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针对空间引力波探测中抑制0.1 mHz—1 Hz频段激光强度噪声需求, 基于光电二极管在光伏模式下具有低暗电流的特点, 采用零偏置电压方案, 结合零失调电压漂移的集成运放及低温漂金属箔电阻组成跨阻放大电路, 优化跨阻电容以及跟随电路; 并进一步通过主动温控对光电二极管控温来稳定光电二极管响应度, 研发出在0.1 mHz—1 Hz频段内超低电子学噪声的光电探测器. 利用自研的强度噪声评估系统对其噪声进行时域及频域全面评估测试, 实验结果表明: 所研发探测器的电子学噪声谱密度达到2×10–6 V/Hz1/2@0.1 mHz—1 Hz, 探测器增益能够达到 35 kV/W @1064 nm. 该探测器噪声性能小于空间引力波探测中对激光强度噪声(10–4 Hz–1/2)要求两个数量级, 为高增益光电反馈控制以及空间引力波探测中激光强度噪声抑制等方面提供关键器件及技术支撑.Laser intensity noise suppression in the millihertz frequency band is essential for space-based gravitational wave detection to ensure the sensitivity of the interferometer. Optoelectronic feedback technology is one of the most effective methods of suppressing laser intensity noise. , The noise of the photodetector that is the first-stage component in the feedback loop, directly couples into the feedback loop, thus significantly affecting the laser intensity noise. In this paper, starting from the requirement of suppressing laser intensity noise in the 0.1 mHz–1 Hz frequency band for space-based gravitational wave detection, the factors affecting the electronics of photodetectors at extremely low frequencies are analyzed in detail. Using the low dark current characteristic of photodiodes in photovoltaic mode, a zero-bias voltage scheme is adopted to reduce the dark noise of the photodiode. A transimpedance amplification circuit is designed using an integrated operational amplifier with zero offset voltage drift and low-temperature drift metal foil resistors, thereby optimizing the transimpedance capacitor and follower circuit to reduce 1/f noise in the circuit. Active temperature control is employed to stabilize the responsivity of photodiode, and additional measures such as using a homemade low-noise power supply and shielding interference are taken to further reduce the noise. Ultimately, an ultra-low electronic noise photodetector operating in the 0.1 mHz–1 Hz frequency band is developed. A homemade intensity noise evaluation system is used to comprehensively assess the noise both in the time domain and in the frequency domain. The constant noise characteristics of the homemade detector are estimated experimentally. The experimental results show that the electronic noise spectral density of the homemade detector reaches 2×10–6 V/Hz1/2 in the 0.1 mHz–1 Hz frequency band, and the electronic noise of the detector does not vary with optical power. The detector achieves a gain of 35 kV/W at 1064 nm. The noise performance of the detector is two orders of magnitude lower than the laser intensity noise requirement (10–4 Hz–1/2) for space-based gravitational wave detection, providing a critical component and technical support for high-gain optoelectronic feedback control and laser intensity noise suppression in space-based gravitational wave detection.
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Keywords:
- space-based gravitational wave detection /
- laser intensity noise /
- photodetector /
- millihertz band
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图 1 0.1 mHz—1 Hz频段低噪声探测器原理图
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of a low-noise detector in the 0.1 mHz–1 Hz frequency band.
图 2 探测器静态测量原理示意图
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram illustrating the principle of static measurement in detectors.
图 3 光电二极管不同工作模式下电子学噪声测试表征 (a) 时域测试图; (b) 频域测试图
Fig. 3. Characterization of photodiode electronic noise test in different operating modes: (a) Date results in time-domain; (b) noise power spectrum obtained by LPSD algorithm.
图 4 光电探测器在不同运放下电子学噪声测试表征 (a) 时域测试图; (b) 频域测试图
Fig. 4. Photodetectors are characterized using different operating electronics noise tests: (a) Date results in time-domain; (b) noise power spectrum obtained by LPSD algorithm.
图 5 光电探测器测试原理图, 其中Laser为固体激光器, ISO为光隔离器; λ/2为半波片, PBS为偏振分束器, Filter为光衰减器, PD为光电探测器; Meter为高精度数字万用表
Fig. 5. Photodetector test diagram, where Laser is soild-state laser; ISO is optical isolator; λ/2 is half-wave-plate: PBS is polarization beam splitter; Filter is optical attenuator; PD is photodetector; Meter is high-precision digital multimeter.
图 7 探测器线性度测试噪声谱表征 (a) 时域测试图; (b) 频域测试图
Fig. 7. Detector linearity test noise spectral characterization: (a) Date results in time-domain; (b) noise power spectrum obtained by LPSD algorithm.
表 1 三种低噪声运放芯片关键参数对比
Table 1. Comparison of the key parameters of the three op amp chip.
Operational
Amplifier modelOffset voltage
drift/(μV·℃–1)Input offset
voltage/μVInput offset
current/ nAInput noise voltage
(0.1—10 Hz)/ nVp-pAD8671 0.3 30 8 77 AD797 0.2 30 120 50 LTC1151 0.01 0.5 0.02 1500 
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