Ar-O<sub>2</sub>混合气体电弧的数值模拟

王新鑫; 迟露鑫; 伍光凤; 李春天; 樊丁

doi:10.7498/aps.68.20190416

摘要

混合气体电弧被广泛地应用于焊接制造领域, 为了深入理解混合气体电弧的传热和传质特性, 本文建立了Ar-O₂混合气体电弧的二维稳态数学模型. 模型基于局域热平衡假设, 混合气体电弧的热力学参数和输运系数是温度和氧浓度的函数, 分别采用组合普通扩散系数和组合温度扩散系数描述氧和氩两种组分之间的扩散行为, 研究了不同电流条件下的氧分布及其对电弧温度场和流场的影响. 结果表明, 对于Ar-5%O₂的混合气体电弧, 氧在电弧中呈现极不均匀的分布, 在电弧中心轴线附近和靠近两极的区域, 氧浓度高于混合气体浓度, 而在其他区域则明显小于混合气体浓度. 在小电流时, 氧集中分布于阴极和阳极附近, 且在阴极附近出现峰值; 而在大电流时, 氧的分布明显向阳极集中, 且在阳极中心附近出现峰值. 两种情形下, 氧在距离阳极表面0.1 mm的区域分布都不均匀. 与纯Ar保护相比, 混入5%的O₂使电弧出现一定程度的收缩, 温度和等离子体流速升高.

关键词:

混合气体 /
电弧 /
数值模拟

Abstract

Mixture gas arcs are used extensively in welding manufacturing. A two-dimensional steady mathematical model for Ar-O₂ mixture gas arc is developed to understand further the heat and mass transfer of the mixture gas arc. The model is based on the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium, and the thermodynamic parameters and transport coefficients are dependent on both the temperature and the oxygen content. In the present model, the diffusion between the argon species and oxygen species is depicted by the approach of the combined diffusion coefficient, i. e. the mixture gas arc is simplified into two different species, and the diffusion between them is formulated by combined ordinary diffusion coefficient and combined temperature diffusion coefficient; the oxygen distribution and its influence on the temperature and flow field of the arc are investigated for two different current conditions. It is shown that the oxygen species presents significant non-uniform distribution for argon gas mixed with 5% oxygen; the oxygen content is higher than that in mixed shielding gas in the regions close to the electrodes and arc axis, while its content is lower than that of the mixed shielding gas in other regions. For high current, oxygen concentrates more to the flat anode, while it concentrates more to tungsten cathode for low current. For both cases, oxygen content is inhomogeneous in the region 0.1 mm above the anode. The 5% oxygen mixed in argon constricts the arc plasma to some extent and thus raises the arc temperature as well as the plasma flow velocity.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
重庆理工大学材料科学与工程学院, 重庆　400054

2.
重庆市特种焊接材料与技术高校工程研究中心, 重庆　400054

3.
兰州理工大学材料科学与工程学院, 兰州　730050

4.
省部共建有色金属先进加工与再利用国家重点实验室, 兰州　730050

通信作者: 王新鑫, wang@cqut.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 51705054)和重庆市教委科学技术研究计划(批准号: KJ1600903, KJ1709197)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China

2.
Chongqing Municipal Engineering Research Center of Higher Education Institutions for Special Welding Materials and Technology, Chongqing 400054, China

3.
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China

4.
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Nonferrous Metals, Lanzhou 730050, China

Corresponding author: Wang Xin-Xin, wang@cqut.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51705054) and the the Scientific and Technological Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, China (Grant Nos. KJ1600903, KJ1709197).

