bader C, Horhold H H 2002 Applied Physics B-Lasers and Optics 74 333

    [51]

    Scherf U, Riechel S, Lemmer U, Mahrt R F 2001 Current Opinion in Solid State & Materials Science 5 143

    [52]

    Heliotis G, Xia R, Bradley D D C, Turnbull G A, Samuel I D W, Andrew P, Barnes W L 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 2118

    [53]

    Leclerc M 2001 Journal of Polymer Science Part a-Polymer Chemistry 39 2867

    [54]

    Yap B K, Xia R, Campoy-Quiles M, Stavrinou P N, Bradley D D C 2008 Nat. Mater. 7 376

    [55]

    Xia R, Stavrinou P N, Bradley D D C, Kim Y 2012 J. Appl. Phys. 111 123107

    [56]

    Xia R D, Campoy-Quiles M, Heliotis G, Stavrinou P, Whitehead K S, Bradley D D C 2005 Synth. Met. 155 274

    [57]

    Lin J-Y, Zhu W-S, Liu F, Xie L-H, Zhang L, Xia R, Xing G-C, Huang W 2014 Macromolecules 47 1001

    [58]

    Coles H, Morris S 2010 Nat. Photonics 4 676

    [59]

    Munoz A, Palffy-Muhoray P, Taheri B 2001 Opt. Lett. 26 804

    [60]

    Gather M C, Yun S H 2011 Nat. Photonics 5 406

    [61]

    Meech S 2011 Nat. Photonics 5 387

    [62]

    Burschka J, Pellet N, Moon S-J, Humphry-Baker R, Gao P, Nazeeruddin M K, Graetzel M 2013 Nature 499 316

    [63]

    Liu M, Johnston M B, Snaith H J 2013 Nature 501 395

    [64]

    Service R F 2014 Science 344 458

    [65]

    Xing G, Mathews N, Sun S, Lim S S, Lam Y M, Graetzel M, Mhaisalkar S, Sum T C 2013 Science 342 344

    [66]

    Xing G, Mathews N, Lim S S, Yantara N, Liu X, Sabba D, Gratzel M, Mhaisalkar S, Sum T C 2014 Nat. Mater. 13 476

    [67]

    Gwinner M C, Khodabakhsh S, Song M H, Schweizer H, Giessen H, Sirringhaus H 2009 Adv. Funct. Mater. 19 1360

    [68]

    Deshpande A V, Rane J R, Jathar L V 2009 Journal of Fluorescence 19 1083

    [69]

    Chang C C, Pai C L, Chen W C, Jenekhe S A 2005 Thin Solid Films 479 254

    [70]

    Ding I K, Melas-Kyriazi J, Cevey-Ha N-L, Chittibabu K G, Zakeeruddin S M, Graetzel M, McGehee M D 2010 Org. Electron. 11 1217

    [71]

    Yoshioka Y, Jabbour G E 2006 Synth. Met. 156 779

    [72]

    Gaertner C, Karnutsch C, Lemmer U, Pflumm C 2007 J. Appl. Phys. 101 023107

    [73]

    List E J W, Kim C H, Naik A K, Scherf U, Leising G, Graupner W, Shinar J 2001 Physical Review B 64 155204

    [74]

    List E J W, Scherf U, Mullen K, Graupner W, Kim C H, Shinar J 2002 Physical Review B 66 235203

    [75]

    Osterbacka R, Wohlgenannt M, Shkunov M, Chinn D, Vardeny Z V 2003 J. Chem. Phys. 118 8905

    [76]

    Kraabel B, Klimov V I, Kohlman R, Xu S, Wang H L, McBranch D W 2000 Physical Review B 61 8501

    [77]

    Koschorreck M, Gehlhaar R, Lyssenko V G, Swoboda M, Hoffmann M, Leo K 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 181108

    [78]

    Samuel I D W, Turnbull G A 2007 Chem. Rev. 107 1272

    [79]

    McGehee M D, Diaz-Garcia M A, Hide F, Gupta R, Miller E K, Moses D, Heeger A J 1998 Appl. Phys. Lett. 72 1536

    [80]

    Coulson C A 1948 Proc. Phys. Soc. London 60 257

    [81]

    Ruseckas A, Theander M, Valkunas L, Andersson M R, Inganas O, Sundstrom V 1998 J. Lumin. 76-7 474

    [82]

    Denton G J, Tessler N, Harrison N T, Friend R H 1997 Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 733

    [83]

    Frolov S V, Vardeny Z V, Yoshino K 1998 Physical Review B 57 9141

    [84]

    Shaklee K L, Leheny R F 1971 Appl. Phys. Lett. 18 475

    [85]

    McGehee M D, Gupta R, Veenstra S, Miller E K, Diaz-Garcia M A, Heeger A J 1998 Physical Review B 58 7035

    [86]

    Xia R D, Heliotis G, Bradley D D C 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 3599

    [87]

    Berggren M, Dodabalapur A, Slusher R E, Bao Z 1997 Nature 389 466

    [88]

    Moses D 1992 Appl. Phys. Lett. 60 3215

    [89]

    Xia R D, Heliotis G, Hou Y B, Bradley D D C 2003 Org. Electron. 4 165

    [90]

    Kogelnik H, Shank C V 1972 J. Appl. Phys. 43 2327

    [91]

    Rabe T, Gerlach K, Riedl T, Johannes H H, Kowalsky W, Niederhofer J, Gries W, Wang J, Weimann T, Hinze P, Galbrecht F, Scherf U 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 081115

    [92]

    Riedl T, Rabe T, Johannes H H, Kowalsky W, Wang J, Weimann T, Hinze P, Nehls B, Farrell T, Scherf U 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 241116

    [93]

    Pisignano D, Anni M, Gigli G, Cingolani R, Barbarella G, Favaretto L, Sotgiu G B V 2003 Synth. Met. 137 1057

    [94]

    Pisignano D, Persano L, Visconti P, Cingolani R, Gigli G, Barbarella G, Favaretto L 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 2545

