熵不确定度关系综述

李丽娟; 明飞; 宋学科; 叶柳; 王栋

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20212197

摘要

不确定关系是量子力学的基本特征之一, 随着量子信息理论的蓬勃发展, 不确定关系更是在其中发挥着重要的作用. 特别是将熵引入来描述不确定关系之后, 不确定关系在量子信息技术中涌现出多种应用. 众所周知, 熵不确定度关系已成为几乎所有量子密码协议安全分析的核心要素. 这篇综述主要回顾不确定关系的发展历史和最新研究进展, 从Heisenberg提出不相容测量其结果是不能被预测伊始, 许多学者在该观点的启发下, 做了进一步的相关扩展研究, 将可观测物体与环境之间的量子关联结合起来, 对不确定关系进行各种推广从而得到更普适的数学表达式. 除此以外, 本文还重点介绍了量子存储下的熵不确定度关系及其发展, 也介绍了在某些物理系统中对应的动力学特性. 最后讨论了熵不确定度关系在量子信息领域的各种应用, 从随机数到波粒二象性再到量子密钥分发.

关键词:

Abstract

The Heisenberg uncertainty principle is one of the characteristics of quantum mechanics. With the vigorous development of quantum information theory, uncertain relations have gradually played an important role in it. In particular, in order to solved the shortcomings of the concept in the initial formulation of the uncertainty principle, we brought entropy into the uncertainty relation, after that, the entropic uncertainty relation has exploited the advantages to the full in various applications. As we all know the entropic uncertainty relation has became the core element of the security analysis of almost all quantum cryptographic protocols. This review mainly introduces development history and latest progress of uncertain relations. After Heisenberg's argument that incompatible measurement results are impossible to predict, many scholars, inspired by this viewpoint, have made further relevant investigations. They combined the quantum correlation between the observable object and its environment, and carried out various generalizations of the uncertainty relation to obtain more general formulas. In addition, it also focuses on the entropy uncertainty relationship and quantum-memory-assisted entropic uncertainty relation, and the dynamic characteristics of uncertainty in some physical systems. Finally, various applications of the entropy uncertainty relationship in the field of quantum information are discussed, from randomnesss to wave-particle duality to quantum key distribution.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
安徽大学物理与光电工程学院，合肥　230601

通信作者: 王栋, dwang@ahu.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 12075001, 61601002, 12004006, 12175001)、安徽省自然科学基金(批准号: 1508085QF139)和中国科学院量子信息重点实验室开放基金(批准号: No. KQI201701)资助的课题

Authors and contacts

1.
School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China

Corresponding author: Wang Dong, dwang@ahu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12075001, 61601002, 12004006, 12175001), the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province, China (Grant No. 1508085QF139), and the Fund from CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information (Grant No. KQI201701)

