液态五元Ni-Zr-Ti-Al-Cu合金快速凝固过程的高速摄影研究

徐山森; 常健; 吴宇昊; 沙莎; 魏炳波

doi:10.7498/aps.68.20190910

摘要

采用电磁悬浮和自由落体两种无容器熔凝技术, 并借助高速摄影实时分析方法, 研究了液态五元Ni₄₀Zr_28.5Ti_16.5Al₁₀Cu₅合金的深过冷能力和快速凝固机制. 在电磁悬浮条件下, 液态合金的过冷度可达290 K (0.21T_L). 当深过冷熔体快速凝固时, 高速摄影观察发现悬浮液滴表面呈现点状和环状两种区域形核方式. 合金的快速凝固组织由初生Ni₃Ti相、次生Ni₁₀Zr₇相和(Ni₁₀Zr₇+Ni₂₁Zr₈)共晶组成. 初生Ni₃Ti相以枝晶方式生长, 枝晶生长速度随熔体过冷度的增大以幂函数关系单调递增, 最高可达12 mm/s, 同时其体积分数逐渐减小至13.4%, 并发生显著组织细化. 在自由落体条件下, 尽管合金液滴凝固组织的相组成并未发生变化, 但随着过冷度的增大, 初生Ni₃Ti相的生长被抑制, 凝固组织由晶态向非晶态转变, 且非晶相的体积分数线性增大. 当直径小于275 μm时, 合金液滴实现了完全非晶态凝固.

关键词:

Abstract

The ability to undercool and solidification mechanism of liquid quinary Ni₄₀Zr_28.5Ti_16.5Al₁₀Cu₅ alloy are investigated by electromagnetic levitation (EML) and drop tube (DT) technique. Under the EML condition, the maximum undercooling of levitated alloy can reach up to 290 K (0.21T_L). Under the DT condition, the alloy achieves higher undercooling than EML, and solidifies finally into metallic glass. At lower undercooling, the solidification structure of the alloy is composed of primary Ni₃Ti phase, secondary Ni₁₀Zr₇ phase and eutectic (Ni₁₀Zr₇+Ni₂₁Zr₈) phase. With the rise of undercooling, the solidification structure displays the following evolution events: phase morphology refinement, primary phase inhibition, phase number reduction, and amorphous phase formation. By using the high-speed cinematography technique, three nucleation modes are distinctly observed on the levitated alloy melt surface at the beginning of solidification, that is, single-point nucleation, multi-point nucleation and annular nucleation. The levitation state corresponding to single-point mode nucleation is relatively stable, and the alloy undercooling is also relatively low. The annular nucleation only occursin the case with high rotation speed, and the undercooling is greater than 208 K. The discrepancy between nucleation modes is due to the He gas flow for forced cooling. The theoretical calculations indicate that the alloy droplets achieve high undercoolingand large cooling rate under the DT condition. The experimental results show that when the droplet diameter decreases to 498 μm, the amorphous phase begins to appear in the alloy particles. It is noteworthy that the amorphous phase is preferentially formed inside the droplet, but not on the outer surface. The morphology of solidification structure reveals that different regions of the droplet have various local undercoolings, which result in the distribution characteristics of amorphous phase. The volume fraction of amorphous phase increases linearly with the decrease of particle diameter. When the droplet diameter decreases to 275 μm, the alloy droplets are completely frozen into glassy particles. The average eutecticspacing values are also measured at different alloy undercoolings. Compared with the classical binary eutectic growth model, the experimental eutectic growth law exhibits a large deviation in index. This indicates that the eutectic growth in multicomponent alloys displays more complex kinetic characteristics.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

西北工业大学应用物理系, 西安　710072

通信作者: 魏炳波, bbwei@nwpu.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 51771154, 51327901)和陕西省重点研发计划(批准号: 2019GY-152)资助的课题

Authors and contacts

MOE Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China

Corresponding author: Wei Bing-Bo, bbwei@nwpu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51771154, 51327901) and the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi (Grant No. 2019GY-152)