    [95]

    Riechel S, Lemmer U, Feldmann J, Berleb S, Muckl A G, Brutting W, Gombert A, Wittwer V 2001 Opt. Lett. 26 593

    [96]

    Schneider D, Rabe T, Riedl T, Dobbertin T, Kroger M, Becker E, Johannes H H, Kowalsky W, Weimann T, Wang J, Hinze P 2005 J. Appl. Phys. 98 043104

    [97]

    Baumann K, Stoeferle T, Moll N, Raino G, Mahrt R F, Wahlbrink T, Bolten J, Scherf U 2010 J. Opt. 12 065003

    [98]

    Baumann K, Stoferle T, Moll N, Mahrt R F, Wahlbrink T, Bolten J, Mollenhauer T, Moormann C, Scherf U 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 171108

    [99]

    Heliotis G, Xia R D, Turnbull G A, Andrew P, Barnes W L, Samuel I D W, Bradley D D C 2004 Adv. Funct. Mater. 14 91

    [100]

    Turnbull G A, Andrew P, Barnes W L, Samuel I D W 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 313

    [101]

    Huang W, Chen L, Xuan L 2014 Rsc Advances 4 38606

    [102]

    Tsutsumi N, Ishibashi T 2009 Opt. Express 17 21698

    [103]

    Vasdekis A E, Tsiminis G, Ribierre J C, O'Faolain L, Krauss T F, Turnbull G A, Samuel I D W 2006 Opt. Express 14 9211

    [104]

    Bulovic V, Kozlov V G, Khalfin V B, Forrest S R 1998 Science 279 553

    [105]

    Schulzgen A, Spiegelberg C, Morrell M M, Mendes S B, Kippelen B, Peyghambarian N, Nabor M F, Mash E A, Allemand P M 1998 Appl. Phys. Lett. 72 269

    [106]

    Persano L, Camposeo A, Del Carro P, Mele E, Cingolani R, Pisignano D 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 121111

    [107]

    Sakata H, Takeuchi H 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 113310

    [108]

    Canazza G, Scotognella F, Lanzani G, De Silvestri S, Zavelani-Rossi M, Comoretto D 2014 Laser Phys. Lett. 11 035804

    [109]

    Liao Z, Zhou Y, Cui Y, Yang Y, Wang Z, Qian G 2014 Applied Physics B-Lasers and Optics 115 583

    [110]

    Frolov S V, Vardeny Z V, Yoshino K 1998 Appl. Phys. Lett. 72 1802

    [111]

    Scholten K, Fan X, Zellers E T 2014 Lab. Chip 14 3873

    [112]

    Ramos-Ortiz G, Spiegelberg C, Peyghambarian N, Kippelen B 2000 Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 2783

    [113]

    Baktur R, Pearson L W, Ballato J 2007 J. Appl. Phys. 101 043102

    [114]

    Wang X, Liao Q, Kong Q, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Lu X, Fu H 2014 Angewandte Chemie-International Edition 53 5863

    [115]

    Frolov S V, Fujii A, Chinn D, Vardeny Z V, Yoshino K, Gregory R V 1998 Appl. Phys. Lett. 72 2811

    [116]

    Dou S X, Toussaere E, Ben-Messaoud T, Potter A, Josse D, Kranzelbinder G, Zyss J 2002 Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 165

    [117]

    Lebental M, Lauret J S, Zyss J, Schmit C, Bogomolny E 2007 Phys. Rev. A 75 033806

    [118]

    Lebental M, Djellali N, Arnaud C, Lauret J S, Zyss J, Dubertrand R, Schmit C, Bogomolny E 2007 Phys. Rev. A 76 023830

    [119]

    Lu S-Y, Fang H-H, Feng J, Xia H, Zhang T-Q, Chen Q-D, Sun H-B 2014 J. Lightwave Technol. 32 2415

    [120]

    Berggren M, Dodabalapur A, Bao Z N, Slusher R E 1997 Adv. Mater. 9 968

    [121]

    Rabbani-Haghighi H, Forget S, Chenais S, Siove A 2010 Opt. Lett. 35 1968

    [122]

    Kuznetsov M, Hakimi F, Sprague R, Mooradian A 1997 IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 9 1063

    [123]

    Rabbani-Haghighi H, Forget S, Siove A, Chenais S 2011 European Physical Journal-Applied Physics 56 34108

    [124]

    Schon J H, Kloc C, Dodabalapur A, Batlogg B 2000 Science 289 599

    [125]

    Bao Z, Batlogg B, Berg S, Dodabalapur A, Haddon R C, Hwang H, Kloc C, Meng H, Schon J H 2002 Science (New York, N.Y.) 298 961

    [126]

    Yokoyama D, Moriwake M, Adachi C 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 103 123104

    [127]

    Tian Y, Gan Z, Zhou Z, Lynch D W, Shinar J, Kang J-h, Park Q H 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 143504

    [128]

    Liu X, Li H, Song C, Liao Y, Tian M 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 503

    [129]

    Samuel I D W, Namdas E B, Turnbull G A 2009 Nat. Photonics 3 546

    [130]

    Nakanotani H, Adachi C, Watanabe S, Katoh R 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 231109

    [131]

    Baldo M A, Holmes R J, Forrest S R 2002 Physical Review B 66 035321

    [132]

    Tessler N, Pinner D J, Cleave V, Ho P K H, Friend R H, Yahioglu G, Barny P L, Gray J, de Souza M, Rumbles G 2000 Synth. Met. 115 57

    [133]

    Sun Y, Forrest S R 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 263503

    [134]

    Holzer W, Penzkofer A, Tsuboi T 2005 Chem. Phys. 308 93

    [135]

    Kozlov V G, Parthasarathy G, Burrows P E, Khalfin V B, Wang J, Chou S Y, Forrest S R 2000 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 36 18

    [136]

    McGehee M D, Heeger A J 2000 Adv. Mater. 12 1655

    [137]