文章全文 : translate this paragraph

参考文献

[1]	Heisenberg W 1927 Z. Phys. 43 172 Google Scholar
[2]	Kennard E H 1927 Z. Phys. 44 326 Google Scholar
[3]	Robertson H P 1929 Phys. Rev. 34 163 Google Scholar
[4]	Deutsch D 1983 Phys. Rev. Lett. 50 631 Google Scholar
[5]	Everett H 1957 Rev. Mod. Phys. 29 454 Google Scholar
[6]	Hirschman I I 1957 Am. J. Math. 79 152 Google Scholar
[7]	Kraus K 1987 Phys. Rev. D 35 3070 Google Scholar
[8]	Maassen H, Uffink J 1988 Phys. Rev. Lett. 60 1103 Google Scholar
[9]	Berta M, Christandl M, Colbeck R, Renes J M, Renner R 2010 Nat. Phys. 6 659 Google Scholar
[10]	Renes J, Boileau J C 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 020402 Google Scholar
[11]	Schrödinger E 1930 Physikalisch-Mathematische Klasse 14 296
[12]	Maccone L, Pati A K 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 260401 Google Scholar
[13]	Wang K K, Zhan X, Bian Z H, Li J, Zhang Y S, Xue P 2016 Phys. Rev. A 93 052108 Google Scholar
[14]	Xiao L, Wang K, Zhan X, Bian Z, Li J, Zhang Y, Xue P, Pati A K 2017 Opt. Express 25 17904 Google Scholar
[15]	Fan B, Wang K K, Xiao L, Xue P 2018 Phys. Rev. A 98 032118 Google Scholar
[16]	Białynicki-Birula I, Mycielski J 1975 Commun. Math. Phys. 44 129 Google Scholar
[17]	Shannon C 1948 Bell Syst. Tech. J. 27 379 Google Scholar
[18]	Korzekwa K, Lostaglio M, Jennings D, Rudolph T 2014 Phys. Rev. A 89 042122 Google Scholar
[19]	Rényi A 1961 Proceedings of the 4th Berkeley Symposiumon Mathematical Statistics and Probability (Vol. 1) (Berkeley: University of California Press) pp547–561
[20]	Dodonov V V, Dodonov A V 2015 Phys. Scr. 90 074049 Google Scholar
[21]	Rastegin A E 2019 Ann. Phys. 531 1800466 Google Scholar
[22]	Pegg D T 1998 Phys. Rev. A 58 4307 Google Scholar
[23]	Partovi M H 2011 Phys. Rev. A 84 052117 Google Scholar
[24]	Friedland S, Gheorghiu V, Gour G 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 230401 Google Scholar
[25]	Puchała Z, Rudnicki Ł, Życzkowski K 2013 J. Phys. A 46 272002 Google Scholar
[26]	Nielsen M A, Chuang I L (translated by Zheng D Z and Zhao Q C) 2005 Quantum Computation and Quantum Information (Beijing: Tsinghua University Press) pp155–157
[27]	Li C F, Xu J S, Xu X Y, Li K, Guo G C 2011 Nat. Phys. 7 752 Google Scholar
[28]	Prevedel R, Hamel D R, Colbeck R, Fisher K, Resch K J 2011 Nat. Phys. 7 757 Google Scholar
[29]	Xu Z Y, Zhu S Q, Yang W L 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 101 244105 Google Scholar
[30]	Pati A K, Wilde M M, Usha Devi A R, Rajagopal A K, Sudha 2012 Phys. Rev. A 86 042105 Google Scholar
[31]	Ollivier H, Zurek W H 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 017901 Google Scholar
[32]	Hu M L, Fan H 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 014105 Google Scholar
[33]	Bera M N, Prabhu R, Sen (De) A, Sen U 2012 Phys. Rev. A 86 012319 Google Scholar
[34]	Coles P J, Piani M 2014 Phys. Rev. A 89 022112 Google Scholar
[35]	Adabi F, Salimi S, Haseli S 2016 Phys. Rev. A 93 062123 Google Scholar
[36]	Haseli S, Ahmadi F 2019 Eur. Phys. J. D 73 65 Google Scholar
[37]	Xie B F, Ming F, Wang D, Ye L, Chen J L 2021 Phys. Rev. A 104 062204 Google Scholar
[38]	Liu S, Mu L Z, Fan H 2015 Phys. Rev. A 91 042133 Google Scholar
[39]	Zhang J, Zhang Y, Yu C S 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 11701 Google Scholar
[40]	Dolatkhah H, Haseli S, Salimi S, Khorashad A S 2019 Quantum Inf. Process. 18 13 Google Scholar
[41]	Hu M L, Fan H 2013 Phys. Rev. A 87 022314 Google Scholar
[42]	Nielsen M A, Chuang I L 2000 Quantum Computation and Quantum Information (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
[43]	Ming F, Wang D, Fan X G, Shi W N, Ye L, Chen J L 2020 Phys. Rev. A 102 012206 Google Scholar
[44]	Dolatkhah H, Haseli S, Salimi S, Khorashad A S 2020 Phys. Rev. A 102 052227 Google Scholar
[45]	Yao Y B, Wang D, Ming F, Ye L 2020 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 53 035501 Google Scholar
[46]	Wang D, Ming F, Huang A J, Sun W Y, Shi J D, Ye L 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 1066 Google Scholar
[47]	Wang D, Shi W N, Ming F, Hoehn R D, Sun W Y, Ye L, Kais S 2018 Quantum Inf. Process. 17 335 Google Scholar
[48]	Chen M N, Wang D, Ye L 2019 Phys. Lett. A 383 977 Google Scholar
[49]	Karpat G, Piilo J, Maniscalco S 2015 EPL 111 50006 Google Scholar
[50]	Chen P F, Ye L, Wang D 2019 Eur. Phys. J. D 73 108 Google Scholar
[51]	Feng J, Zhang Y Z, Gould M D, Fan H 2015 Phys. Lett. B 743 198 Google Scholar
[52]	Huang J L, Shu F W, Xiao Y L, Yung M H 2018 Eur. Phys. J. C 78 545 Google Scholar
[53]	Zhang Z Y, Liu J M, Hu Z F, Wang Y Z 2018 Ann. Phys. 530 1800208 Google Scholar
[54]	Ming F, Wang D, Ye L 2019 Ann. Phys. 531 1900014 Google Scholar
[55]	Wang D, Shi W N, Hoehn R D, Ming F, Sun W Y, Kais S, Ye L 2018 Ann. Phys. 530 1800080 Google Scholar
[56]	Huang A J, Wang D, Wang J M, Shi J D, Sun W Y, Ye L 2017 Quantum Inf. Process. 16 204 Google Scholar
[57]	Wang D, Ming F, Huang A J, Sun W Y, Ye L 2017 Laser Phys. Lett. 14 095204 Google Scholar
[58]	Ming F, Wang D, Shi W N, Huang A J, Sun W Y, Ye L 2018 Quantum Inf. Process. 17 89 Google Scholar
[59]	Wang D, Huang A J, Ming F, Sun W Y, Lu H P, Liu C C, Ye L 2017 Laser Phys. Lett. 14 065203 Google Scholar
[60]	Zheng X, Zhang G F 2017 Quantum Inf. Process. 16 1 Google Scholar
[61]	Huang Z M 2018 Laser Phys. Lett. 15 025203 Google Scholar
[62]	Ming F, Wang D, Shi W N, Huang A J, Du M M, Sun W Y, Ye L 2018 Quantum Inf. Process. 17 267 Google Scholar
[63]	Yang Y Y, Sun W Y, Shi W N, Ming F, Wang D, Ye L 2019 Front. Phys. 14 31601 Google Scholar
[64]	Zhang Z Y, Wei D X, Liu J M 2018 Laser Phys. Lett. 15 065207 Google Scholar
[65]	Shi W N, Ming F, Wang D, Ye L 2019 Quantum Inf. Process. 18 70 Google Scholar
[66]	Li L J, Ming F, Shi W N, Ye L, Wang D 2021 Physica E 133 114802 Google Scholar
[67]	Ju F H, Zhang Z Y, Liu J M 2020 Commun. Theor. Phys. 72 125102 Google Scholar
[68]	Wang D, Ming F, Huang A J, Sun W Y, Shi J D, Ye L 2017 Laser Phys. Lett. 14 055205 Google Scholar
[69]	Wang D, Ming F, Song X K, Ye L, Chen J L 2020 Eur. Phys. J. C 80 800 Google Scholar
[70]	Li L J, Ming F, Song X K, Ye L, Wang D 2021 Eur. Phys. J. C 81 728 Google Scholar
[71]	Ming F, Wang D, Huang A J, Sun W Y, Ye L 2018 Quantum Inf. Process. 17 9 Google Scholar
[72]	Zhang Y L, Fang M F, Kang G D, Zhou Q P 2018 Quantum Inf. Process. 17 62 Google Scholar
[73]	Chen P F, Sun W Y, Ming F, Huang A J, Wang D, Ye L 2019 Laser Phys. Lett. 15 015206
[74]	Haseil S, Dolatkhah H, Salimi S, Khorashad A S 2019 Laser Phys. Lett. 16 045207 Google Scholar
[75]	Guo Y N, Fang M F, Tian Q L, Li Z D, Zeng K 2018 Laser Phys. Lett. 15 105205 Google Scholar
[76]	Su Q, Al-Amri M, Davidovich L, Suhail Zubairy M 2010 Phys. Rev. A 82 052323 Google Scholar