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参考文献

[1]	Murphy A B, Tanaka M, Tashiro S, Sato T, Lowke J J 2009 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42 115205 Google Scholar
[2]	Pires I, Quintino L, Miranda R M 2007 Mater. Design 28 1623 Google Scholar
[3]	Lones L A, Eagar T W, Lang J H 1998 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 31 107 Google Scholar
[4]	Lu S P, Fujii H, Nogi K, Sato T 2007 Sci. Technol. Weld. Joi. 12 689 Google Scholar
[5]	Palmer T A, DebRoy T 1998 Sci. Technol. Weld. Joi. 3 190 Google Scholar
[6]	Fujii H, Sato T, Lu S P, Nogi K 2008 Mater. Sci. Eng. 495 29
[7]	Church J G, Imaizumi H 1990 IIW/IIS Doc. XII-1199-90
[8]	张建晓, 樊丁, 黄勇 2017 焊接学报 38 47 Google Scholar Zhang J X, Fan, D, Huang Y 2017 Trans. China Weld. Inst. 38 47 Google Scholar
[9]	Wang X, Fan D, Huang J, Huang Y 2014 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 47 275202 Google Scholar
[10]	Hsu K C, Mtemadi K, Pfender E 1983 J. Appl. Phys. 54 1293
[11]	Fan D, Ushio M, Matsuda F 1986 Trans. JWRI 15 1
[12]	Lowke J J, Morrow R, Haidar J 1997 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 30 2033 Google Scholar
[13]	Kim W H, Fan H G, Na S J 1997 Metall. Mater. Trans. B 28B 679
[14]	Choo R T C, Szekely J, Westhoff R C 1992 Metall. Mater. Trans. B 23B 57
[15]	Murphy A B, Tanaka M, Yamamoto K, Tashiro S , Sato T, Lowke J J 2009 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42 194006 Google Scholar
[16]	Tanaka M, Terasaki H, Ushio M, Lowke J J 2003 Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 23 585 Google Scholar
[17]	袁行球, 李辉, 赵太泽, 王飞, 俞国扬, 郭文康, 须平 2004 物理学报 53 3806 Google Scholar Yuan X Q, Li H, Zhao T Z, Wang F, Yu G Y, Guo W K, Xu P 2004 Acta Phys. Sin. 53 3806 Google Scholar
[18]	石玗, 郭朝博, 黄健康, 樊丁 2011 物理学报 60 048102 Google Scholar Shi Y, Guo C B, Huang J K, Fan D 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 048102 Google Scholar
[19]	王新鑫, 樊丁, 黄健康, 黄勇 2013 物理学报 62 228101 Google Scholar Wang X X, Fan D, Huang J K, Huang Y 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 228101 Google Scholar
[20]	Bini R, Monno M, Boulos M I 2006 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 39 3253 Google Scholar
[21]	Hsu K C, Pfender E 1983 J. Appl. Phys. 54 4359 Google Scholar
[22]	Konishi K, Shigeta M, Tanaka M, Murata A, Murata T, Murphy A B 2017 Weld. World 61 197 Google Scholar
[23]	黄勇, 刘林, 王新鑫, 陆肃中 2017 焊接学报 39 6 Google Scholar Huang Y, Liu L, Wang X X, Lu S Z 2017 Trans. China Weld. Inst. 39 6 Google Scholar
[24]	Baeva M, Kozakov R, Gorchakov S, Uhrlandt D 2012 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 21 055027 Google Scholar
[25]	Baeva M 2017 Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 37 513 Google Scholar
[26]	钱海洋, 吴彬 2011 核聚变与等离子体物理 31 186 Qian H Y, Wu B 2011 Nucl. Fusion Plasma Phys. 31 186
[27]	Li H P, Benilov M S 2007 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 40 2010 Google Scholar
[28]	Wei F Z, Wang H X, Murphy A B, Sun W P, Liu Y 2013 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 46 505205 Google Scholar
[29]	Zhang X N, Li H P, Murphy A B, Xia W D 2013 Phys. Plasmas 20 033508 Google Scholar
[30]	Li H P, Zhang X N, Xia W D 2013 Phys. Plasmas 20 033509 Google Scholar
[31]	Zhao G Y, Dassanayake M, Etemadi K 1990 Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 10 87 Google Scholar
[32]	Tanaka M, Yamamoto K, Tashiro S, Nakata K, Yamamoto E, Yamazaki K, Suzuki K, Murphy A B, Lowke J J 2010 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 43 434009 Google Scholar
[33]	Schnick M, Füssel U, Hertel M, Spille-Kohoff A, Murphy A B 2010 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 43 022001 Google Scholar
[34]	Wang X, Luo Y, Wu G, Chi L, Fan D 2018 Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 38 1095 Google Scholar
[35]	菅晓霞, 武传松 2016 金属学报 52 1467 Jian X X, Wu C S 2016 Acta Metall. Sin. 52 1467
[36]	Savas A, Ceyhun V 2012 Comp. Mater. Sci. 51 53
[37]	Wang L L, Lu F G, Wang H P, Murphy A B, Tang X H 2014 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 47 465202 Google Scholar
[38]	Rao Z H, Liao S M, Tsai H L 2010 J. Appl. Phys. 107 044902 Google Scholar
[39]	Murphy A B 1994 Phys. Rev. Lett. 73 1797 Google Scholar
[40]	Murphy A B 1997 Phys. Rev. E 55 7473
[41]	Murphy A B, Hiraoka K 2000 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 33 2183 Google Scholar
[42]	Bitharas I, McPherson N A, McGhie W, Roy D, Moore A J 2018 J. Mater. Process. Tech. 255 451 Google Scholar
[43]	黄勇, 陆肃中, 王新鑫, 李慧 2016 焊接学报 37 36 Huang Y, Lu S Z, Wang X X, Li H 2016 China Weld. Inst. 37 36
[44]	Chen J, Xu H, Wei X, Lv H, Song Z, Chen Z 2017 Vacuum 145 77 Google Scholar
[45]	杨郁, 唐成双, 赵一帆, 虞一青, 辛煜 2017 物理学报 66 185202 Google Scholar Yang Y, Tang C S, Zhao Y F, Yu Y Q, Xin Y 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 185202 Google Scholar
[46]	Murphy A B 1993 Phys. Rev. E 48 3594 Google Scholar
[47]	Murphy A B 1993 J. Chem. Phys. 99 1340 Google Scholar
[48]	查普曼, 考林著 (刘大有, 王伯懿译) 1985 非均匀气体的数学理论 (第三版) (北京: 科学出版社) 第178−191, 343−344页 Chapman S, Cowling T G (translated by Liu D Y, Wang B Y 1970 The Mathematical Theory of Non-Uniform Gases (3rd ed.) (Beijing: Science Press) pp178−191, 343−344 (in Chinese)
[49]	Murphy A B 1996 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 29 1922 Google Scholar
[50]	Murphy A B 1998 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 31 3383 Google Scholar
[51]	Murphy A B, Arundell C J 1994 Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 14 451 Google Scholar
[52]	Cram L E 1985 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 18 40
[53]	Choquet I, Shirvan J A, Nilsson H 2012 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 45 205203 Google Scholar
[54]	Tanaka M, Terasaki H, Ushio M, Lowke J J 2002 Metall. Mater. Trans. A 33 2043 Google Scholar
[55]	Wang X, Huang J, Huang Y, Fan D, Guo Y 2017 Appl. Therm. Eng. 113 27 Google Scholar
[56]	陆善平, 董文超, 李殿中, 李依依 2009 物理学报 58 94 Lu S, Dong W, Li D, Li Y 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 94
[57]	黄勇, 王艳磊, 张治国 2014 光谱学与光谱分析 34 1168 Google Scholar Huang Y, Wang Y L, Zhang Z G 2014 Spectrsc. Spect. Anal. 34 1168 Google Scholar

