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温度测量对燃烧过程中的污染控制与节能减排具有重要意义, 而实际应用中复杂的动态高温燃烧场对温度测量技术的测量精度与响应速度提出了严格的要求. 相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射技术作为一种较为先进的光谱测温技术, 具有较高的空间分辨率, 可以在高温环境下实现准确的温度测量, 具有应用于复杂燃烧场的潜力. 针对复杂的动态高温燃烧场的测温需求, 本文提出了一种基于二次谐波带宽压缩方法的混合飞秒/皮秒相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射测温方法, 实现了对动态高温燃烧场温度的准确测量与动态响应. 实验中利用标准燃烧器模拟了1700—2200 K温度范围内的动态高温燃烧场, 利用该测温方法, 以千赫兹的光谱采集速率, 对模拟的动态火焰的温度进行了连续70 s测量. 测量结果显示, 该方法在高温下温度测量的相对误差小于1.2 %, 相对标准偏差小于1.8 %, 同时能动态追踪0.2 s内的温度变化过程, 验证了该方法测温的准确性、稳定性以及响应速度, 为复杂的动态高温燃烧场的温度测量提供了一种新的测量方案.
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关键词:
- 相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射 /
- 温度测量 /
- 动态测量
Temperature, as an important parameter in combustion diagnostic process, will directly affect the combustion efficiency and the generation of combustion products. The accurate measuring of combustion temperature and then controlling of combustion state can not only contribute to avoiding the generation of harmful waste gas, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and oxynitride (NOx), but also improve the combustion efficiency, thereby saving the energy. However, in practical applications, dynamic and high-temperature combustion field has strict requirements for measurement accuracy and response speed of the thermometry technology. As an advanced spectral thermometry technology, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) has a much higher spatial resolution, and can achieve accurate temperature measurement in high-temperature environment, so CARS has the potential applications in complex combustion field. For the temperature measurement requirements in the complex dynamic and high-temperature combustion field, we demonstrate a hybrid femtosecond/picosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering thermometry method through using the second harmonic bandwidth compression method, and achieve accurate measurements and dynamic response to temperature in dynamic and high-temperature combustion field. By using the narrow-band picosecond pulse obtained from the sum frequency process of femtosecond pulse in the BBO crystal as a probe pulse, this thermometry method can achieve single-shot, 1-kHz temperature measurement in high-temperature flame. We utilize the standard burner to simulate dynamic combustion field in a range of 1700–2200 K by changing the equivalence ratio quickly, and carry out continuous temperature measurement in 70 s by our thermometry method in this simulated dynamic and high-temperature flame. The least square method is used to fit the theoretical spectrum library to the actual single spectrum, and the fitting temperature corresponding to the actual single spectrum is obtained from the curve of fitting error. The continuous temperature measurements in 70 s exhibit superior performance in dynamic and high-temperature flame with a temperature inaccuracy less than 1.2% and a precision less than 1.8% at four different temperatures, and can track the temperature variation process within 0.2 s dynamically. These results verify the accuracy, stability and response speed in dynamic and high-temperature environment, and provide a new system scheme for thermometry in practical harsh combustion field.[1] 张步强, 许振宇, 刘建国, 等 2019 物理学报 68 233301
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Zhang B Q, Xu Z Y, Liu J G, et al. 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 233301
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[2] 冯玉霄, 黄群星, 梁军辉, 王飞, 严建华, 池涌 2012 物理学报 61 134702
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Feng Y X, Huang Q X, Liang J H, Wang F, Yan J H, Chi Y 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 134702
Google Scholar
[3] 李帅瑶, 张大源, 高强, 李博, 何勇, 王智化 2020 物理学报 69 234207
Google Scholar
Li S Y, Zhang D Y, Gao Q, Li B, He Y, Wang Z H 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 234207