[77]	Huang A J, Shi J D, Wang D, Ye L 2017 Quantum Inf. Process. 16 46 Google Scholar
[78]	Bender C M, Boettcher S 1988 Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 5243
[79]	Shi W N, Wang D, Sun W Y, Ming F, Huang A J, Ye L 2018 Laser Phys. Lett. 15 075202 Google Scholar
[80]	Yu M, Fang M F 2017 Quantum Inf. Process. 16 213 Google Scholar
[81]	Adabi F, Haseli S, Salimi S 2016 EPL 115 60004 Google Scholar
[82]	Hu M L, Fan H 2012 Phys. Rev. A 86 032338 Google Scholar
[83]	Schrödinger E 1935 Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 31 555 Google Scholar
[84]	Wiseman H M, Jones S J, Doherty A C 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 140402 Google Scholar
[85]	Walborn S P, Salles A, Gomes R M, Toscano F, Souto Ribeiro P H 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 130402 Google Scholar
[86]	Schneeloch J, Broadbent C J, Walborn S P, Cavalcanti E G, Howell J C 2013 Phys. Rev. A 87 062103 Google Scholar
[87]	Zhen Y Z, Zheng Y L, Cao W F, Li L, Chen Z B, Liu N L, Chen K 2016 Phys. Rev. A 93 012108 Google Scholar
[88]	Vadhan S P 2012 Found. Trends Theor. Comput. Sci. 7 1 Google Scholar
[89]	Canetti R 2001 Proc. IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science 2001 Newport Beach, CA, USA, October 8–11, 2001 p136–145
[90]	Unruh D 2010 Proceedings of 29th Annual International Conference on Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques France, May 30–June 03, 2010 pp486–505
[91]	Mclnnes J 1987 Technical Report 194/87, Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto
[92]	Impagliazzo R, Levin L A, Luby M 1989 Proceedings of ACM STOC 1989 Washington, Seattle, USA, May 14–17, 1989 pp12–24
[93]	Impagliazzo R, Zuckerman D 1989 Proceedings of the 30th Annual Symp On Foundations of Computer Science Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA, October 30-November 01, 1989 pp248–253
[94]	Renner R 2005 Ph.D. Dissertation (Zurich: ETH)
[95]	Renner R, König R 2005 Proceedings of the 2nd Theory of Cryptography Conference Cambridge, England, February 10–12, 2005 pp407–425
[96]	Gavinsky D, Kempe J, Kerenidis I, Raz R, de Wolf R 2009 SIAM J. Comput. 38 1695 Google Scholar
[97]	Tomamichel M, Renner R 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 110506 Google Scholar
[98]	Tomamichel M, Schaffner C, Smith A, Renner R 2011 IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 57 5524 Google Scholar
[99]	Vallone G, Marangon D G, Tomasin M, Villoresi P 2014 Phys. Rev. A 90 052327 Google Scholar
[100]	Miller C A, Shi Y 2014 Proceedings of ACM STOC 2014 New York, USA, May 31–June 03 2014 pp417–426
[101]	Wootters W, Zurek W H 1979 Phys. Rev. D 19 473 Google Scholar
[102]	Jaeger G, Shimony A, Vaidman L 1995 Phys. Rev. A 51 54 Google Scholar
[103]	Englert B G 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 2154 Google Scholar
[104]	Englert B G, Bergou J A 2000 Opt. Commun. 179 337 Google Scholar
[105]	Coles P J, Berta M, Tomamichel M, Wehner S 2017 Rev. Mod. Phys. 89 015002 Google Scholar
[106]	Dürr S, Rempe G 2000 Am. J. Phys. 68 1021 Google Scholar
[107]	Busch P, Shilladay C 2006 Phys. Rep. 435 1 Google Scholar
[108]	Coles P J, Kaniewski J, Wehner S 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 5814 Google Scholar
[109]	Bosyk G M, Portesi M, Holik F, Plastino A 2013 Phys. Scr. 87 065002 Google Scholar
[110]	Vaccaro J A 2011 Proc. R. Soc. A 468 1065
[111]	Englert B G, Kaszlikowski D, Kwek L C, Chee W H 2008 Int. J. Quantum Inf. 06 129 Google Scholar
[112]	Bennett C H, Brassard G 1984 Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computers, Systems and Signal Processing 1984 Bangalore, India, December 10–12 1984 pp175–179
[113]	Ekert A K 1991 Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 661 Google Scholar
[114]	Scarani V, Bechmann-Pasquinucci H, Cerf N, Dusek M, Lütkenhaus N, Peev M 2009 Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 1301 Google Scholar
[115]	Wootters W K, Zurek W H 1982 Nature 299 802 Google Scholar
[116]	Mayers D 1996 Collection in Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Springer, New York) p343
[117]	Biham E, Boyer M, Boykin P O, Mor T, Roychowdhury V 2006 J. Cryptol. 19 381 Google Scholar
[118]	Lo H K, Chau H F 1999 Science 283 2050 Google Scholar
[119]	Shor P W, Preskill J 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 441 Google Scholar
[120]	Cerf N J, Bourennane M, Karlsson A, Gisin N 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 127902 Google Scholar
[121]	Grosshans F, Cerf N J 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 047905 Google Scholar
[122]	Koashi M 2006 J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 36 98 Google Scholar
[123]	Dupuis F, Fawzi O, Wehner S 2015 IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 61 1093 Google Scholar
[124]	König R, Wehner S, Wullschleger J 2012 IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 58 1962 Google Scholar
[125]	Gühne O, Tóth G 2009 Phys. Rep. 474 1 Google Scholar
[126]	Horodecki R, Horodecki P, Horodecki M, Horodecki K 2009 Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 865 Google Scholar
[127]	Baumgratz T, Cramer M, Plenio M B 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 140401 Google Scholar
[128]	Coles P J, Yu L, Gheorghiu V, Griffiths R 2011 Phys. Rev. A 83 062338 Google Scholar
[129]	Luo S L 2005 Theor. Math. Phys. 143 681 Google Scholar
[130]	Yang Y Y, Ye L, Wang D 2020 Ann. Phys. 532 2000062 Google Scholar
[131]	Cao Y, Wang D, Fan X G, Ming F, Wang Z Y, Ye L 2021 Commun. Theor. Phys. 73 015101 Google Scholar
[132]	Ming F, Song X K, Ling J J, Ye L, Wang D 2020 Eur. Phys. J. C 80 275 Google Scholar
[133]	Berta M, Wehner S, Wilde M M 2016 New J. Phys. 18 073004 Google Scholar
[134]	IBM 2016 “IBM Quantum Experience.”
[135]	Ma W C, Ma Z H, Wang H Y, Chen Z H, Liu Y, Kong F, Li Z K, Peng X H, Shi M J, Shi F Z, Fei S M, Du J F 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 160405 Google Scholar
[136]	Ringbauer M, Biggerstaff D N, Broome M A, Fedrizzi A, Branciard C, White A G 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 020401 Google Scholar
[137]	Zhou F, Yan L L, Gong S J, Ma Z H, He J Z, Xiong T P, Chen L, Yang W L, Feng M, Vedral V 2016 Sci. Adv. 2 e1600578 Google Scholar
[138]	Romera E, Calixto M 2015 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 27 175003 Google Scholar
[139]	Xiong S J, Sun Z, Liu J M 2020 Laser Phys. Lett. 17 095203 Google Scholar
[140]	Feng J, Zhang Y Z, Gould M D, Fan H 2013 Phys. Lett. B 726 527 Google Scholar
[141]	Jia L, Tian Z, Jing J 2015 Ann. Phys. 353 37 Google Scholar
[142]	Hayden P, Preskill J 2007 J. High Energy Phys. 09 120