施引文献

图 1 扩散系数　(a) 组合普通扩散系数$\overline {D_{{\rm{Ar,}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}^x} $; (b) 组合温度扩散系数$\overline {D_{{\rm{Ar,}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}^T} $

Fig. 1. Diffusion coefficients: (a) Combined ordinary diffusion coefficient$\overline {D_{{\rm{Ar,}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}^x} $; (b) combined temperature diffusion coefficient$\overline {D_{{\rm{Ar,}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}^T} $

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 求解域示意图

Fig. 2. Schematic of the computation domain.

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图 3 混合气体电弧的温度场和氧组分质量分数分布 (a) 200 A; (b) 80 A

Fig. 3. Temperature field and oxygen mass fraction of Ar-O₂ mixture gas arc for different current: (a) 200 A; (b) 80 A

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图 4 距离钨极尖端不同位置氧组分质量分数的径向分布　(a) 200 A; (b) 80 A

Fig. 4. Radial distributions of the mass fraction of oxygen at different distances below the cathode: (a) 200 A; (b) 80 A.

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图 5 混合气体电弧的流场　(a) 200 A; (b) 80 A

Fig. 5. Flow fiels of mixture gas arc：(a) 200 A; (b) 80 A.

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图 6 混合气体电弧阳极表面0.1 mm处氧组分的分布

Fig. 6. Oxygen mass fraction of mixture gas arc 0.1 mm above the anode.

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图 7 氧组分对电弧温度场的影响　(a) 200 A; (b) 80 A

Fig. 7. Effect of oxygen on the arc temperature field: (a) 200 A; (b) 80 A.

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图 8 氧组分对电弧流场的影响　(a) 200 A; (b) 80 A

Fig. 8. Effect of oxygen on the arc flow field: (a) 200 A; (b) 80 A.

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图 9 200 A电流TIG电弧的温度场对比

Fig. 9. Comparison of the calculated temperature fiels of TIG arc for 200 A current.

