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平衡光电探测器作为一种检测量子态噪声起伏通用技术的核心关键器件，其性能参数在近直流的宽频带范围内(mHz-MHz)常受限于电子学噪声与电学增益的相互制约。针对1 mHz-1 Hz极低频段，为满足未来量子增强引力波探测计划中对量子压缩光源探测和评估等方面的需求，本研究基于一种可调节阻抗匹配网络与两级差分放大的设计架构，使用差分微调电路(DFTC)与可调偏置电压(ABV)协同补偿方案，优化光电二极管(PD)的非线性响应补偿机制，在分析频段500 Hz处实现共模抑制比(CMRR)>75 dB。实验结果表明，在小于1 Hz的频段内，探测器的电子学噪声优于3.5×10-5 V/Hz1/2，满足空间引力波探测计划对于激光强度噪声的要求(1×10-4 V/Hz1/2)；同时当入射的本底探测光功率为4 mW时，本平衡光电探测器可实现增益20 dB@1 mHz-1 MHz，满足高指标压缩光源的高效探测需求，为下一代空间引力波探测以及极低频段压缩态光场的探测提供了关键器件的解决方案。Balanced detectors are fundamental components for the precise measurement of quantum state fluctuations, particularly quantum noise, which is crucial for future quantum-enhanced interferometric gravitational wave detectors utilizing squeezed light. Based on the transimpedance amplifier (TIA) model core to balanced detection, we conduct a detailed theoretical and practical analysis of the electronic factors influencing detector performance in the target ultra-lowfrequency band. The TIA stage was meticulously designed using a highperformance integrated operational amplifier characterized by low offset voltage drift. To ensure gain stability critical for ultra-low-frequency operation, the design incorporated low temperature-drift metal foil resistors. Subsequent voltage amplification was achieved using a noninverting amplifier configuration to attain the necessary high electrical gain while strictly managing overall electronic noise. Recognizing the criticality of common-mode noise rejection for quantum noise measurements, we analyzed and optimized the photodiode (PD) nonlinear response compensation mechanism. This was achieved through the innovative implementation of a differential fine-tuning circuit (DFTC) coupled with an adjustable bias voltage (ABV) compensation scheme. Experimental validation confirmed the effectiveness of the optimized design. The compensation scheme utilizing DFTC and ABV successfully achieved a high common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) exceeding 75 dB@500 Hz. Crucially, the detector achieves an electronic noise spectral density of 3.5×10-5 V/Hz1/2 within the 1 mHz–1 Hz band, surpassing the space-based gravitational wave detection requirement for laser intensity noise (1×10-4 V/Hz1/2). Furthermore, the detector demonstrated high gain capability and bandwidth: with an incident detection light power of 4 mW, the balanced detectors achieved a gain of 20 dB maintained across a wide frequency range from 1 mHz to 1 MHz. This work presents the design, detailed analysis, and experimental realization of optimized balanced detectors specifically tailored for high-sensitivity measurements in the millihertz gravitational wave frequency band. The achieved low electronic noise floor below 1 Hz and high CMRR fulfill the critical requirements for detecting squeezed states of light in future space-based gravitational wave detectors. This optimized balanced detector provides vital components and technical support for next-generation space-based gravitational wave detection and millihertz squeezed light characterization.
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Keywords:
- millihertz band /
- balanced photoelectric detection /
- transimpedance Amplifier /
- common mode rejection ratio
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