施引文献

图 1 每个从粒子源发出的粒子都是用P或Q来测量的, 测量的选择是随机的. 不确定关系指出我们不能预测P和Q的测量结果

Fig. 1. Each particle emitted from the particle source is measured by P or Q, and the choice of measurement is random. The uncertainty relation indicates that we cannot predict the outcomes of both P and Q

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 玩家Alice和Bob的猜测游戏. 首先, Bob准备$ \rho_A $并把A发送给Alice. 然后, Alice以相等的概率进行$ \mathbb{Q} $或$ {\mathbb{R}} $测量, 并将测量选项存储在Θ中. 第三, Alice得出测量结果并将其存储在K, 且向Bob透露测量选择Θ. Bob的任务是猜测K (给定Θ)

Fig. 2. A guessing game between players Alice and Bob. First, Bob prepares $ \rho_A $ and sends A to Alice. Then, Alice performs measurement $ \mathbb{Q} $ or $ {\mathbb{R}} $ with equal probability on A, and stores the measurement options in Θ. Third, Alice stores the measurement result in the K bit and tells Bob about her option Θ. Bob’s task is to guess K (given Θ).

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 量子存储下的不确定游戏. 首先, Bob准备态${\boldsymbol{\rho}} _{AB}$, 然后把子系统A发送给Alice. 第二, Alice对A进行${Q} $和$ {{R}} $ 测量, 然后向Bob告知测量选择Θ. Bob的任务是正确猜测K

Fig. 3. The guessing game with a quantum memory system. First, Bob prepares $ \rho_{AB} $ and sends A to Alice, Then, Alice performs measurement $ {Q} $ or $ {{R}} $ on A, and stores the measurement options in Θ. Third, Alice tells Bob about her option Θ. Bob’s task is to guess K correctly

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 三粒子量子存储器设置图. 首先, 粒子源准备$ {\boldsymbol{\rho}} _{ABC} $, 并将A发送给Alice, B发送给Bob, C给Charlie. 接着, Alice在A上进行X或Z测量, 然后在已经给Bob粒子B的情况下, 询问Bob关于Alice的X测量结果的不确定性, 在已经给Charlie粒子C的情况下询问Charlie有关Alice的Z测量结果的不确定性. 只有他们两个同时猜出结果K这个游戏才能算Bob和Charlie胜利

Fig. 4. The tripartite quantum memory setup. First, the particle source prepares $ {\boldsymbol{\rho }}_{ABC} $, and sends A to Alice, B to Bob, and C to Charlie. Next, Alice performs measurement X or Z on A, and asks Bob about the uncertainty of Alice’s X measurement outcome, ask Charlie about the uncertainty of Alice’s Z measurement outcome. Only both of them guessed that the output is K, the game can be considered a victory for Bob and Charlie.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 这两张图引用自参考文献[44] 中的第三, 四幅图, 图片展示了Ming等的结果(图上的Ref. [45]就是本文参考文献[43])和Dolatkhah等结果的对比, 这里选取的测量是泡利测量:$ X = {\sigma _x}, Z = {\sigma _z} $. 图中蓝线是式(61)左式, 红线对应右式, 重合表明对应的量子态、界与不确定度重合. (a) 广义W态量子存储下的熵不确定度及下界的图像. (b)混合三比特态量子存储下的熵不确定度及下界的图像