Google Scholar
[4] Moya F, Druet S A J, Taran J P E 1975 Opt. Commun. 13 169
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[5] Roy S, Meyer T R, Lucht R P, Afzelius M, Bengtsson P E, Gord J R 2004 Opt. Lett. 29 1843
Google Scholar
[6] Beyrau F, Bräuer A, Seeger T, Leipertz A 2004 Opt. Lett. 29 247
Google Scholar
[7] Gord J R, Meyer T R, Roy S 2008 Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 1 663
Google Scholar
[8] Roy S, Gord J R, Patnaik A K 2010 Prog. Energy Combus. Sci. 36 280
Google Scholar
[9] Laubereau A, Kaiser W 1978 Rev. Mod. Phys. 50 607
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[10] Kamga F M, Sceats M G 1980 Opt. Lett. 5 126
Google Scholar
[11] Meyer T R, Roy S, Gord J R 2007 Appl. Spectrosc. 61 1135
Google Scholar
[12] Seeger T, Kiefer J, Leipertz A, Patterson B, Kliewer C, Settersten T 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 3755
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[13] Thomas S, Johannes K, Yi G, Patterson B D, Kliewer C J, Settersten T B 2010 Opt. Lett. 35 2040
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[14] Beaud P, Frey H M, Lang T, Motzkus M 2001 Chem. Phys. Lett. 344 407
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[15] Lucht R P, Roy S, Meyer T R, Gord J R 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 251112
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[16] Wrzesinski P J, Stauffer H U, Kulatilaka W D, Gord J R, Roy S 2013 J. Raman Spectrosc. 44 1344
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[17] Lang T, Motzkus M 2002 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 19 340
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[18] Roy S, Kulatilaka W D, Richardson D R, Lucht R P, Gord J R 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 3857
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[19] Richardson D R, Stauffer H U, Roy S, Gord J R 2017 Appl. Opt. 56 E37
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[20] Courtney T L, Bohlin A, Patterson B D, Kliewer C J 2017 J. Chem. Phys. 146 224202
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[21] Yang C B, He P, Escofet-Martin D, Peng J B, Fan R W, Yu X, Dunn-Rankin D 2018 Appl. Opt. 57 197
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[23] Richardson D R, Kearney S P, Guildenbecher D R 2020 Appl. Opt. 59 8293
Google Scholar
[24] Miller J D, Slipchenko M N, Meyer T R, Stauffer H U, Gord J R 2010 Opt. Lett. 35 2430
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[25] Zhao H, Tian Z, Li Y, Wei H 2021 Opt. Lett. 46 1688
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[27] Eckbreth A C 1978 Appl. Phys. Lett. 32 421
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[28] Shirley J A, Hall R J, Eckbreth A C 1980 Opt. Lett. 5 380
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[29] Chloe D 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Iowa: Iowa State University)
[30] Vestin F, Nilsson K, Bengtsson P E 2008 Appl. Opt. 47 1893
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[31] Bertagnolli K E, Lucht R 1996 Symp. (Int.) Combust. 26 1825
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[32] Kovac J D 1998 J. Chem. Edu. 75 545
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[33] Miller J D 2012 Ph. D. Dissertation (Iowa: Iowa State University)
[34] Rahn L A, Palmer R E 1986 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 3 1164
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[35] Seeger T, Beyrau F, Bräuer A, Leipertz A 2003 J. Raman Spectrosc. 34 932
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[36] Weigand P, Rainer L, Wolfgang M 2003 http://www.dlr.de/vt/datenarchiv
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图 2 (a) 共线式相位匹配图; (b) BOXCARS相位匹配图; (c) 折叠式BOXCARS相位匹配图
Fig. 2. (a) Diagram of collinear phase matching; (b) diagram of BOXCARS phase matching; (c) diagram of folded BOXCARS phase matching.
