多个量子节点确定性纠缠的建立

刘艳红; 吴量; 闫智辉; 贾晓军; 彭堃墀

doi:10.7498/aps.68.20181614

摘要

量子纠缠是一种重要的量子资源, 在多个空间分离的量子存储器间建立确定性的量子纠缠, 然后在用户控制的时刻将所存储的量子纠缠转移到量子信道中进行信息的分发和传送, 这对于实现量子信息网络是至关重要的. 本文介绍了用光学参量放大器制备与铷原子D1吸收线对应的非经典光场, 而且在三个空间分离的原子系综中确定性量子纠缠的产生、存储和转移. 利用电磁感应透明光和原子相互作用的原理, 将制备的多组分光场纠缠态模式映射到三个远距离的原子系综以建立原子自旋波之间的纠缠. 然后, 存储在原子系综中的纠缠态通过三个量子通道, 纠缠态的量子噪声被转移到三束空间分离的正交纠缠光场. 三束释放的光场间纠缠的存在验证了该系统具有保持多组分纠缠的能力. 这个方案实现了三个量子节点间的纠缠, 并且可以直接扩展到具有更多节点的量子网络, 为未来实现大型量子网络通信奠定了基础.

关键词:

Abstract

Quantum entanglement is a significant quantum resource, which plays a central role in quantum communication. For realizing quantum information network, it is important to establish deterministic quantum entanglement among multiple spatial-separated quantum memories, and then the stored entanglement is transferred into the quantum channels for distributing and transmitting the quantum information at the user-control time. Firstly, we introduce the scheme of deterministic generation polarization squeezed state at 795 nm. A pair of quadrature amplitude squeezed optical fields are prepared by two degenerate optical parameter amplifiers pumped by a laser at 398 nm, and then the polarization squeezed state of light appears by combining the generated two quadrature amplitude squeezed optical beams on a polarizing beam splitter. Secondly, we present the experimental demonstration of tripartite polarization entanglement described by Stokes operators of optical field. The quadrature tripartite entangled states of light corresponding to the resonance with D1 line of rubidium atoms are transformed into the continuous-variable polarization entanglement via polarization beam splitter with three bright local optical beams. Finally, we propose the generation, storage and transfer of deterministic quantum entanglement among three spatially separated atomic ensembles. By the method of electromagnetically induced transparency light-matter interaction, the optical multiple entangled state is mapped into three distant atomic ensembles to build the entanglement among three atomic spin waves. Then, the quantum noise of entanglement stored in the atomic ensembles is transferred to the three space-seperated quadrature entangled light fields through three quantum channels. The existence of entanglement among the three released beams verifies that the system has the ability to maintain the multipartite entanglement. This protocol realizes the entanglement among three distant quantum nodes, and it can be extended to quantum network with more quantum nodes. All of these lay the foundation for realizing the large-scale quantum network communication in the future.

Keywords:

deterministic quantum entanglement /
electromagnetically induced transparency /
multipartite entanglement /
quantum nodes

作者及机构信息

1.
山西大学光电研究所, 量子光学与光量子器件国家重点实验室, 太原　030006

2.
山西大学, 极端光学协同创新中心, 太原　030006

通信作者: 贾晓军, jiaxj@sxu.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划(批准号: 2016YFA0301402)、国家自然科学基金(批准号: 61775127, 11474190, 11654002)、山西青年三晋学者项目、山西省回国留学人员科研资助项目和山西省“1331工程”重点学科建设计划资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
Institute of Opto-Electronics, State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China

2.
Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China

Corresponding author: Jia Xiao-Jun, jiaxj@sxu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFA0301402), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61775127, 11474190, 11654002), the Program for Sanjin Scholars of Shanxi Province, China, the Shanxi Scholarship Council of China, and the Fund for Shanxi “1331 Project” Key Subjects Construction, China.

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施引文献

图 1 偏振压缩光场制备原理图

Fig. 1. Schematic of generation system of polarization squeezing.

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图 2 Stokes分量(a) ${\hat S_0}$, (b) ${\hat S_1}$, (c)${\hat S_2}$, (d) ${\hat S_3}$的量子噪声的实验测量(HWP, 二分之一波片; QWP, 四分之一波片; PBS, 偏振分束棱镜; +/−, 功率加法/减法器)

Fig. 2. Measurement of quantum noise of Stokes component (a) ${\hat S_0}$, (b) ${\hat S_1}$, (c) ${\hat S_2}$, (d) ${\hat S_3}$. HWP, half-wave plate; QWP, quarter-wave plate; PBS, polarization beam splitter; +/−, positive/negative power combiner.

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图 3 偏振压缩光Stokes分量的量子噪声^[61]　(a) ${\hat S_0}$; (b) $\hat S{}_1$; (c) ${\hat S_2}$; (d) ${\hat S_3}$

Fig. 3. Quantum noises of Stokes component of polarization squeezedlight^[61]: (a) ${\hat S_0}$; (b) ${\hat S_1}$; (c) ${\hat S_2}$; (d) ${\hat S_3}$.