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图 10 距离阴极尖端不同位置氧组分径向分布的计算结果对比　(a) Murphy的结果^[40]; (b) 本文的结果

Fig. 10. Comparison of radial distribution of oxygen calculated at different distances below the cathode: (a) Murphy’s results^[40]; (b) the present model’s results.

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表 1 边界条件

Table 1. Boundary conditions.

边界	v/m·s^–1	T/K	Φ/V	A/Wb·m^–1	Y_A
AB	—	1000	j_z	$\partial$A/$\partial$n=0	—
BC	v_giv	500	$\partial$Φ/$\partial$n=0	$\partial$A/$\partial$n=0	0.05
CD	$\partial$v/$\partial$n=0	500	$\partial$Φ/$\partial$n=0	A=0	0.05
DE	—	2000	0	$\partial$A/$\partial$n=0	$\partial$Y_A/$\partial$n=0
EA	$\partial$v/$\partial$n=0	$\partial$T/$\partial$n=0	$\partial$Φ/$\partial$n=0	$\partial$A/$\partial$n=0	$\partial$Y_A/$\partial$n=0
BF	Non-slip	(12)式	Coupled	Coupled	Y_Agiv

下载: 导出CSV

[1]	Murphy A B, Tanaka M, Tashiro S, Sato T, Lowke J J 2009 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42 115205 Google Scholar
[2]	Pires I, Quintino L, Miranda R M 2007 Mater. Design 28 1623 Google Scholar
[3]	Lones L A, Eagar T W, Lang J H 1998 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 31 107 Google Scholar
[4]	Lu S P, Fujii H, Nogi K, Sato T 2007 Sci. Technol. Weld. Joi. 12 689 Google Scholar
[5]	Palmer T A, DebRoy T 1998 Sci. Technol. Weld. Joi. 3 190 Google Scholar
[6]	Fujii H, Sato T, Lu S P, Nogi K 2008 Mater. Sci. Eng. 495 29
[7]	Church J G, Imaizumi H 1990 IIW/IIS Doc. XII-1199-90
[8]	张建晓, 樊丁, 黄勇 2017 焊接学报 38 47 Google Scholar Zhang J X, Fan, D, Huang Y 2017 Trans. China Weld. Inst. 38 47 Google Scholar
[9]	Wang X, Fan D, Huang J, Huang Y 2014 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 47 275202 Google Scholar
[10]	Hsu K C, Mtemadi K, Pfender E 1983 J. Appl. Phys. 54 1293
[11]	Fan D, Ushio M, Matsuda F 1986 Trans. JWRI 15 1
[12]	Lowke J J, Morrow R, Haidar J 1997 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 30 2033 Google Scholar
[13]	Kim W H, Fan H G, Na S J 1997 Metall. Mater. Trans. B 28B 679
[14]	Choo R T C, Szekely J, Westhoff R C 1992 Metall. Mater. Trans. B 23B 57
[15]	Murphy A B, Tanaka M, Yamamoto K, Tashiro S , Sato T, Lowke J J 2009 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42 194006 Google Scholar
[16]	Tanaka M, Terasaki H, Ushio M, Lowke J J 2003 Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 23 585 Google Scholar
[17]	袁行球, 李辉, 赵太泽, 王飞, 俞国扬, 郭文康, 须平 2004 物理学报 53 3806 Google Scholar Yuan X Q, Li H, Zhao T Z, Wang F, Yu G Y, Guo W K, Xu P 2004 Acta Phys. Sin. 53 3806 Google Scholar
[18]	石玗, 郭朝博, 黄健康, 樊丁 2011 物理学报 60 048102 Google Scholar Shi Y, Guo C B, Huang J K, Fan D 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 048102 Google Scholar
[19]	王新鑫, 樊丁, 黄健康, 黄勇 2013 物理学报 62 228101 Google Scholar Wang X X, Fan D, Huang J K, Huang Y 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 228101 Google Scholar
[20]	Bini R, Monno M, Boulos M I 2006 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 39 3253 Google Scholar
[21]	Hsu K C, Pfender E 1983 J. Appl. Phys. 54 4359 Google Scholar
[22]	Konishi K, Shigeta M, Tanaka M, Murata A, Murata T, Murphy A B 2017 Weld. World 61 197 Google Scholar
[23]	黄勇, 刘林, 王新鑫, 陆肃中 2017 焊接学报 39 6 Google Scholar Huang Y, Liu L, Wang X X, Lu S Z 2017 Trans. China Weld. Inst. 39 6 Google Scholar
[24]	Baeva M, Kozakov R, Gorchakov S, Uhrlandt D 2012 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 21 055027 Google Scholar
[25]	Baeva M 2017 Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 37 513 Google Scholar