图 3 混合飞秒皮秒CARS光路系统图. BS1−BS3, 分光镜; M1−M15, 反射镜; G1−G3, 光栅; CL1和CL2, 柱面透镜; RM1和RM3, 凸面反射镜; RM2和RM4, 凹面反射镜; E1和E2, 直边; L1−L3, 透镜; OPA, 光学参量放大器; EMCCD, 电子倍增电荷耦合器件
Fig. 3. Diagram of hybrid femtosecond/picosecond CARS optical system. BS1−BS3, beam splitter; M1−M15, mirror; G1−G3, grating; CL1 and CL2, cylindrical lens; RM1 and RM3, concave rear mirror; RM2 and RM4, convex rear mirror; E1 and E2, edge; L1−L3, lens; OPA, optical parametric amplifier; EMCCD, electron multiplying charge coupled device.
图 4 (a) 燃烧器实物图; (b) 平面火焰图; (c) 燃烧系统图
Fig. 4. (a) Image of burner; (b) image of flat flame; (c) diagram of combustion system.
图 5 (a) 原始光谱; (b) 处理后的归一化光谱; (c) 拟合误差曲线; (d) 拟合光谱与实际光谱的对比
Fig. 5. (a) Original spectrum; (b) normalized spectrum after processing; (c) curve of fitting error; (d) comparison of fitting spectrum with actual spectrum.
图 6 70 s动态温度测量结果 (a) 28.6—29 s局部放大图; (b) 65.2—65.6 s局部放大图
Fig. 6. Results of dynamic temperature measurement within 70 s: (a) Local enlarged between 28.6 s and 29 s; (b) local enlarged between 65.2 s and 65.6 s.
图 7 不同流速配比下测量温度的柱状分布图 (a) 0—8 s段; (b) 9—28.5 s段; (c) 28.9—48.8 s段; (d) 49—65.3 s段
Fig. 7. Histograms of temperature measurements in different flow velocity ratios: (a) From 0 s to 8 s; (b) from 9 s to 28.5 s; (c) from 28.9 s to 48.8 s; (d) from 49 s to 65.3 s.
图 8 单幅光谱拟合结果 (a) 0—8 s段; (b) 9—28.5 s段; (c) 28.9—48.8 s段; (d) 49—65.3 s段
Fig. 8. Fitting results of single shot: (a) From 0 s to 8 s; (b) from 9 s to 28.5 s; (c) from 28.9 s to 48.8 s; (d) from 49 s to 65.3 s.
表 1 4种流速配比及其对应参考温度[36]
Table 1. Four flow velocity ratios and their corresponding reference temperatures.
流速/(标准升·min–1) 参考温度/K 空气 甲烷 15.00 1.10 1706 30.30 2.55 1967 15.00 1.42 1799 36.18 3.42 2110 
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表 2 4个流速配比下测温的误差分析
Table 2. Error analysis of temperature measurement in four different flow velocity ratios.
时间段 参考温度/K 相对误差 相对标准偏差 0—8 s 1706 1.19% 1.75% 9—28.5 s 1967 0.53% 1.67% 28.9—48.8 s 1799 0.42% 1.42% 49—65.3 s 2110 0.21% 1.71%
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[1] 张步强, 许振宇, 刘建国, 等 2019 物理学报 68 233301
Google Scholar
Zhang B Q, Xu Z Y, Liu J G, et al. 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 233301
Google Scholar
[2] 冯玉霄, 黄群星, 梁军辉, 王飞, 严建华, 池涌 2012 物理学报 61 134702
Google Scholar
Feng Y X, Huang Q X, Liang J H, Wang F, Yan J H, Chi Y 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 134702
Google Scholar
[3] 李帅瑶, 张大源, 高强, 李博, 何勇, 王智化 2020 物理学报 69 234207
Google Scholar
Li S Y, Zhang D Y, Gao Q, Li B, He Y, Wang Z H 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 234207
Google Scholar
[4] Moya F, Druet S A J, Taran J P E 1975 Opt. Commun. 13 169
Google Scholar
[5] Roy S, Meyer T R, Lucht R P, Afzelius M, Bengtsson P E, Gord J R 2004 Opt. Lett. 29 1843
Google Scholar
[6] Beyrau F, Bräuer A, Seeger T, Leipertz A 2004 Opt. Lett. 29 247
