大气压空气纳秒脉冲板-板放电中逃逸电子产生机理

肖江平; 戴栋; Victor F. Tarasenko; 邵涛

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20222409

摘要

经典放电理论(Townsend和流注理论)解释纳秒脉冲气体放电存在局限性, 近年来基于高能电子逃逸的纳秒脉冲气体放电理论研究受到广泛关注. 但是目前对大气压空气纳秒脉冲板-板放电中逃逸电子产生机理研究仍较少, 严重阻碍了纳秒脉冲放电等离子体的应用发展. 本文利用一维粒子模型, 对幅值为20 kV的纳秒脉冲电压驱动下, 间隙长为1 mm的板-板电极之间的大气压空气放电中逃逸电子的产生机理进行了数值模拟研究. 结果表明, 在空间电荷动力学行为的影响下, 板-板电极之间出现了增强电场区域, 使得电子可以满足电子逃逸判据而进入逃逸模式. 此外, 还观察到放电通道前逃逸电子的预电离效应导致了二次电子崩的产生, 随着二次电子崩与放电通道不断汇聚, 引导并加速了放电通道的发展, 最终导致气隙击穿. 本研究进一步揭示了纳秒脉冲板-板放电机理, 拓展了纳秒脉冲气体放电基础理论, 为纳秒脉冲放电等离子体的应用和发展开辟了新的机会.

关键词:

Abstract

Classical discharge theory (Townsend theory and streamer theory) has limitations in explaining nanosecond pulsed gas discharge. In recent years, the research on nanosecond pulsed gas discharge theory based on the high-energy runaway electrons has attracted extensive attention. But so far, there have been few studies of the generation mechanism of runaway electrons in atmospheric-pressure-air nanosecond pulsed plate-to-plate discharge, which seriously hinders the application and development of nanosecond pulse discharge plasma. In this paper, a one-dimensional implicit particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision (PIC/MCC) model is developed to investigate the mechanism of runaway electron generation and breakdown in a 1 mm-long atmospheric-pressure-air gap between the plate electrode and plate electrode driven by a negative nanosecond pulse voltage with an amplitude of 20 kV. The results show that under the influence of space charge dynamic behavior, the electric field enhancement region appears between the plate electrode and plate electrode, so that electrons can satisfy the electron runaway criteria and behaves in the runaway mode. In addition, it is also observed that the pre-ionization effect of the runaway electrons in front of the discharge channel can cause the secondary electron avalanches. As the secondary electrons avalanche and the discharge channel continues to converge, the discharge is guided and accelerated, eventually leading to the breakdown of the air gap. This study further reveals the mechanism of nanosecond pulsed plate-plate discharge, expands the basic theory of nanosecond pulsed gas discharge, and opens up new opportunities for the application and development of nanosecond pulsed discharge plasma.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
华南理工大学电力学院, 广州　510641

2.
俄罗斯科学院大电流研究所, 俄罗斯托木斯克　634055

3.
中国科学院电工研究所, 北京　100190

通信作者: 戴栋, ddai@scut.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划(批准号: 2021YFE0114700)和国家自然科学基金(批准号: 51877086)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China

2.
Institute of High Current Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634055, Russia

3.
Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

Corresponding author: Dai Dong, ddai@scut.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan of China (Grant No. 2021YFE0114700) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51877086).