    Tessler N, Harrison N T, Friend R H 1998 Adv. Mater. 10 64

    [138]

    Namdas E B, Ledochowitsch P, Yuen J D, Moses D, Heeger A J 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 183304

    [139]

    Andrew P, Turnbull G A, Samuel I D W, Barnes W L 2002 Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 954

    [140]

    Reufer M, Riechel S, Lupton J M, Feldmann J, Lemmer U, Schneider D, Benstem T, Dobbertin T, Kowalsky W, Gombert A, Forberich K, Wittwer V, Scherf U 2004 Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 3262

    [141]

    Goerrn P, Rabe T, Riedl T, Kowalsky W 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 041113

    [142]

    Wallikewitz B H, de la Rosa M, Kremer J H W M, Hertel D, Meerholz K 2010 Adv. Mater. 22 531

    [143]

    Lattante S, Romano F, Caricato A P, Martino M, Anni M 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 031108

    [144]

    Yamamoto H, Oyamada T, Sasabe H, Adachi C 2004 Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 1401

    [145]

    Rabe T, Goerrn P, Lehnhardt M, Tilgner M, Riedl T, Kowalsky W 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 137401

    [146]

    Muccini M 2006 Nat. Mater. 5 605

    [147]

    Tanase C, Meijer E J, Blom P W M, de Leeuw D M 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 216601

    [148]

    Takenobu T, Bisri S Z, Takahashi T, Yahiro M, Adachi C, Iwasa Y 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 066601

    [149]

    Capelli R, Toffanin S, Generali G, Usta H, Facchetti A, Muccini M 2010 Nat. Mater. 9 496

    [150]

    Lehnhardt M, Riedl T, Rabe T, Kowalsky W 2011 Org. Electron. 12 486

    [151]

    Bisri S Z, Takenobu T, Iwasa Y 2014 Journal of Materials Chemistry C 2 2827

    [152]

    Yang Y, Turnbull G A, Samuel I D W 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 163306

    [153]

    Tsiminis G, Wang Y, Kanibolotsky A L, Inigo A R, Skabara P J, Samuel I D W, Turnbull G A 2013 Adv. Mater. 25 2826

    [154]

    Tsiminis G, Wang Y, Shaw P E, Kanibolotsky A L, Perepichka I F, Dawson M D, Skabara P J, Turnbull G A, Samuel I D W 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 243304

    [155]

    Pisignano D, Persano L, Mele E, Visconti P, Cingolani R, Gigli G, Barbarella G, Favaretto L 2005 Opt. Lett. 30 260

    [156]

    Karnutsch C, Pflumm C, Heliotis G, deMello J C, Bradley D D C, Wang J, Weimann T, Haug V, Gaertner C, Lemmer U 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 131104

    [157]

    Tsiminis G, Ruseckas A, Samuel I D W, Turnbull G A 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 253304

    [158]

    Mo Y Q, Tian R Y, Shi W, Cao Y 2005 Chem. Commun. 4925

    [159]

    Spehr T, Siebert A, Fuhrmann-Lieker T, Salbeck J, Rabe T, Riedl T, Johannes H H, Kowalsky W, Wang J, Weimann T, Hinze P 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 161103

    [160]

    Del Carro P, Camposeo A, Stabile R, Mele E, Persano L, Cingolani R, Pisignano D 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 201105

    [161]

    Yuyama S, Nakajima T, Yamashita K, Oe K 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 023306

    [162]

    Casalboni M, De Matteis F, Merlo V, Prosposito P, Russo R, Schutzmann S 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 416

    [163]

    Chandra S, Allik T H, Hutchinson J A, Fox J, Swim C 1997 Opt. Lett. 22 209

    [164]

    Forget S, Rabbani-Haghighi H, Diffalah N, Siove A, Chenais S 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 98 131102

    [165]

    Schuette B, Gothe H, Hintschich S I, Sudzius M, Froeb H, Lyssenko V G, Leo K 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 163309

    [166]

    Mhibik O, Leang T, Siove A, Forget S, S C 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 102 041112

    [167]

    Schneider D, Rabe T, Riedl T, Dobbertin T, Kroger M, Becker E, Johannes H H, Kowalsky W, Weimann T, Wang J, Hinze P 2004 Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 1886

    [168]

    Wenger B, Tetreault N, Welland M E, Friend R H 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 193303

    [169]

    Goerrn P, Lehnhardt M, Kowalsky W, Riedl T, Wagner S 2011 Adv. Mater. 23 869

    [170]

    Klinkhammer S, Woggon T, Geyer U, Vannahme C, Dehm S, Mappes T, Lemmer U 2009 Applied Physics B-Lasers and Optics 97 787

    [171]

    Stroisch M, Woggon T, Teiwes-Morin C, Klinkhammer S, Forberich K, Gombert A, Gerken M, Lemmer U 2010 Opt. Express 18 5890

    [172]

    Diao Z, Xuan L, Liu L, Xia M, Hu L, Liu Y, Ma J 2014 Journal of Materials Chemistry C 2 6177

    [173]

    Riechel S, Kallinger C, Lemmer U, Feldmann J, Gombert A, Wittwer V, Scherf U 2000 Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 2310

    [174]

    Heliotis G, Xia R, Bradley D D C, Turnbull G A, Samuel I D W, Andrew P, Barnes W L 2004 J. Appl. Phys. 96 6959

    [175]

    Meerheim R, Walzer K, Pfeiffer M, Leo K 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 061111

    [176]

    Richardson S, Gaudin O P M, Turnbull G A, Samuel I D W 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 261104

    [177]

    Guilhabert B, Laurand N, Herrnsdorf J, Chen Y, Mackintosh A R, Kanibolotsky A L, Gu E, Skabara P J, Pethrick R A, Dawson M D 2010 J. Opt. 12 035503

  • [1]

    Maiman T H 1960 Nature 187 493

    [2]

    Nakamura S, Mukai T, Senoh M 1994 Appl. Phys. Lett. 64 1687

    [3]