Fig. 5. These two pictures are quoted in the third and fourth pictures in the reference [44].The picture shows the comparison of the results of Ming et al. (Ref. [45] on the picture is the reference [43] in this text) and Dolatkhah et al.. The measurement selected here is the Pauli measurement: $ X = {\sigma _x}, Z = {\sigma _z} $. The blue line in the figure is the left side of the formula (61), and the red line corresponds to the right side. Their overlap indicates the corresponding quantum state, and the bounds coincide with the uncertainty. (a) Different lower bounds of the tripartite quantum-memory-assisted entropic uncertainty relation (QMA-EUR) for the generalized W state; (b) Different lower bounds of the tripartite QMA-EUR for symmetric family of mixed three-qubit states

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 这张图引用自参考文献[105]中的第18幅图, 展示的是一个Mach-Zehnder单光子干涉仪. 一个光子撞击分束器, 然后通过$ {{Z}} $的基态$ | 0 \rangle, | 1 \rangle $标记这两个可能的路径, 光子可能与干涉仪内部的某个环境E相互作用. 然后将一个相位ϕ应用于下路径, 再将这两个路径在第二个波束分束器上重新组合. 最后在$ {\rm{D}}_0 $或$ {\rm{D}}_1 $处检测到光子

Fig. 6. This picture is from the 18 th picture in the reference [105]. The picture shows a Mach-Zehnder single photon interferometer. A photon hits the beam splitter, and then we pass the ground state of $ {{Z}} $ ($ | 0 \rangle, | 1 \rangle $) to mark these two possible paths. The photon may be related to an environment in the interferometer $ E $ Interaction. Then apply a phase ϕ to the lower path, and then recombine the two paths on the second beam splitter. Finally, a photon is detected at $ {\rm{D}}_0 $ or $ {\rm{D}}_1 $