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图 4 偏振纠缠制备原理图

Fig. 4. Schematic for the generation system of polarization entanglement.

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图 5 三组分偏振纠缠态产生方案(BS1, 光学分束器1; BS2, 光学分束器2; PBS1, 偏振分束棱镜1; PBS2, 偏振分束棱镜2; PBS3, 偏振分束棱镜3)

Fig. 5. Schematic for the generation of tripartite polarization entangled state. BS1, beam splitter1; BS2, beam splitter2; PBS1, polarization beam splitter1; PBS2, polarization beam splitter2; PBS3, polarization beam splitter3.

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图 6 分析频率在1—6 MHz间测量的Stokes关联方差　(a) ${{\text{δ }}^2}({\hat S_{{2_{{d_2}}}}} - {\hat S_{{2_{{d_3}}}}})$; (b) ${{\text{δ }}^2}({g_1}{\hat S_{{3_{{d_1}}}}} + {\hat S_{{3_{{d_2}}}}} + {\hat S_{{3_{d3}}}})$; (c) ${{\text{δ }}^2}({\hat S_{{2_{{d_1}}}}} - {\hat S_{{2_{d3}}}})$; (d) ${{\text{δ }}^2}({\hat S_{{3_{{d_1}}}}} + {g_2}{\hat S_{{3_{{d_2}}}}} + {\hat S_{{3_{d3}}}})$; (e) ${{\text{δ }}^2}({\hat S_{{2_{{d_1}}}}} - {\hat S_{{2_{d2}}}})$; (f) ${{\text{δ }}^2}({\hat S_{{3_{{d_1}}}}} + {\hat S_{{3_{{d_2}}}}} + {g_3}{\hat S_{{3_{d3}}}})$

Fig. 6. Measured correlation variances of (a) ${{\text{δ }}^2}({\hat S_{{2_{{d_2}}}}} - {\hat S_{{2_{{d_3}}}}})$, (b) ${{\text{δ }}^2}({g_1}{\hat S_{{3_{{d_1}}}}} + {\hat S_{{3_{{d_2}}}}} + {\hat S_{{3_{d3}}}})$, (c) ${{\text{δ }}^2}({\hat S_{{2_{{d_1}}}}} - {\hat S_{{2_{d3}}}})$, (d) ${{\text{δ }}^2}({\hat S_{{3_{{d_1}}}}} + {g_2}{\hat S_{{3_{{d_2}}}}} + {\hat S_{{3_{d3}}}})$, (e) ${{\text{δ }}^2}({\hat S_{{2_{{d_1}}}}} - {\hat S_{{2_{d2}}}})$, (f) ${{\text{δ }}^2}({\hat S_{{3_{{d_1}}}}} + {\hat S_{{3_{{d_2}}}}} + {g_3}{\hat S_{{3_{d3}}}})$ over the analysis frequency rangefrom 1 to 6 MHz.

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图 7 原子系综纠缠示意图

Fig. 7. Schematic of atom-atom entanglement generation system.

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图 8 三原子系综纠缠实验装置图

Fig. 8. Experimental device diagram of quantum entanglement among three distant atomic ensembles.

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图 9 信号光与控制光的时序控制图

Fig. 9. Sequence control of signal and control light.

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图 10 测量的输入模式和释放模式的关联方差

Fig. 10. Measured normalized correlation variances of input and released optical submodes.

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表 1 释放光模正交分量不同组合的归一化关联方差

Table 1. Values of normalized correlation variances for different combinations.

不同组合的关联方差	输入模式/dB	原子自旋波/dB	释放模式/dB
$\left\langle {{{\text{δ}}^2}({{\hat X}_2} - {{\hat X}_3})} \right\rangle $	−3.30 ± 0.05	−0.56 ± 0.03	−0.37 ± 0.03
$\left\langle {{{\text{δ}}^2}({g_1}{{\hat P}_1} + {{\hat P}_2} + {{\hat P}_3})} \right\rangle $	−2.93 ± 0.05	−0.15 ± 0.02	−0.10 ± 0.02
$\left\langle {{{\text{δ}}^2}({{\hat X}_1} - {{\hat X}_3})} \right\rangle $	−3.25 ± 0.05	−0.53 ± 0.03	−0.35 ± 0.03
$\left\langle {{{\text{δ}}^2}({{\hat P}_1} + {g_2}{{\hat P}_2} + {{\hat P}_3})} \right\rangle $	−2.91 ± 0.05	−0.15 ± 0.02	−0.10 ± 0.02
$\left\langle {{{\text{δ}}^2}({{\hat X}_1} - {{\hat X}_2})} \right\rangle $	−3.25 ± 0.05	−0.52 ± 0.03	−0.34 ± 0.03
$\left\langle {{{\text{δ}}^2}({g_1}{{\hat P}_2} + {{\hat P}_2} + {{\hat P}_3})} \right\rangle $	−2.90 ± 0.05	−0.14 ± 0.02	−0.09 ± 0.02

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