    Schafer F P, Schmidt W, Volze J 1966 Appl. Phys. Lett. 9 306

    [4]

    Soffer B H, McFarlan.Bb 1967 Appl. Phys. Lett. 10 266

    [5]

    Tang C W, Vanslyke S A 1987 Appl. Phys. Lett. 51 913

    [6]

    Yang J S, Swager T M 1998 JACS 120 11864

    [7]

    Rose A, Zhu Z G, Madigan C F, Swager T M, Bulovic V 2005 Nature 434 876

    [8]

    Gaylord B S, Heeger A J, Bazan G C 2003 JACS 125 896

    [9]

    Tang Y L, He F, Yu M H, Feng F D, An L L, Sun H, Wang S, Li Y L, Zhu D B 2006 Macromol. Rapid Commun. 27 389

    [10]

    Vannahme C, Klinkhammer S, Lemmer U, Mappes T 2011 Opt. Express 19 8179

    [11]

    Amarasinghe D, Ruseckas A, Turnbull G A, Samuel I D W 2009 Proc. IEEE 97 1637

    [12]

    Hide F, DiazGarcia M A, Schwartz B J, Andersson M R, Pei Q B, Heeger A J 1996 Science 273 1833

    [13]

    Tessler N, Denton G J, Friend R H 1996 Nature 382 695

    [14]

    Rauscher U, Bassler H, Bradley D D C, Hennecke M 1990 Physical Review B 42 9830

    [15]

    Rudenko A I, Bassler H 1991 Chem. Phys. Lett. 182 581

    [16]

    Kersting R, Lemmer U, Mahrt R F, Leo K, Kurz H, Bassler H, Gobel E O 1993 Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 3820

    [17]

    Samuel I D W, Crystall B, Rumbles G, Burn P L, Holmes A B, Friend R H 1993 Synth. Met. 54 281

    [18]

    Kozlov V G, Bulovic V, Burrows P E, Forrest S R 1997 Nature 389 362

    [19]

    Gupta R, Stevenson M, Heeger A J 2002 J. Appl. Phys. 92 4874

    [20]

    Dogariu A, Gupta R, Heeger A J, Wang H 1999 Synth. Met. 100 95

    [21]

    Kozlov V G, Bulovic V, Burrows P E, Baldo M, Khalfin V B, Parthasarathy G, Forrest S R, You Y, Thompson M E 1998 J. Appl. Phys. 84 4096

    [22]

    Sheridan A K, Buckley A R, Fox A M, Bacher A, Bradley D D C, Samuel I D W 2002 J. Appl. Phys. 92 6367

    [23]

    Brouwer H J, Krasnikov V V, Hilberer A, Wildeman J, Hadziioannou G 1995 Appl. Phys. Lett. 66 3404

    [24]

    Rabe T, Hoping M, Schneider D, Becker E, Johannes H H, Kowalsky W, Weimann T, Wang J, Hinze P, Nehls B S, Scherf U, Farrell T, Riedl T 2005 Adv. Funct. Mater. 15 1188

    [25]

    Peterson O G, Webb J P, McColgin W C, Eberly J H 1971 J. Appl. Phys. 42 1917

    [26]

    Lehnhardt M, Riedl T, Weimann T, Kowalsky W 2010 Physical Review B 81 165206

    [27]

    Giebink N C, Forrest S R 2009 Physical Review B 79 073302

    [28]

    Gritsai Y, Sakhno O, Goldenberg L M, Stumpe J 2014 J. Opt. 16 035103

    [29]

    Ahmad M, King T A, Ko D K, Cha B H, Lee J 2002 Journal of Physics D-Applied Physics 35 1473

    [30]

    Faloss M, Canva M, Georges P, Brun A, Chaput F, Boilot J P 1997 Appl. Opt. 36 6760

    [31]

    Rahn M D, King T A 1995 Appl. Opt. 34 8260

    [32]

    Yariv E, Reisfeld R 1999 Opt. Mater. 13 49

    [33]

    Liu L, Huang W, Diao Z, Peng Z, Mu Q Q, Liu Y, Yang C, Hu L, Xuan L 2014 Liq. Cryst. 41 145

    [34]

    Kozlov V G, Bulovic V, Forrest S R 1997 Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 2575

    [35]

    Bernanose A, Comte M, Vouaux P 1953 J. Chim. Phys. Phys.-Chim. Biol. 50 64

    [36]

    Pope M, Magnante P, Kallmann H P 1963 J. Chem. Phys. 38 2042

    [37]

    Tang C W, Vanslyke S A, Chen C H 1989 J. Appl. Phys. 65 3610

    [38]

    Forget S, Chenais S, Tondelier D, Geffroy B, Gozhyk I, Lebental M, Ishow E 2010 J. Appl. Phys. 108 064509

    [39]

    Ishow E, Brosseau A, Clavier G, Nakatani K, Tauc P, Fiorini-Debuisschert C, Neveu S, Sandre O, Leaustic A 2008 Chem. Mater. 20 6597

    [40]

    Rabbani-Haghighi H, Forget S, Chenais S, Siove A, Castex M-C, Ishow E 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 95 033305

    [41]

    Jordan G, Flammich M, Ruther M, Kobayashi T, Blau W J, Suzuki Y, Kaino T 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 161114

    [42]

    Ribierre J C, Tsiminis G, Richardson S, Turnbull G A, Samuel I D W, Barcena H S, Burn P L 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 081108

    [43]

    Xia R, Lai W-Y, Levermore P A, Huang W, Bradley D D C 2009 Adv. Funct. Mater. 19 2844

    [44]

    Nakanotani H, Akiyama S, Ohnishi D, Moriwake M, Yahiro M, Yoshihara T, Tobita S, Adachi C 2007 Adv. Funct. Mater. 17 2328

    [45]

    Schneider D, Rabe T, Riedl T, Dobbertin T, Kroger M, Becker E, Johannes H H, Kowalsky W, Weimann T, Wang J, Hinze P 2004 Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 1659