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

[1]	Heisenberg W 1927 Z. Phys. 43 172 Google Scholar
[2]	Kennard E H 1927 Z. Phys. 44 326 Google Scholar
[3]	Robertson H P 1929 Phys. Rev. 34 163 Google Scholar
[4]	Deutsch D 1983 Phys. Rev. Lett. 50 631 Google Scholar
[5]	Everett H 1957 Rev. Mod. Phys. 29 454 Google Scholar
[6]	Hirschman I I 1957 Am. J. Math. 79 152 Google Scholar
[7]	Kraus K 1987 Phys. Rev. D 35 3070 Google Scholar
[8]	Maassen H, Uffink J 1988 Phys. Rev. Lett. 60 1103 Google Scholar
[9]	Berta M, Christandl M, Colbeck R, Renes J M, Renner R 2010 Nat. Phys. 6 659 Google Scholar
[10]	Renes J, Boileau J C 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 020402 Google Scholar
[11]	Schrödinger E 1930 Physikalisch-Mathematische Klasse 14 296
[12]	Maccone L, Pati A K 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 260401 Google Scholar
[13]	Wang K K, Zhan X, Bian Z H, Li J, Zhang Y S, Xue P 2016 Phys. Rev. A 93 052108 Google Scholar
[14]	Xiao L, Wang K, Zhan X, Bian Z, Li J, Zhang Y, Xue P, Pati A K 2017 Opt. Express 25 17904 Google Scholar
[15]	Fan B, Wang K K, Xiao L, Xue P 2018 Phys. Rev. A 98 032118 Google Scholar
[16]	Białynicki-Birula I, Mycielski J 1975 Commun. Math. Phys. 44 129 Google Scholar
[17]	Shannon C 1948 Bell Syst. Tech. J. 27 379 Google Scholar
[18]	Korzekwa K, Lostaglio M, Jennings D, Rudolph T 2014 Phys. Rev. A 89 042122 Google Scholar
[19]	Rényi A 1961 Proceedings of the 4th Berkeley Symposiumon Mathematical Statistics and Probability (Vol. 1) (Berkeley: University of California Press) pp547–561
[20]	Dodonov V V, Dodonov A V 2015 Phys. Scr. 90 074049 Google Scholar
[21]	Rastegin A E 2019 Ann. Phys. 531 1800466 Google Scholar
[22]	Pegg D T 1998 Phys. Rev. A 58 4307 Google Scholar
[23]	Partovi M H 2011 Phys. Rev. A 84 052117 Google Scholar
[24]	Friedland S, Gheorghiu V, Gour G 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 230401 Google Scholar
[25]	Puchała Z, Rudnicki Ł, Życzkowski K 2013 J. Phys. A 46 272002 Google Scholar
[26]	Nielsen M A, Chuang I L (translated by Zheng D Z and Zhao Q C) 2005 Quantum Computation and Quantum Information (Beijing: Tsinghua University Press) pp155–157
[27]	Li C F, Xu J S, Xu X Y, Li K, Guo G C 2011 Nat. Phys. 7 752 Google Scholar
[28]	Prevedel R, Hamel D R, Colbeck R, Fisher K, Resch K J 2011 Nat. Phys. 7 757 Google Scholar
[29]	Xu Z Y, Zhu S Q, Yang W L 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 101 244105 Google Scholar
[30]	Pati A K, Wilde M M, Usha Devi A R, Rajagopal A K, Sudha 2012 Phys. Rev. A 86 042105 Google Scholar
[31]	Ollivier H, Zurek W H 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 017901 Google Scholar
[32]	Hu M L, Fan H 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 014105 Google Scholar
[33]	Bera M N, Prabhu R, Sen (De) A, Sen U 2012 Phys. Rev. A 86 012319 Google Scholar
[34]	Coles P J, Piani M 2014 Phys. Rev. A 89 022112 Google Scholar
[35]	Adabi F, Salimi S, Haseli S 2016 Phys. Rev. A 93 062123 Google Scholar
[36]	Haseli S, Ahmadi F 2019 Eur. Phys. J. D 73 65 Google Scholar
[37]	Xie B F, Ming F, Wang D, Ye L, Chen J L 2021 Phys. Rev. A 104 062204 Google Scholar
[38]	Liu S, Mu L Z, Fan H 2015 Phys. Rev. A 91 042133 Google Scholar
[39]	Zhang J, Zhang Y, Yu C S 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 11701 Google Scholar
[40]	Dolatkhah H, Haseli S, Salimi S, Khorashad A S 2019 Quantum Inf. Process. 18 13 Google Scholar
[41]	Hu M L, Fan H 2013 Phys. Rev. A 87 022314 Google Scholar
[42]	Nielsen M A, Chuang I L 2000 Quantum Computation and Quantum Information (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
[43]	Ming F, Wang D, Fan X G, Shi W N, Ye L, Chen J L 2020 Phys. Rev. A 102 012206 Google Scholar
[44]	Dolatkhah H, Haseli S, Salimi S, Khorashad A S 2020 Phys. Rev. A 102 052227 Google Scholar
[45]	Yao Y B, Wang D, Ming F, Ye L 2020 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 53 035501 Google Scholar
[46]	Wang D, Ming F, Huang A J, Sun W Y, Shi J D, Ye L 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 1066 Google Scholar
[47]	Wang D, Shi W N, Ming F, Hoehn R D, Sun W Y, Ye L, Kais S 2018 Quantum Inf. Process. 17 335 Google Scholar
[48]	Chen M N, Wang D, Ye L 2019 Phys. Lett. A 383 977 Google Scholar
[49]	Karpat G, Piilo J, Maniscalco S 2015 EPL 111 50006 Google Scholar
[50]	Chen P F, Ye L, Wang D 2019 Eur. Phys. J. D 73 108 Google Scholar
[51]	Feng J, Zhang Y Z, Gould M D, Fan H 2015 Phys. Lett. B 743 198 Google Scholar
[52]	Huang J L, Shu F W, Xiao Y L, Yung M H 2018 Eur. Phys. J. C 78 545 Google Scholar
[53]	Zhang Z Y, Liu J M, Hu Z F, Wang Y Z 2018 Ann. Phys. 530 1800208 Google Scholar
[54]	Ming F, Wang D, Ye L 2019 Ann. Phys. 531 1900014 Google Scholar
[55]	Wang D, Shi W N, Hoehn R D, Ming F, Sun W Y, Kais S, Ye L 2018 Ann. Phys. 530 1800080 Google Scholar
[56]	Huang A J, Wang D, Wang J M, Shi J D, Sun W Y, Ye L 2017 Quantum Inf. Process. 16 204 Google Scholar
[57]	Wang D, Ming F, Huang A J, Sun W Y, Ye L 2017 Laser Phys. Lett. 14 095204 Google Scholar
[58]	Ming F, Wang D, Shi W N, Huang A J, Sun W Y, Ye L 2018 Quantum Inf. Process. 17 89 Google Scholar
[59]	Wang D, Huang A J, Ming F, Sun W Y, Lu H P, Liu C C, Ye L 2017 Laser Phys. Lett. 14 065203 Google Scholar
[60]	Zheng X, Zhang G F 2017 Quantum Inf. Process. 16 1 Google Scholar
[61]	Huang Z M 2018 Laser Phys. Lett. 15 025203 Google Scholar
[62]	Ming F, Wang D, Shi W N, Huang A J, Du M M, Sun W Y, Ye L 2018 Quantum Inf. Process. 17 267 Google Scholar
[63]	Yang Y Y, Sun W Y, Shi W N, Ming F, Wang D, Ye L 2019 Front. Phys. 14 31601 Google Scholar
[64]	Zhang Z Y, Wei D X, Liu J M 2018 Laser Phys. Lett. 15 065207 Google Scholar
[65]	Shi W N, Ming F, Wang D, Ye L 2019 Quantum Inf. Process. 18 70 Google Scholar
[66]	Li L J, Ming F, Shi W N, Ye L, Wang D 2021 Physica E 133 114802 Google Scholar
[67]	Ju F H, Zhang Z Y, Liu J M 2020 Commun. Theor. Phys. 72 125102 Google Scholar
[68]	Wang D, Ming F, Huang A J, Sun W Y, Shi J D, Ye L 2017 Laser Phys. Lett. 14 055205 Google Scholar
[69]	Wang D, Ming F, Song X K, Ye L, Chen J L 2020 Eur. Phys. J. C 80 800 Google Scholar
[70]	Li L J, Ming F, Song X K, Ye L, Wang D 2021 Eur. Phys. J. C 81 728 Google Scholar
[71]	Ming F, Wang D, Huang A J, Sun W Y, Ye L 2018 Quantum Inf. Process. 17 9 Google Scholar
[72]	Zhang Y L, Fang M F, Kang G D, Zhou Q P 2018 Quantum Inf. Process. 17 62 Google Scholar
[73]	Chen P F, Sun W Y, Ming F, Huang A J, Wang D, Ye L 2019 Laser Phys. Lett. 15 015206
[74]	Haseil S, Dolatkhah H, Salimi S, Khorashad A S 2019 Laser Phys. Lett. 16 045207 Google Scholar
[75]	Guo Y N, Fang M F, Tian Q L, Li Z D, Zeng K 2018 Laser Phys. Lett. 15 105205 Google Scholar