Google Scholar
[7] Gord J R, Meyer T R, Roy S 2008 Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 1 663
Google Scholar
[8] Roy S, Gord J R, Patnaik A K 2010 Prog. Energy Combus. Sci. 36 280
Google Scholar
[9] Laubereau A, Kaiser W 1978 Rev. Mod. Phys. 50 607
Google Scholar
[10] Kamga F M, Sceats M G 1980 Opt. Lett. 5 126
Google Scholar
[11] Meyer T R, Roy S, Gord J R 2007 Appl. Spectrosc. 61 1135
Google Scholar
[12] Seeger T, Kiefer J, Leipertz A, Patterson B, Kliewer C, Settersten T 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 3755
Google Scholar
[13] Thomas S, Johannes K, Yi G, Patterson B D, Kliewer C J, Settersten T B 2010 Opt. Lett. 35 2040
Google Scholar
[14] Beaud P, Frey H M, Lang T, Motzkus M 2001 Chem. Phys. Lett. 344 407
Google Scholar
[15] Lucht R P, Roy S, Meyer T R, Gord J R 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 251112
Google Scholar
[16] Wrzesinski P J, Stauffer H U, Kulatilaka W D, Gord J R, Roy S 2013 J. Raman Spectrosc. 44 1344
Google Scholar
[17] Lang T, Motzkus M 2002 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 19 340
Google Scholar
[18] Roy S, Kulatilaka W D, Richardson D R, Lucht R P, Gord J R 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 3857
Google Scholar
[19] Richardson D R, Stauffer H U, Roy S, Gord J R 2017 Appl. Opt. 56 E37
Google Scholar
[20] Courtney T L, Bohlin A, Patterson B D, Kliewer C J 2017 J. Chem. Phys. 146 224202
Google Scholar
[21] Yang C B, He P, Escofet-Martin D, Peng J B, Fan R W, Yu X, Dunn-Rankin D 2018 Appl. Opt. 57 197
Google Scholar
[22] Zhao H, Tian Z, Wu T, Li Y, Wei H 2020 Appl. Phys. Lett. 116 111103
Google Scholar
[23] Richardson D R, Kearney S P, Guildenbecher D R 2020 Appl. Opt. 59 8293
Google Scholar
[24] Miller J D, Slipchenko M N, Meyer T R, Stauffer H U, Gord J R 2010 Opt. Lett. 35 2430
Google Scholar
[25] Zhao H, Tian Z, Li Y, Wei H 2021 Opt. Lett. 46 1688
Google Scholar
[26] Zhao H, Tian Z, Wu T, Li Y, Wei H 2021 Appl. Phys. Lett. 118 071107
Google Scholar
[27] Eckbreth A C 1978 Appl. Phys. Lett. 32 421
Google Scholar
[28] Shirley J A, Hall R J, Eckbreth A C 1980 Opt. Lett. 5 380
Google Scholar
[29] Chloe D 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Iowa: Iowa State University)
[30] Vestin F, Nilsson K, Bengtsson P E 2008 Appl. Opt. 47 1893
Google Scholar
[31] Bertagnolli K E, Lucht R 1996 Symp. (Int.) Combust. 26 1825
Google Scholar
[32] Kovac J D 1998 J. Chem. Edu. 75 545
Google Scholar
[33] Miller J D 2012 Ph. D. Dissertation (Iowa: Iowa State University)
[34] Rahn L A, Palmer R E 1986 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 3 1164
Google Scholar
[35] Seeger T, Beyrau F, Bräuer A, Leipertz A 2003 J. Raman Spectrosc. 34 932
Google Scholar
[36] Weigand P, Rainer L, Wolfgang M 2003 http://www.dlr.de/vt/datenarchiv
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