[26]	钱海洋, 吴彬 2011 核聚变与等离子体物理 31 186 Qian H Y, Wu B 2011 Nucl. Fusion Plasma Phys. 31 186
[27]	Li H P, Benilov M S 2007 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 40 2010 Google Scholar
[28]	Wei F Z, Wang H X, Murphy A B, Sun W P, Liu Y 2013 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 46 505205 Google Scholar
[29]	Zhang X N, Li H P, Murphy A B, Xia W D 2013 Phys. Plasmas 20 033508 Google Scholar
[30]	Li H P, Zhang X N, Xia W D 2013 Phys. Plasmas 20 033509 Google Scholar
[31]	Zhao G Y, Dassanayake M, Etemadi K 1990 Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 10 87 Google Scholar
[32]	Tanaka M, Yamamoto K, Tashiro S, Nakata K, Yamamoto E, Yamazaki K, Suzuki K, Murphy A B, Lowke J J 2010 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 43 434009 Google Scholar
[33]	Schnick M, Füssel U, Hertel M, Spille-Kohoff A, Murphy A B 2010 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 43 022001 Google Scholar
[34]	Wang X, Luo Y, Wu G, Chi L, Fan D 2018 Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 38 1095 Google Scholar
[35]	菅晓霞, 武传松 2016 金属学报 52 1467 Jian X X, Wu C S 2016 Acta Metall. Sin. 52 1467
[36]	Savas A, Ceyhun V 2012 Comp. Mater. Sci. 51 53
[37]	Wang L L, Lu F G, Wang H P, Murphy A B, Tang X H 2014 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 47 465202 Google Scholar
[38]	Rao Z H, Liao S M, Tsai H L 2010 J. Appl. Phys. 107 044902 Google Scholar
[39]	Murphy A B 1994 Phys. Rev. Lett. 73 1797 Google Scholar
[40]	Murphy A B 1997 Phys. Rev. E 55 7473
[41]	Murphy A B, Hiraoka K 2000 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 33 2183 Google Scholar
[42]	Bitharas I, McPherson N A, McGhie W, Roy D, Moore A J 2018 J. Mater. Process. Tech. 255 451 Google Scholar
[43]	黄勇, 陆肃中, 王新鑫, 李慧 2016 焊接学报 37 36 Huang Y, Lu S Z, Wang X X, Li H 2016 China Weld. Inst. 37 36
[44]	Chen J, Xu H, Wei X, Lv H, Song Z, Chen Z 2017 Vacuum 145 77 Google Scholar
[45]	杨郁, 唐成双, 赵一帆, 虞一青, 辛煜 2017 物理学报 66 185202 Google Scholar Yang Y, Tang C S, Zhao Y F, Yu Y Q, Xin Y 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 185202 Google Scholar
[46]	Murphy A B 1993 Phys. Rev. E 48 3594 Google Scholar
[47]	Murphy A B 1993 J. Chem. Phys. 99 1340 Google Scholar
[48]	查普曼, 考林著 (刘大有, 王伯懿译) 1985 非均匀气体的数学理论 (第三版) (北京: 科学出版社) 第178−191, 343−344页 Chapman S, Cowling T G (translated by Liu D Y, Wang B Y 1970 The Mathematical Theory of Non-Uniform Gases (3rd ed.) (Beijing: Science Press) pp178−191, 343−344 (in Chinese)
[49]	Murphy A B 1996 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 29 1922 Google Scholar
[50]	Murphy A B 1998 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 31 3383 Google Scholar
[51]	Murphy A B, Arundell C J 1994 Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 14 451 Google Scholar
[52]	Cram L E 1985 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 18 40
[53]	Choquet I, Shirvan J A, Nilsson H 2012 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 45 205203 Google Scholar
[54]	Tanaka M, Terasaki H, Ushio M, Lowke J J 2002 Metall. Mater. Trans. A 33 2043 Google Scholar
[55]	Wang X, Huang J, Huang Y, Fan D, Guo Y 2017 Appl. Therm. Eng. 113 27 Google Scholar
[56]	陆善平, 董文超, 李殿中, 李依依 2009 物理学报 58 94 Lu S, Dong W, Li D, Li Y 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 94
[57]	黄勇, 王艳磊, 张治国 2014 光谱学与光谱分析 34 1168 Google Scholar Huang Y, Wang Y L, Zhang Z G 2014 Spectrsc. Spect. Anal. 34 1168 Google Scholar

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Ar-O₂混合气体电弧的数值模拟