[76]	Su Q, Al-Amri M, Davidovich L, Suhail Zubairy M 2010 Phys. Rev. A 82 052323 Google Scholar
[77]	Huang A J, Shi J D, Wang D, Ye L 2017 Quantum Inf. Process. 16 46 Google Scholar
[78]	Bender C M, Boettcher S 1988 Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 5243
[79]	Shi W N, Wang D, Sun W Y, Ming F, Huang A J, Ye L 2018 Laser Phys. Lett. 15 075202 Google Scholar
[80]	Yu M, Fang M F 2017 Quantum Inf. Process. 16 213 Google Scholar
[81]	Adabi F, Haseli S, Salimi S 2016 EPL 115 60004 Google Scholar
[82]	Hu M L, Fan H 2012 Phys. Rev. A 86 032338 Google Scholar
[83]	Schrödinger E 1935 Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 31 555 Google Scholar
[84]	Wiseman H M, Jones S J, Doherty A C 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 140402 Google Scholar
[85]	Walborn S P, Salles A, Gomes R M, Toscano F, Souto Ribeiro P H 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 130402 Google Scholar
[86]	Schneeloch J, Broadbent C J, Walborn S P, Cavalcanti E G, Howell J C 2013 Phys. Rev. A 87 062103 Google Scholar
[87]	Zhen Y Z, Zheng Y L, Cao W F, Li L, Chen Z B, Liu N L, Chen K 2016 Phys. Rev. A 93 012108 Google Scholar
[88]	Vadhan S P 2012 Found. Trends Theor. Comput. Sci. 7 1 Google Scholar
[89]	Canetti R 2001 Proc. IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science 2001 Newport Beach, CA, USA, October 8–11, 2001 p136–145
[90]	Unruh D 2010 Proceedings of 29th Annual International Conference on Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques France, May 30–June 03, 2010 pp486–505
[91]	Mclnnes J 1987 Technical Report 194/87, Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto
[92]	Impagliazzo R, Levin L A, Luby M 1989 Proceedings of ACM STOC 1989 Washington, Seattle, USA, May 14–17, 1989 pp12–24
[93]	Impagliazzo R, Zuckerman D 1989 Proceedings of the 30th Annual Symp On Foundations of Computer Science Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA, October 30-November 01, 1989 pp248–253
[94]	Renner R 2005 Ph.D. Dissertation (Zurich: ETH)
[95]	Renner R, König R 2005 Proceedings of the 2nd Theory of Cryptography Conference Cambridge, England, February 10–12, 2005 pp407–425
[96]	Gavinsky D, Kempe J, Kerenidis I, Raz R, de Wolf R 2009 SIAM J. Comput. 38 1695 Google Scholar
[97]	Tomamichel M, Renner R 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 110506 Google Scholar
[98]	Tomamichel M, Schaffner C, Smith A, Renner R 2011 IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 57 5524 Google Scholar
[99]	Vallone G, Marangon D G, Tomasin M, Villoresi P 2014 Phys. Rev. A 90 052327 Google Scholar
[100]	Miller C A, Shi Y 2014 Proceedings of ACM STOC 2014 New York, USA, May 31–June 03 2014 pp417–426
[101]	Wootters W, Zurek W H 1979 Phys. Rev. D 19 473 Google Scholar
[102]	Jaeger G, Shimony A, Vaidman L 1995 Phys. Rev. A 51 54 Google Scholar
[103]	Englert B G 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 2154 Google Scholar
[104]	Englert B G, Bergou J A 2000 Opt. Commun. 179 337 Google Scholar
[105]	Coles P J, Berta M, Tomamichel M, Wehner S 2017 Rev. Mod. Phys. 89 015002 Google Scholar
[106]	Dürr S, Rempe G 2000 Am. J. Phys. 68 1021 Google Scholar
[107]	Busch P, Shilladay C 2006 Phys. Rep. 435 1 Google Scholar
[108]	Coles P J, Kaniewski J, Wehner S 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 5814 Google Scholar
[109]	Bosyk G M, Portesi M, Holik F, Plastino A 2013 Phys. Scr. 87 065002 Google Scholar
[110]	Vaccaro J A 2011 Proc. R. Soc. A 468 1065
[111]	Englert B G, Kaszlikowski D, Kwek L C, Chee W H 2008 Int. J. Quantum Inf. 06 129 Google Scholar
[112]	Bennett C H, Brassard G 1984 Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computers, Systems and Signal Processing 1984 Bangalore, India, December 10–12 1984 pp175–179
[113]	Ekert A K 1991 Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 661 Google Scholar
[114]	Scarani V, Bechmann-Pasquinucci H, Cerf N, Dusek M, Lütkenhaus N, Peev M 2009 Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 1301 Google Scholar
[115]	Wootters W K, Zurek W H 1982 Nature 299 802 Google Scholar
[116]	Mayers D 1996 Collection in Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Springer, New York) p343
[117]	Biham E, Boyer M, Boykin P O, Mor T, Roychowdhury V 2006 J. Cryptol. 19 381 Google Scholar
[118]	Lo H K, Chau H F 1999 Science 283 2050 Google Scholar
[119]	Shor P W, Preskill J 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 441 Google Scholar
[120]	Cerf N J, Bourennane M, Karlsson A, Gisin N 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 127902 Google Scholar
[121]	Grosshans F, Cerf N J 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 047905 Google Scholar
[122]	Koashi M 2006 J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 36 98 Google Scholar
[123]	Dupuis F, Fawzi O, Wehner S 2015 IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 61 1093 Google Scholar
[124]	König R, Wehner S, Wullschleger J 2012 IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 58 1962 Google Scholar
[125]	Gühne O, Tóth G 2009 Phys. Rep. 474 1 Google Scholar
[126]	Horodecki R, Horodecki P, Horodecki M, Horodecki K 2009 Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 865 Google Scholar
[127]	Baumgratz T, Cramer M, Plenio M B 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 140401 Google Scholar
[128]	Coles P J, Yu L, Gheorghiu V, Griffiths R 2011 Phys. Rev. A 83 062338 Google Scholar
[129]	Luo S L 2005 Theor. Math. Phys. 143 681 Google Scholar
[130]	Yang Y Y, Ye L, Wang D 2020 Ann. Phys. 532 2000062 Google Scholar
[131]	Cao Y, Wang D, Fan X G, Ming F, Wang Z Y, Ye L 2021 Commun. Theor. Phys. 73 015101 Google Scholar
[132]	Ming F, Song X K, Ling J J, Ye L, Wang D 2020 Eur. Phys. J. C 80 275 Google Scholar
[133]	Berta M, Wehner S, Wilde M M 2016 New J. Phys. 18 073004 Google Scholar
[134]	IBM 2016 “IBM Quantum Experience.”
[135]	Ma W C, Ma Z H, Wang H Y, Chen Z H, Liu Y, Kong F, Li Z K, Peng X H, Shi M J, Shi F Z, Fei S M, Du J F 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 160405 Google Scholar
[136]	Ringbauer M, Biggerstaff D N, Broome M A, Fedrizzi A, Branciard C, White A G 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 020401 Google Scholar
[137]	Zhou F, Yan L L, Gong S J, Ma Z H, He J Z, Xiong T P, Chen L, Yang W L, Feng M, Vedral V 2016 Sci. Adv. 2 e1600578 Google Scholar
[138]	Romera E, Calixto M 2015 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 27 175003 Google Scholar
[139]	Xiong S J, Sun Z, Liu J M 2020 Laser Phys. Lett. 17 095203 Google Scholar
[140]	Feng J, Zhang Y Z, Gould M D, Fan H 2013 Phys. Lett. B 726 527 Google Scholar
[141]	Jia L, Tian Z, Jing J 2015 Ann. Phys. 353 37 Google Scholar
[142]	Hayden P, Preskill J 2007 J. High Energy Phys. 09 120