文章全文 : translate this paragraph

参考文献

[1]	Bogaerts A, Tu X, Whitehead J C, Centi G, Lefferts L, Guaitella O, Azzolina Jury F, Kim H H, Murphy A B, Schneider W F, Nozaki T, Hicks J C, Rousseau A, Thevenet F, Khacef A, Carreon M 2020 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 53 443001 Google Scholar
[2]	Wang S, Yang D Z, Zhou R S, Zhou R W, Fang Z, Wang W C, Ostrikov K 2019 Plasma Process. Polym. 17 1900146 Google Scholar
[3]	Cai Y K, Lyu L, Lu X P 2021 High Volt. 6 1092 Google Scholar
[4]	Bekeschus S, Favia P, Robert E, Woedtke T V 2019 Plasma Process. Polym. 16 1800033 Google Scholar
[5]	Huang B D, Zhang C, Zhu W C, Lu X P, Shao T 2021 High Volt. 6 665 Google Scholar
[6]	Tang J F, Tang M, Zhou D S, Kang P T, Zhu X M, Zhang C H 2019 Plasma Sci. Technol. 21 044001 Google Scholar
[7]	Zhang S, Wang W C, Yang D Z, Yuan H, Zhao Z L, Sun H, Shao T 2019 Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 207 294 Google Scholar
[8]	Shao T, Tarasenko V F, Zhang C, Baksht E K, Zhang D, Erofeev M V, Ren C, Shutko Y V, Yan P 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 113 093301 Google Scholar
[9]	Shkurenkov I, Burnette D, Lempert W R, Adamovich I V 2014 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 23 065003 Google Scholar
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[11]	Shao T, Wang R X, Zhang C, Yan P 2018 High Volt. 3 14 Google Scholar
[12]	Kunhardt E E, Byszewski W W 1980 Phys. Rev. A 21 2069 Google Scholar
[13]	Zhang C, Gu J W, Wang R X, Ma H, Yan P, Shao T 2016 Laser Part. Beams 34 43 Google Scholar
[14]	Frankel S, Highland V, Sloan T, Dyck O V, Wales W 1966 Nucl. Instrum. Method 44 345 Google Scholar
[15]	Bratchikov V B, Gagarinov K A, Kostyrya I D, Tarasenko V F, Tkachev A N, Yakovlenko S I 2007 Tech. Phys. 52 856 Google Scholar
[16]	Byszewski W W, Reinhold G 1982 Phys. Rev. A 26 2826 Google Scholar
[17]	Kostyrya I D, Tarasenko V F 2015 Plasma Phys. Rep. 41 269 Google Scholar
[18]	Tarasenko V F 2020 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 29 034001 Google Scholar
[19]	Beloplotov D V, Tarasenko V F, Shklyaev V A, Sorokin D A 2021 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 54 304001 Google Scholar
[20]	Levko D 2019 J. Appl. Phys. 126 083303 Google Scholar
[21]	Babaeva N Y, Zhang C, Qiu J T, Hou X M, Tarasenko V F, Shao T 2017 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 26 085008 Google Scholar
[22]	Kozhevnikov V Y, Kozyrev A V, Semeniuk N S 2015 Europhys. Lett. 112 15001 Google Scholar
[23]	Huang B D, Zhang C, Ren C H, Shao T 2022 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 31 114002 Google Scholar
[24]	Ivanov S N 2013 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 46 285201 Google Scholar
[25]	Levko D 2012 J. Appl. Phys. 111 083303 Google Scholar
[26]	Langdon A B, Cohen B I, Friedman A 1983 J. Comput. Phys. 51 107 Google Scholar
[27]	Ivanov S N, Lisenkov V V 2018 J. Appl. Phys. 124 103304 Google Scholar
[28]	Raizer Y P 1991 Gas Discharge Physics (Berlin: Springer) pp69–70
[29]	Wang H Y, Jiang W, Wang Y N 2010 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 19 045023 Google Scholar
[30]	Friedman A 1990 J. Comput. Phys. 90 292 Google Scholar
[31]	Nanbu K 2000 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 28 971 Google Scholar
[32]	Kossyi I A, Kostinsky A Y, Matveyev A A, Silakov V P 1992 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 1 207 Google Scholar
[33]	Lxcat Program of IST-Lisbon Database https://lxcat.net/ [2022-10-10]
[34]	Jiang W, Wang H Y, Bi Z H, Wang Y N 2011 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 20 035013 Google Scholar
[35]	Vahedi V, Surendra M 1995 Comput. Phys. Commun. 87 179 Google Scholar
[36]	Li Y T, Fu Y Y, Liu Z G, Li H D, Wang P, Luo H Y, Zou X B, Wang X X 2022 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 31 045027 Google Scholar
[37]	Mesyats G A, Yalandin M I, Zubarev N M, Sadykova A G, Sharypov K A 2020 Appl. Phys. Lett. 116 063501 Google Scholar
[38]	Tarasenko V F, Yakovlenko S I 2004 Physics-Uspekhi 47 887 Google Scholar
[39]	章程, 马浩, 邵涛, 谢庆, 杨文晋, 严萍 2014 物理学报 638 085208 Google Scholar Zhang C, Ma H, Shao T, Xie Q, Yang W J, Yan P 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 638 085208 Google Scholar
[40]	Zubarev N M, Ivanov S N 2017 Plasma Phys. Rep. 44 445 Google Scholar
[41]	Naidis G V, Tarasenko V F, Babaeva N Y, Lomaev M I 2018 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 27 013001 Google Scholar
[42]	Shao T, Tarasenko V F, Zhang C, Kostyrya I D, Jiang H, Xu R, Rybka D V, Yan P 2011 Appl. Phys. Express 4 066001 Google Scholar
[43]	Askaryan G A 1975 Proc. (Tr.) P. N. Lebedev Phys. Inst. (USSR) (Engl. Transl.) 66 66
[44]	Kozhevnikov V Y, Kozyrev A V, Semeniuk N S 2017 Russ. Phys. J. 60 1425 Google Scholar