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参考文献

[1]	Zhao P, Heinrich J C, Poirier D R 2005 Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids 49 233 Google Scholar
[2]	Sánchez Lamazares J L, Sanchez T, Santos J D, Pérez M J, Sanchez M L, Hernando B 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 4358
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[6]	翟秋亚, 杨扬, 徐锦锋, 郭学锋 2007 物理学报 56 6118 Google Scholar Zhai Q Y, Yang Y, Xu J F, Guo X F 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 6118 Google Scholar
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[14]	Skinner L B, Benmore C J, Weber J K R, Du J, Neuefeind J, Tumber S K, Parise1 J B 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 157801 Google Scholar
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[17]	Royer Z L, Tackes C, Lesar R, Napolitano R E 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 113 214901 Google Scholar
[18]	Lee J, Rodriguez J E, Hyers R W, Matson D M 2015 Metall. Mater. Trans. B 46 2470 Google Scholar
[19]	Cao L, Cochrane R F, Mullis A M 2015 Intermetallics 60 33 Google Scholar
[20]	Xu D, Duan G, Johnson W L, Garland C 2004 Acta Mater. 52 3493 Google Scholar
[21]	Lee E S, Ahn S 1994 Acta Metall. Mater. 42 3231 Google Scholar
[22]	Wang W L, Li Z Q, Wei B 2011 Acta Mater. 59 5482 Google Scholar
[23]	Alford T L, Gale W F, Totemeir T C 2015 Smithells Metals Reference Book (Elsevier) 8−2
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施引文献

图 1 五元Ni₄₀Zr_28.5Ti_16.5Al₁₀Cu₅合金的相组成和相变特征　(a) X射线衍射图谱; (b) DSC热分析曲线; (c) 电磁悬浮状态下的冷却曲线

Fig. 1. Phase constitution and transition characteristics of quinary Ni₄₀Zr_28.5Ti_16.5Al₁₀Cu₅ alloy: (a) XRD pattern; (b) DSC thermogram; (c) cooling curve at levitated state.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 初生 Ni₃Ti相快速生长引起的再辉过程(a) 单点形核; (b) 多点形核; (c) 环区形核

Fig. 2. Recalescence process caused by rapid growth of primary Ni₃Ti phase(a) Single-point nucleation; (b) multi-point nucleation; (c) annular region nucleation.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 悬浮状态下合金液滴的旋转速率与过冷度关系

Fig. 3. Rotation rateversus undercooling of levitated alloy droplet

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 初生Ni₃Ti相枝晶生长与组织特征　 (a) 枝晶生长速度; (b) 最大尺寸和体积分数

Fig. 4. Dendritic growth and microstructure of primary Ni₃Ti phase: (a) Dendritic growth velocity; (b) maximum length and volume fraction.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 电磁悬浮条件下Ni₄₀Zr_28.5Ti_16.5Al₁₀Cu₅合金的微观组织形态 (a)母合金; (b) ΔT=115 K; (c) ΔT=200 K; (d) ΔT=290 K

Fig. 5. Solidification microstructures of electromagnetically levitated Ni₄₀Zr_28.5Ti_16.5Al₁₀Cu₅ alloy. (a) Master alloy; (b) ΔT=115 K; (c) ΔT=200 K; (d) ΔT=290 K.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 合金液滴深过冷与共晶生长特征　(a)过冷度随液滴直径变化; (b) 共晶间距随过冷度变化

Fig. 6. Liquid undercooling and eutectic growth of alloy droplets: (a) Estimated undercoolings of freely falling alloy droplets; (b) average eutectic spacing versus undercooling.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 合金液滴内部温度场随直径和位置的变化关系　(a) 温度分布; (b) 温度梯度; (c) 冷却速率

Fig. 7. Internal temperature field of alloy droplet versus diameter and location (a) Temperature distribution; (b) temperature gradient; (c) cooling rate.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 自由落体条件下不同直径合金液滴的凝固组织形貌 (a) 957 μm直径; (b) A区放大; (c) B区放大(d) 428 μm直径; (e) C区放大; (f) D区放大

Fig. 8. Microstructural morphology of solidified alloy droplets with different diameters.(a) 957 μm diameter; (b) Enlarged A in (a); (c) Enlarged B in (a)(d) 428 μm diameter; (b) Enlarged C in (d); (c) Enlarged D in (d)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 合金液滴凝固组织中非晶相分布规律

Fig. 9. Amorphous phase distribution versus alloy droplet diameter

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 合金凝固组织特征随液滴直径变化规律　(a) 非晶相体积分数; (b) 共晶相平均间距