    [46]

    Johansson N, Salbeck J, Bauer J, Weissortel F, Broms P, Andersson A, Salaneck W R 1998 Adv. Mater. 10 1136

    [47]

    Berggren M, Dodabalapur A, Slusher R E 1997 Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 2230

    [48]

    Heeger A J 2001 Rev. Mod. Phys. 73 681

    [49]

    Chen Y, Herrnsdorf J, Guilhabert B, Kanibolotsky A L, Mackintosh A R, Wang Y, Pethrick R A, Gu E, Turnbull G A, Skabara P J, Samuel I D W, Laurand N, Dawson M D 2011 Org. Electron. 12 62

    [50]

    Holzer W, Penzkofer A, Pertsch T, Danz N, Brauer A, Kley E B, Tillmann H, Bader C, Horhold H H 2002 Applied Physics B-Lasers and Optics 74 333

    [51]

    Scherf U, Riechel S, Lemmer U, Mahrt R F 2001 Current Opinion in Solid State & Materials Science 5 143

    [52]

    Heliotis G, Xia R, Bradley D D C, Turnbull G A, Samuel I D W, Andrew P, Barnes W L 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 2118

    [53]

    Leclerc M 2001 Journal of Polymer Science Part a-Polymer Chemistry 39 2867

    [54]

    Yap B K, Xia R, Campoy-Quiles M, Stavrinou P N, Bradley D D C 2008 Nat. Mater. 7 376

    [55]

    Xia R, Stavrinou P N, Bradley D D C, Kim Y 2012 J. Appl. Phys. 111 123107

    [56]

    Xia R D, Campoy-Quiles M, Heliotis G, Stavrinou P, Whitehead K S, Bradley D D C 2005 Synth. Met. 155 274

    [57]

    Lin J-Y, Zhu W-S, Liu F, Xie L-H, Zhang L, Xia R, Xing G-C, Huang W 2014 Macromolecules 47 1001

    [58]

    Coles H, Morris S 2010 Nat. Photonics 4 676

    [59]

    Munoz A, Palffy-Muhoray P, Taheri B 2001 Opt. Lett. 26 804

    [60]

    Gather M C, Yun S H 2011 Nat. Photonics 5 406

    [61]

    Meech S 2011 Nat. Photonics 5 387

    [62]

    Burschka J, Pellet N, Moon S-J, Humphry-Baker R, Gao P, Nazeeruddin M K, Graetzel M 2013 Nature 499 316

    [63]

    Liu M, Johnston M B, Snaith H J 2013 Nature 501 395

    [64]

    Service R F 2014 Science 344 458

    [65]

    Xing G, Mathews N, Sun S, Lim S S, Lam Y M, Graetzel M, Mhaisalkar S, Sum T C 2013 Science 342 344

    [66]

    Xing G, Mathews N, Lim S S, Yantara N, Liu X, Sabba D, Gratzel M, Mhaisalkar S, Sum T C 2014 Nat. Mater. 13 476

    [67]

    Gwinner M C, Khodabakhsh S, Song M H, Schweizer H, Giessen H, Sirringhaus H 2009 Adv. Funct. Mater. 19 1360

    [68]

    Deshpande A V, Rane J R, Jathar L V 2009 Journal of Fluorescence 19 1083

    [69]

    Chang C C, Pai C L, Chen W C, Jenekhe S A 2005 Thin Solid Films 479 254

    [70]

    Ding I K, Melas-Kyriazi J, Cevey-Ha N-L, Chittibabu K G, Zakeeruddin S M, Graetzel M, McGehee M D 2010 Org. Electron. 11 1217

    [71]

    Yoshioka Y, Jabbour G E 2006 Synth. Met. 156 779

    [72]

    Gaertner C, Karnutsch C, Lemmer U, Pflumm C 2007 J. Appl. Phys. 101 023107

    [73]

    List E J W, Kim C H, Naik A K, Scherf U, Leising G, Graupner W, Shinar J 2001 Physical Review B 64 155204

    [74]

    List E J W, Scherf U, Mullen K, Graupner W, Kim C H, Shinar J 2002 Physical Review B 66 235203

    [75]

    Osterbacka R, Wohlgenannt M, Shkunov M, Chinn D, Vardeny Z V 2003 J. Chem. Phys. 118 8905

    [76]

    Kraabel B, Klimov V I, Kohlman R, Xu S, Wang H L, McBranch D W 2000 Physical Review B 61 8501

    [77]

    Koschorreck M, Gehlhaar R, Lyssenko V G, Swoboda M, Hoffmann M, Leo K 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 181108

    [78]

    Samuel I D W, Turnbull G A 2007 Chem. Rev. 107 1272

    [79]

    McGehee M D, Diaz-Garcia M A, Hide F, Gupta R, Miller E K, Moses D, Heeger A J 1998 Appl. Phys. Lett. 72 1536

    [80]

    Coulson C A 1948 Proc. Phys. Soc. London 60 257

    [81]

    Ruseckas A, Theander M, Valkunas L, Andersson M R, Inganas O, Sundstrom V 1998 J. Lumin. 76-7 474

    [82]

    Denton G J, Tessler N, Harrison N T, Friend R H 1997 Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 733

    [83]

    Frolov S V, Vardeny Z V, Yoshino K 1998 Physical Review B 57 9141

    [84]

    Shaklee K L, Leheny R F 1971 Appl. Phys. Lett. 18 475

    [85]

    McGehee M D, Gupta R, Veenstra S, Miller E K, Diaz-Garcia M A, Heeger A J 1998 Physical Review B 58 7035

    [86]

    Xia R D, Heliotis G, Bradley D D C 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 3599

    [87]

    Berggren M, Dodabalapur A, Slusher R E, Bao Z 1997 Nature 389 466

    [88]

    Moses D 1992 Appl. Phys. Lett. 60 3215

    [89]