施引文献

图 1 (a)几何模型示意图, d_g代表空气间隙长度; (b)纳秒脉冲电压波形

Fig. 1. (a) Schematic diagram of the model, d_g represents the air gap width; (b) the waveform of nanosecond pulse voltage.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 隐式PIC/MCC模型计算流程图

Fig. 2. Computational flow chart of the implicit PIC/MCC model.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 F(ε)/e对电子能量的依赖曲线

Fig. 3. Dependence of F(ε)/e on the electron energy.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 330 ps时气隙中的实际电场, 外施均匀电场和净电荷密度的分布

Fig. 4. Distribution of the actual electric field, the applied external uniform electric field and the net charge density at 330 ps in the air gap.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 最大能量电子的位置和能量

Fig. 5. Positions and energies of maximum energy electrons.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 400 ps时气隙中净电荷密度和实际电场分布

Fig. 6. Distribution of the net charge density and the actual electric field at 400 ps in the air gap.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 到达阳极的电子数量

Fig. 7. Number of electrons reaching the anode.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 气隙中电子数密度(a)和电场(b)的分布, 最大能量电子的位置用三角形标记

Fig. 8. Distribution of the electron density (a) and the electric field (b) in the air gap. The positions of maximum energy electrons are marked with triangles.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 342 ps时放电通道头部和阳极之间所有电子的能量和位置分布

Fig. 9. Energy and position of all electrons (macroparticles) between the head of the discharge channel and the anode at 342 ps

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 342 ps时放电通道头部和阳极之间的逃逸电子和预电离电子的数密度分布

Fig. 10. Number densities of runaway and pre-ionized electrons between the head of the discharge channel and the anode at 342 ps.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 11 电子数密度的空间分布

Fig. 11. Spatial distribution of electron number density.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 模型中的化学反应

Table 1. Chemical reactions in the model.

序号	反应方程式	能量损耗阈值/eV
1	e+N₂ → e +N₂	0
2	e +O₂ → e +O₂	0
3	e +N₂ → e +N₂ A(³$ {{\Sigma }}_{\rm{u}}^+ $)	6.169
4	e +N₂ → e +N₂ B(³$ {{\Pi }} $_g)	7.353
5	e +N₂ → e +N₂ W(³$ \Delta $_u)	7.362
6	e +N₂ → e +N₂ B'(³$ {{\Sigma }}_{\rm{u}}^- $)	8.165
7	e +N₂ → e +N₂ a'(¹$ {{\Sigma }}_{\rm{u}}^+ $)	8.399
8	e +N₂ → e +N₂ a(¹$ \Pi $_g)	8.549
9	e +N₂ → e +N₂ w(¹$ \Delta $_u)	8.890
10	e +N₂ → e +N+N	9.754
11	e +N₂ → e +N₂ C(³$ \Pi $_u)	11.032
12	e +O₂ → e +O₂ a(¹$ \Delta $_g)	0.977
13	e +O₂ → e +O₂ b(¹$ \Sigma _{\rm{g}}^+$)	1.627
14	e +O₂ → e + O + O	5.58
15	e +O₂ → e +O + O¹D	8.4
16	e +O₂ → e + O¹D + O¹D	9.97
17	e +N₂ → 2e + N${}_2^+ $	15.58
18	e +O₂ → 2e + O${}_2^+ $	12.06
19	e +O₂ → O${}_2^- $	—

