量子电池的研究进展

王璐; 吴风霖; 李娜娜; 郭森炎; 樊浩; 刘树倩; 刘思远

doi:10.7498/aps.75.20251507

摘要
量子电池是一种基于量子力学原理设计的新型储能装置，旨在克服传统电化学电池在能量密度、充电速度和效率等方面的性能极限。本综述系统梳理了该领域近年来在理论和实验方面的研究进展，重点阐述了其理论框架和核心物理机制，包括量子纠缠和量子相干在能量存储、传输与提取过程中的关键作用。同时，回顾了现有的量子多体电池模型及其开放系统特性中的关键问题，探讨了远距离无线充电的实现路径和发展前景，并介绍了具有潜力的实验实现平台。量子电池研究处于快速发展阶段，其成果不仅对下一代高性能储能技术具有潜在变革性意义，也为量子热力学和量子资源理论提供了重要的实验验证平台。

关键词:
量子电池 /

量子热力学 /

量子资源 /

开放量子系统
Abstract
Quantum battery is a new energy storage concept designed based on the principles of quantum mechanics, aimed at overcoming the physical limitations of traditional electrochemical batteries in terms of energy density, charging speed, and efficiency. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of recent theoretical and experimental progress in the field, emphasizing the underlying theoretical framework and the core physical mechanisms that govern energy storage, transport, and extraction. Central attention is given to the essential roles of quantum coherence and entanglement in enhancing charging performance and enabling collective phenomena. The thermodynamic foundations of quantum batteries are introduced, including stored energy, ergotropy, capacity, power, and energy fluctuations. The review then examines the structural characteristics and charging behaviors of several representative quantum battery models in depth, including light-matter interaction batteries based on the Tavis-Cummings or Dicke framework, spin-chain batteries with various interaction types, high-dimensional (three-level and multi-level) batteries employing adiabatic and shortcut-to-adiabatic control, as well as Rydberg-atom-based batteries featuring switchable strong long-range interactions. For each model, the influence of initial states, coupling strength, system size, and excitation distribution on charging dynamics, capacity, and power scaling is systematically discussed. Furthermore, key challenges faced by quantum many-body battery models in realistic environments are reviewed, particularly in relation to their open-system characteristics. We summarize recent advances in understanding how decoherence, dissipation, and environmental noise degrade battery performance, while highlighting how non-Markovian memory effects can stabilize energy flow or partially restore lost coherence. Measurement-based feedback control, dissipative engineering, and decoherence-free subspace techniques are introduced as promising strategies to suppress decoherence, mitigate self-discharge, and extend battery lifetime. The potential quantum advantages in self-discharge suppression, energy retention, and anti-aging mechanisms are also examined. Finally, the review explores feasible implementation routes toward long-distance or wireless quantum charging, and surveys experimental platforms capable of realizing quantum batteries, including superconducting circuits, trapped ions, cavity-QED systems, optomechanical devices, and Rydberg arrays. Overall, quantum battery research is undergoing rapid expansion, and its progress not only promises transformative innovations in next-generation energy storage technologies, but also provides a powerful experimental platform for advancing quantum thermodynamics, quantum resource theory, and the physics of nonequilibrium quantum systems.

Keywords:
Quantum Battery /

Quantum Thermodynamics /

Quantum Resources /

Open Quantum Systems
施引文献

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量子电池的研究进展

Research Progress of Quantum Battery

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