Fig. 10. Variation of solidification microstructures with alloy droplets diameter: (a) Typical structure parameters; (b) average eutectic spacing.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 理论计算用热物性参数^[23]

Table 1. Physical parameters used in calculations

物理参数	数值
初始温度, T₀/K	1500
环境温度, T_i/K	298
热导率, κ/W·m^–1·K^–1	65.4
液相线温度, T_L/K	1400
Stefan-Boltzmann常数, σ_SB/W·m^–1·K^–1	5.67 × 10^–8
熔体密度, ρ/kg·m^–3	6.15 × 10³
位置参数, r/r₀	0.1—1.0
熔体热辐射系数, ε_h	0.2
熔体比热, C_p, /J·kg^–1·K^–1	601

下载: 导出CSV

[1]	Zhao P, Heinrich J C, Poirier D R 2005 Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids 49 233 Google Scholar
[2]	Sánchez Lamazares J L, Sanchez T, Santos J D, Pérez M J, Sanchez M L, Hernando B 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 4358
[3]	Wu M, Liu T, Dong M, Sun J M, Dong S L, Qiang W 2017 J. Appl. Phys. 121 064901 Google Scholar
[4]	Lü P, Wang H P 2017 Scr. Mater. 137 31 Google Scholar
[5]	Chen F, Zhang T Q, Wang J, Zhang L T, Zhou G F 2015 J. Alloy. Compd. 640 375
[6]	翟秋亚, 杨扬, 徐锦锋, 郭学锋 2007 物理学报 56 6118 Google Scholar Zhai Q Y, Yang Y, Xu J F, Guo X F 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 6118 Google Scholar
[7]	Haein C Y, Xu D H, William L J 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 1030 Google Scholar
[8]	Duwez P, Willens R H, Klement J W 1960 J. Appl. Phys. 31 1137
[9]	沙莎, 王伟丽, 吴宇昊, 魏炳波 2018 物理学报 67 046402 Google Scholar Sha S, Wang W L, Wu Y H, Wei B 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 046402 Google Scholar
[10]	Greaves G N, Wilding M C, Fearn S, Langstaff D, Kargl F, Cox S, Vu Van Q, Majérus O, Benmore C J, Weber R, Martin C M, Hennet L 2008 Science 322 566 Google Scholar
[11]	Kavouras A, Krammer G 2003 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74 4468 Google Scholar
[12]	Baer S, Andrade M A, Esen C, Adamowski J C, Schweiger G, Ostendorf A 2011 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82 105111 Google Scholar
[13]	Wall J J, Weber R, Kim J, Liaw P K, Choo H 2007 Mater. Sci. Eng. A 445 219
[14]	Skinner L B, Benmore C J, Weber J K R, Du J, Neuefeind J, Tumber S K, Parise1 J B 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 157801 Google Scholar
[15]	Lan S, Blodgett M, Kelton K F, Ma J L, Fan J, Wang X L 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 108 831
[16]	杨尚京, 王伟丽, 魏炳波 2015 物理学报 64 056401 Google Scholar Yang S J, Wang W L, Wei B 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 056401 Google Scholar
[17]	Royer Z L, Tackes C, Lesar R, Napolitano R E 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 113 214901 Google Scholar
[18]	Lee J, Rodriguez J E, Hyers R W, Matson D M 2015 Metall. Mater. Trans. B 46 2470 Google Scholar
[19]	Cao L, Cochrane R F, Mullis A M 2015 Intermetallics 60 33 Google Scholar
[20]	Xu D, Duan G, Johnson W L, Garland C 2004 Acta Mater. 52 3493 Google Scholar
[21]	Lee E S, Ahn S 1994 Acta Metall. Mater. 42 3231 Google Scholar
[22]	Wang W L, Li Z Q, Wei B 2011 Acta Mater. 59 5482 Google Scholar
[23]	Alford T L, Gale W F, Totemeir T C 2015 Smithells Metals Reference Book (Elsevier) 8−2
[24]	Inoue A 2000 Acta Mater. 48 279 Google Scholar
[25]	Jackson K A, Hunt J D 1988 Dyna. Curv. Front. 236363
[26]	Kurz W, Trivedi R 1991 Metall. Trans. A 22 3051 Google Scholar

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