    Xia R D, Heliotis G, Hou Y B, Bradley D D C 2003 Org. Electron. 4 165

    [90]

    Kogelnik H, Shank C V 1972 J. Appl. Phys. 43 2327

    [91]

    Rabe T, Gerlach K, Riedl T, Johannes H H, Kowalsky W, Niederhofer J, Gries W, Wang J, Weimann T, Hinze P, Galbrecht F, Scherf U 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 081115

    [92]

    Riedl T, Rabe T, Johannes H H, Kowalsky W, Wang J, Weimann T, Hinze P, Nehls B, Farrell T, Scherf U 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 241116

    [93]

    Pisignano D, Anni M, Gigli G, Cingolani R, Barbarella G, Favaretto L, Sotgiu G B V 2003 Synth. Met. 137 1057

    [94]

    Pisignano D, Persano L, Visconti P, Cingolani R, Gigli G, Barbarella G, Favaretto L 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 2545

    [95]

    Riechel S, Lemmer U, Feldmann J, Berleb S, Muckl A G, Brutting W, Gombert A, Wittwer V 2001 Opt. Lett. 26 593

    [96]

    Schneider D, Rabe T, Riedl T, Dobbertin T, Kroger M, Becker E, Johannes H H, Kowalsky W, Weimann T, Wang J, Hinze P 2005 J. Appl. Phys. 98 043104

    [97]

    Baumann K, Stoeferle T, Moll N, Raino G, Mahrt R F, Wahlbrink T, Bolten J, Scherf U 2010 J. Opt. 12 065003

    [98]

    Baumann K, Stoferle T, Moll N, Mahrt R F, Wahlbrink T, Bolten J, Mollenhauer T, Moormann C, Scherf U 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 171108

    [99]

    Heliotis G, Xia R D, Turnbull G A, Andrew P, Barnes W L, Samuel I D W, Bradley D D C 2004 Adv. Funct. Mater. 14 91

    [100]

    Turnbull G A, Andrew P, Barnes W L, Samuel I D W 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 313

    [101]

    Huang W, Chen L, Xuan L 2014 Rsc Advances 4 38606

    [102]

    Tsutsumi N, Ishibashi T 2009 Opt. Express 17 21698

    [103]

    Vasdekis A E, Tsiminis G, Ribierre J C, O'Faolain L, Krauss T F, Turnbull G A, Samuel I D W 2006 Opt. Express 14 9211

    [104]

    Bulovic V, Kozlov V G, Khalfin V B, Forrest S R 1998 Science 279 553

    [105]

    Schulzgen A, Spiegelberg C, Morrell M M, Mendes S B, Kippelen B, Peyghambarian N, Nabor M F, Mash E A, Allemand P M 1998 Appl. Phys. Lett. 72 269

    [106]

    Persano L, Camposeo A, Del Carro P, Mele E, Cingolani R, Pisignano D 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 121111

    [107]

    Sakata H, Takeuchi H 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 113310

    [108]

    Canazza G, Scotognella F, Lanzani G, De Silvestri S, Zavelani-Rossi M, Comoretto D 2014 Laser Phys. Lett. 11 035804

    [109]

    Liao Z, Zhou Y, Cui Y, Yang Y, Wang Z, Qian G 2014 Applied Physics B-Lasers and Optics 115 583

    [110]

    Frolov S V, Vardeny Z V, Yoshino K 1998 Appl. Phys. Lett. 72 1802

    [111]

    Scholten K, Fan X, Zellers E T 2014 Lab. Chip 14 3873

    [112]

    Ramos-Ortiz G, Spiegelberg C, Peyghambarian N, Kippelen B 2000 Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 2783

    [113]

    Baktur R, Pearson L W, Ballato J 2007 J. Appl. Phys. 101 043102

    [114]

    Wang X, Liao Q, Kong Q, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Lu X, Fu H 2014 Angewandte Chemie-International Edition 53 5863

    [115]

    Frolov S V, Fujii A, Chinn D, Vardeny Z V, Yoshino K, Gregory R V 1998 Appl. Phys. Lett. 72 2811

    [116]

    Dou S X, Toussaere E, Ben-Messaoud T, Potter A, Josse D, Kranzelbinder G, Zyss J 2002 Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 165

    [117]

    Lebental M, Lauret J S, Zyss J, Schmit C, Bogomolny E 2007 Phys. Rev. A 75 033806

    [118]

    Lebental M, Djellali N, Arnaud C, Lauret J S, Zyss J, Dubertrand R, Schmit C, Bogomolny E 2007 Phys. Rev. A 76 023830

    [119]

    Lu S-Y, Fang H-H, Feng J, Xia H, Zhang T-Q, Chen Q-D, Sun H-B 2014 J. Lightwave Technol. 32 2415

    [120]

    Berggren M, Dodabalapur A, Bao Z N, Slusher R E 1997 Adv. Mater. 9 968

    [121]

    Rabbani-Haghighi H, Forget S, Chenais S, Siove A 2010 Opt. Lett. 35 1968

    [122]

    Kuznetsov M, Hakimi F, Sprague R, Mooradian A 1997 IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 9 1063

    [123]

    Rabbani-Haghighi H, Forget S, Siove A, Chenais S 2011 European Physical Journal-Applied Physics 56 34108

    [124]

    Schon J H, Kloc C, Dodabalapur A, Batlogg B 2000 Science 289 599

    [125]

    Bao Z, Batlogg B, Berg S, Dodabalapur A, Haddon R C, Hwang H, Kloc C, Meng H, Schon J H 2002 Science (New York, N.Y.) 298 961

    [126]

    Yokoyama D, Moriwake M, Adachi C 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 103 123104

    [127]

    Tian Y, Gan Z, Zhou Z, Lynch D W, Shinar J, Kang J-h, Park Q H 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 143504

    [128]

    Liu X, Li H, Song C, Liao Y, Tian M 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 503

    [129]

    Samuel I D W, Namdas E B, Turnbull G A 2009 Nat. Photonics 3 546

    [130]