[1]	梁澎军, 朱天翔, 肖懿鑫, 王奕洋, 韩永建, 周宗权, 李传锋. 浓度依赖的掺铕硅酸钇晶体的光学和自旋非均匀展宽. 物理学报, 2024, 0(0): 0-0. doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20240116
[2]	王云飞, 周颖, 王英, 颜辉, 朱诗亮. 量子存储性能及应用分析. 物理学报, 2023, 72(20): 206701. doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20231203
[3]	周宗权. 量子存储式量子计算机与无噪声光子回波. 物理学报, 2022, 71(7): 070305. doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20212245
[4]	邢雪燕, 李霞霞, 陈宇辉, 张向东. 基于光子晶体微腔的回波光量子存储. 物理学报, 2022, 71(11): 114201. doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20220083
[5]	周湃, 李霞霞, 邢雪燕, 陈宇辉, 张向东. 基于掺铒晶体的光量子存储和调控. 物理学报, 2022, 71(6): 064203. doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20211803
[6]	李宗峰, 刘端程, 周宗权, 李传锋. 基于EuCl₃·6H₂O晶体的光存储. 物理学报, 2021, 70(16): 160302. doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20210648
[7]	张诗豪, 张向东, 李绿周. 基于测量的量子计算研究进展. 物理学报, 2021, 70(21): 210301. doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20210923
[8]	汪野, 张静宁, 金奇奂. 相干时间超过10 min的单离子量子比特. 物理学报, 2019, 68(3): 030306. doi: 10.7498/aps.68.20181729
[9]	史保森, 丁冬生, 张伟, 李恩泽. 基于拉曼协议的量子存储. 物理学报, 2019, 68(3): 034203. doi: 10.7498/aps.68.20182215
[10]	窦建鹏, 李航, 庞晓玲, 张超妮, 杨天怀, 金贤敏. 量子存储研究进展. 物理学报, 2019, 68(3): 030307. doi: 10.7498/aps.68.20190039
[11]	杨天书, 周宗权, 李传锋, 郭光灿. 多模式固态量子存储. 物理学报, 2019, 68(3): 030303. doi: 10.7498/aps.68.20182207
[12]	安子烨, 王旭杰, 苑震生, 包小辉, 潘建伟. 冷原子系综内单集体激发态的相干操纵. 物理学报, 2018, 67(22): 224203. doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20181183
[13]	杨阳, 王安民, 曹连振, 赵加强, 逯怀新. 与XY双自旋链耦合的双量子比特系统的关联性与相干性. 物理学报, 2018, 67(15): 150302. doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20180812
[14]	邓瑞婕, 闫智辉, 贾晓军. 基于电磁诱导透明机制的压缩光场量子存储. 物理学报, 2017, 66(7): 074201. doi: 10.7498/aps.66.074201
[15]	孙颖, 赵尚弘, 东晨. 基于量子存储的长距离测量设备无关量子密钥分配研究. 物理学报, 2015, 64(14): 140304. doi: 10.7498/aps.64.140304
[16]	秦猛, 李延标, 白忠. 非均匀磁场和杂质磁场对自旋1系统量子关联的影响. 物理学报, 2015, 64(3): 030301. doi: 10.7498/aps.64.030301
[17]	谢美秋, 郭斌. 不同磁场环境下Heisenberg XXZ自旋链中的热量子失协. 物理学报, 2013, 62(11): 110303. doi: 10.7498/aps.62.110303
[18]	樊开明, 张国锋. 阻尼Jaynes-Cummings模型中两原子的量子关联动力学. 物理学报, 2013, 62(13): 130301. doi: 10.7498/aps.62.130301
[19]	杨阳, 王安民. 与Ising链耦合的中心双量子比特系统的量子关联. 物理学报, 2013, 62(13): 130305. doi: 10.7498/aps.62.130305
[20]	汪鸿伟. 量子阱中的电子关联. 物理学报, 1997, 46(8): 1618-1624. doi: 10.7498/aps.46.1618

计量

文章访问数: 7031
PDF下载量: 404
被引次数: 0

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

搜索

留言板

熵不确定度关系综述