下载: 导出CSV

[1]	Bogaerts A, Tu X, Whitehead J C, Centi G, Lefferts L, Guaitella O, Azzolina Jury F, Kim H H, Murphy A B, Schneider W F, Nozaki T, Hicks J C, Rousseau A, Thevenet F, Khacef A, Carreon M 2020 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 53 443001 Google Scholar
[2]	Wang S, Yang D Z, Zhou R S, Zhou R W, Fang Z, Wang W C, Ostrikov K 2019 Plasma Process. Polym. 17 1900146 Google Scholar
[3]	Cai Y K, Lyu L, Lu X P 2021 High Volt. 6 1092 Google Scholar
[4]	Bekeschus S, Favia P, Robert E, Woedtke T V 2019 Plasma Process. Polym. 16 1800033 Google Scholar
[5]	Huang B D, Zhang C, Zhu W C, Lu X P, Shao T 2021 High Volt. 6 665 Google Scholar
[6]	Tang J F, Tang M, Zhou D S, Kang P T, Zhu X M, Zhang C H 2019 Plasma Sci. Technol. 21 044001 Google Scholar
[7]	Zhang S, Wang W C, Yang D Z, Yuan H, Zhao Z L, Sun H, Shao T 2019 Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 207 294 Google Scholar
[8]	Shao T, Tarasenko V F, Zhang C, Baksht E K, Zhang D, Erofeev M V, Ren C, Shutko Y V, Yan P 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 113 093301 Google Scholar
[9]	Shkurenkov I, Burnette D, Lempert W R, Adamovich I V 2014 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 23 065003 Google Scholar
[10]	Yatom S, Gleizer J Z, Levko D, Vekselman V, Gurovich V, Hupf E, Hadas Y, Krasik Y E 2011 Europhys. Lett. 96 65001 Google Scholar
[11]	Shao T, Wang R X, Zhang C, Yan P 2018 High Volt. 3 14 Google Scholar
[12]	Kunhardt E E, Byszewski W W 1980 Phys. Rev. A 21 2069 Google Scholar
[13]	Zhang C, Gu J W, Wang R X, Ma H, Yan P, Shao T 2016 Laser Part. Beams 34 43 Google Scholar
[14]	Frankel S, Highland V, Sloan T, Dyck O V, Wales W 1966 Nucl. Instrum. Method 44 345 Google Scholar
[15]	Bratchikov V B, Gagarinov K A, Kostyrya I D, Tarasenko V F, Tkachev A N, Yakovlenko S I 2007 Tech. Phys. 52 856 Google Scholar
[16]	Byszewski W W, Reinhold G 1982 Phys. Rev. A 26 2826 Google Scholar
[17]	Kostyrya I D, Tarasenko V F 2015 Plasma Phys. Rep. 41 269 Google Scholar
[18]	Tarasenko V F 2020 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 29 034001 Google Scholar
[19]	Beloplotov D V, Tarasenko V F, Shklyaev V A, Sorokin D A 2021 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 54 304001 Google Scholar
[20]	Levko D 2019 J. Appl. Phys. 126 083303 Google Scholar
[21]	Babaeva N Y, Zhang C, Qiu J T, Hou X M, Tarasenko V F, Shao T 2017 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 26 085008 Google Scholar
[22]	Kozhevnikov V Y, Kozyrev A V, Semeniuk N S 2015 Europhys. Lett. 112 15001 Google Scholar
[23]	Huang B D, Zhang C, Ren C H, Shao T 2022 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 31 114002 Google Scholar
[24]	Ivanov S N 2013 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 46 285201 Google Scholar
[25]	Levko D 2012 J. Appl. Phys. 111 083303 Google Scholar
[26]	Langdon A B, Cohen B I, Friedman A 1983 J. Comput. Phys. 51 107 Google Scholar
[27]	Ivanov S N, Lisenkov V V 2018 J. Appl. Phys. 124 103304 Google Scholar
[28]	Raizer Y P 1991 Gas Discharge Physics (Berlin: Springer) pp69–70
[29]	Wang H Y, Jiang W, Wang Y N 2010 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 19 045023 Google Scholar
[30]	Friedman A 1990 J. Comput. Phys. 90 292 Google Scholar
[31]	Nanbu K 2000 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 28 971 Google Scholar
[32]	Kossyi I A, Kostinsky A Y, Matveyev A A, Silakov V P 1992 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 1 207 Google Scholar
[33]	Lxcat Program of IST-Lisbon Database https://lxcat.net/ [2022-10-10]
[34]	Jiang W, Wang H Y, Bi Z H, Wang Y N 2011 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 20 035013 Google Scholar
[35]	Vahedi V, Surendra M 1995 Comput. Phys. Commun. 87 179 Google Scholar
[36]	Li Y T, Fu Y Y, Liu Z G, Li H D, Wang P, Luo H Y, Zou X B, Wang X X 2022 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 31 045027 Google Scholar
[37]	Mesyats G A, Yalandin M I, Zubarev N M, Sadykova A G, Sharypov K A 2020 Appl. Phys. Lett. 116 063501 Google Scholar
[38]	Tarasenko V F, Yakovlenko S I 2004 Physics-Uspekhi 47 887 Google Scholar
[39]	章程, 马浩, 邵涛, 谢庆, 杨文晋, 严萍 2014 物理学报 638 085208 Google Scholar Zhang C, Ma H, Shao T, Xie Q, Yang W J, Yan P 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 638 085208 Google Scholar
[40]	Zubarev N M, Ivanov S N 2017 Plasma Phys. Rep. 44 445 Google Scholar
[41]	Naidis G V, Tarasenko V F, Babaeva N Y, Lomaev M I 2018 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 27 013001 Google Scholar
[42]	Shao T, Tarasenko V F, Zhang C, Kostyrya I D, Jiang H, Xu R, Rybka D V, Yan P 2011 Appl. Phys. Express 4 066001 Google Scholar
[43]	Askaryan G A 1975 Proc. (Tr.) P. N. Lebedev Phys. Inst. (USSR) (Engl. Transl.) 66 66
[44]	Kozhevnikov V Y, Kozyrev A V, Semeniuk N S 2017 Russ. Phys. J. 60 1425 Google Scholar

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