    Nakanotani H, Adachi C, Watanabe S, Katoh R 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 231109

    [131]

    Baldo M A, Holmes R J, Forrest S R 2002 Physical Review B 66 035321

    [132]

    Tessler N, Pinner D J, Cleave V, Ho P K H, Friend R H, Yahioglu G, Barny P L, Gray J, de Souza M, Rumbles G 2000 Synth. Met. 115 57

    [133]

    Sun Y, Forrest S R 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 263503

    [134]

    Holzer W, Penzkofer A, Tsuboi T 2005 Chem. Phys. 308 93

    [135]

    Kozlov V G, Parthasarathy G, Burrows P E, Khalfin V B, Wang J, Chou S Y, Forrest S R 2000 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 36 18

    [136]

    McGehee M D, Heeger A J 2000 Adv. Mater. 12 1655

    [137]

    Tessler N, Harrison N T, Friend R H 1998 Adv. Mater. 10 64

    [138]

    Namdas E B, Ledochowitsch P, Yuen J D, Moses D, Heeger A J 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 183304

    [139]

    Andrew P, Turnbull G A, Samuel I D W, Barnes W L 2002 Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 954

    [140]

    Reufer M, Riechel S, Lupton J M, Feldmann J, Lemmer U, Schneider D, Benstem T, Dobbertin T, Kowalsky W, Gombert A, Forberich K, Wittwer V, Scherf U 2004 Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 3262

    [141]

    Goerrn P, Rabe T, Riedl T, Kowalsky W 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 041113

    [142]

    Wallikewitz B H, de la Rosa M, Kremer J H W M, Hertel D, Meerholz K 2010 Adv. Mater. 22 531

    [143]

    Lattante S, Romano F, Caricato A P, Martino M, Anni M 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 031108

    [144]

    Yamamoto H, Oyamada T, Sasabe H, Adachi C 2004 Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 1401

    [145]

    Rabe T, Goerrn P, Lehnhardt M, Tilgner M, Riedl T, Kowalsky W 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 137401

    [146]

    Muccini M 2006 Nat. Mater. 5 605

    [147]

    Tanase C, Meijer E J, Blom P W M, de Leeuw D M 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 216601

    [148]

    Takenobu T, Bisri S Z, Takahashi T, Yahiro M, Adachi C, Iwasa Y 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 066601

    [149]

    Capelli R, Toffanin S, Generali G, Usta H, Facchetti A, Muccini M 2010 Nat. Mater. 9 496

    [150]

    Lehnhardt M, Riedl T, Rabe T, Kowalsky W 2011 Org. Electron. 12 486

    [151]

    Bisri S Z, Takenobu T, Iwasa Y 2014 Journal of Materials Chemistry C 2 2827

    [152]

    Yang Y, Turnbull G A, Samuel I D W 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 163306

    [153]

    Tsiminis G, Wang Y, Kanibolotsky A L, Inigo A R, Skabara P J, Samuel I D W, Turnbull G A 2013 Adv. Mater. 25 2826

    [154]

    Tsiminis G, Wang Y, Shaw P E, Kanibolotsky A L, Perepichka I F, Dawson M D, Skabara P J, Turnbull G A, Samuel I D W 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 243304

    [155]

    Pisignano D, Persano L, Mele E, Visconti P, Cingolani R, Gigli G, Barbarella G, Favaretto L 2005 Opt. Lett. 30 260

    [156]

    Karnutsch C, Pflumm C, Heliotis G, deMello J C, Bradley D D C, Wang J, Weimann T, Haug V, Gaertner C, Lemmer U 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 131104

    [157]

    Tsiminis G, Ruseckas A, Samuel I D W, Turnbull G A 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 253304

    [158]

    Mo Y Q, Tian R Y, Shi W, Cao Y 2005 Chem. Commun. 4925

    [159]

    Spehr T, Siebert A, Fuhrmann-Lieker T, Salbeck J, Rabe T, Riedl T, Johannes H H, Kowalsky W, Wang J, Weimann T, Hinze P 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 161103

    [160]

    Del Carro P, Camposeo A, Stabile R, Mele E, Persano L, Cingolani R, Pisignano D 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 201105

    [161]

    Yuyama S, Nakajima T, Yamashita K, Oe K 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 023306

    [162]

    Casalboni M, De Matteis F, Merlo V, Prosposito P, Russo R, Schutzmann S 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 416

    [163]

    Chandra S, Allik T H, Hutchinson J A, Fox J, Swim C 1997 Opt. Lett. 22 209

    [164]

    Forget S, Rabbani-Haghighi H, Diffalah N, Siove A, Chenais S 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 98 131102

    [165]

    Schuette B, Gothe H, Hintschich S I, Sudzius M, Froeb H, Lyssenko V G, Leo K 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 163309

    [166]

    Mhibik O, Leang T, Siove A, Forget S, S C 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 102 041112

    [167]

    Schneider D, Rabe T, Riedl T, Dobbertin T, Kroger M, Becker E, Johannes H H, Kowalsky W, Weimann T, Wang J, Hinze P 2004 Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 1886

    [168]

    Wenger B, Tetreault N, Welland M E, Friend R H 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 193303

    [169]

    Goerrn P, Lehnhardt M, Kowalsky W, Riedl T, Wagner S 2011 Adv. Mater. 23 869

    [170]

    Klinkhammer S, Woggon T, Geyer U, Vannahme C, Dehm S, Mappes T, Lemmer U 2009 Applied Physics B-Lasers and Optics 97 787

    [171]

    Stroisch M, Woggon T, Teiwes-Morin C, Klinkhammer S, Forberich K, Gombert A, Gerken M, Lemmer U 2010 Opt. Express 18 5890

    [172]

    Diao Z, Xuan L, Liu L, Xia M, Hu L, Liu Y, Ma J 2014 Journal of Materials Chemistry C 2 6177

    [173]

    Riechel S, Kallinger C, Lemmer U, Feldmann J, Gombert A, Wittwer V, Scherf U 2000 Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 2310

    [174]

    Heliotis G, Xia R, Bradley D D C, Turnbull G A, Samuel I D W, Andrew P, Barnes W L 2004 J. Appl. Phys. 96 6959

    [175]

    Meerheim R, Walzer K, Pfeiffer M, Leo K 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 061111

    [176]

    Richardson S, Gaudin O P M, Turnbull G A, Samuel I D W 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 261104

    [177]

    Guilhabert B, Laurand N, Herrnsdorf J, Chen Y, Mackintosh A R, Kanibolotsky A L, Gu E, Skabara P J, Pethrick R A, Dawson M D 2010 J. Opt. 12 035503

  • [1] 张志远, 肖子晗, 邾珊, 张琪, 夏瑞东, 彭俊彪. 界面材料PFN-Br的光放大性质及其在电泵浦有机激光中的应用潜力. 物理学报, 2023, 72(21): 214204. doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20230773
    [2] 刘丽娟, 孔晓波, 刘永刚, 宣丽. 基于液晶/聚合物光栅的高转化效率有机半导体激光器. 物理学报, 2017, 66(24): 244204. doi: 10.7498/aps.66.244204
    [3] 池浪, 费洪涛, 王腾, 易建鹏, 方月婷, 夏瑞东. 基于有机半导体激光材料的高灵敏度溶液检测传感器件. 物理学报, 2016, 65(6): 064202. doi: 10.7498/aps.65.064202
    [4] 张勇, 刘亚莉, 焦威, 陈林, 熊祖洪. 有机发光器件的磁电导效应. 物理学报, 2012, 61(11): 117106. doi: 10.7498/aps.61.117106
    [5] 焦威, 雷衍连, 张巧明, 刘亚莉, 陈林, 游胤涛, 熊祖洪. 有机发光二极管的光致磁电导效应. 物理学报, 2012, 61(18): 187305. doi: 10.7498/aps.61.187305
    [6] 王旭鹏, 密保秀, 高志强, 郭晴, 黄维. 白光有机发光器件的研究进展. 物理学报, 2011, 60(8): 087808. doi: 10.7498/aps.60.087808
    [7] 邓舒鹏, 李文萃, 黄文彬, 刘永刚, 彭增辉, 鲁兴海, 宣丽. 基于全息聚合物分散液晶的有机二维光子晶体激光器的研究. 物理学报, 2011, 60(8): 086103. doi: 10.7498/aps.60.086103
    [8] 杨洋, 陈淑芬, 谢军, 陈春燕, 邵茗, 郭旭, 黄维. 有机发光二极管光取出技术研究进展. 物理学报, 2011, 60(4): 047809. doi: 10.7498/aps.60.047809
    [9] 姜文龙, 丛林, 孟昭晖, 汪津, 韩强, 孟凡超, 王立忠, 丁桂英, 张刚. 室温下磁场对基于Alq3的有机电致发光器件的影响. 物理学报, 2010, 59(5): 3571-3576. doi: 10.7498/aps.59.3571
    [10] 哈静, 何寿杰, 段平光, 李霞, 韩育宏, 王龙. 有机溶液中圆锥泡声致发光. 物理学报, 2009, 58(1): 602-606. doi: 10.7498/aps.58.602
    [11] 贺万骏, 姚宝权, 王月珠, 鞠有伦. 二极管端面抽运的固体激光放大器自身热透镜焦距测量. 物理学报, 2007, 56(6): 3240-3245. doi: 10.7498/aps.56.3240
    [12] 王 振, 何正红, 谭兴文, 陶敏龙, 李国庆, 熊祖洪. 磁场对有机电致发光的影响. 物理学报, 2007, 56(5): 2979-2985. doi: 10.7498/aps.56.2979
    [13] 曹 进, 刘 向, 张晓波, 委福祥, 朱文清, 蒋雪茵, 张志林, 许少鸿. 微腔结构顶发射有机发光器件. 物理学报, 2007, 56(2): 1088-1092. doi: 10.7498/aps.56.1088
    [14] 曹 进, 蒋雪茵, 张志林. 微腔调色法实现有机发光器件三基色的研究. 物理学报, 2007, 56(6): 3493-3498. doi: 10.7498/aps.56.3493
    [15] 李洪玉, 赵 珂, 潘瑞芹, 孙元红, 王传奎. 超短脉冲激光在有机分子材料中的动力学过程研究. 物理学报, 2005, 54(5): 2072-2078. doi: 10.7498/aps.54.2072
    [16] 许雪梅, 彭景翠, 李宏建, 瞿述, 赵楚军, 罗小华. 有机层界面对双层有机发光二极管复合效率的影响. 物理学报, 2004, 53(1): 286-290. doi: 10.7498/aps.53.286
    [17] 尚连聚. 激光二极管端面抽运的1.34μm Nd:YVO4平凹腔型激光器. 物理学报, 2003, 52(10): 2476-2480. doi: 10.7498/aps.52.2476
    [18] 任立勇, 姚保利, 侯 洵, 易文辉, 汪敏强. 有机聚合物薄膜激光诱导相位孔衍射的实验和理论. 物理学报, 2000, 49(10): 1973-1977. doi: 10.7498/aps.49.1973
    [19] 欧阳敏, 侯士敏, 林 琳, 刘惟敏, 薛增泉, 吴全德, 夏宗矩, 邹英华. 埋藏于有机介质中金属原子团的结构研究(I). 物理学报, 1998, 47(5): 802-806. doi: 10.7498/aps.47.802
    [20] 钱人元, 金祥凤, 周淑芹. 有机固体薄膜的交流电导. 物理学报, 1980, 29(8): 992-999. doi: 10.7498/aps.29.992
计量
  • 文章访问数:  10708
  • PDF下载量:  1121
  • 被引次数: 0
出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2014-08-27
  • 修回日期:  2014-11-15
  • 刊出日期:  2015-05-05

/

返回文章
返回