低维材料极化激元及其耦合特性

马赛群; 邓奥林; 吕博赛; 胡成; 史志文

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20220272

摘要

极化激元—光与物质中的电子、声子、激子或磁振子等发生强耦合而形成的一种新的集体振荡模式, 近年来在纳米光子学领域受到了广泛的关注. 低维材料极化激元拥有的高空间压缩比、低损耗、光电可调控等特点使其在微纳光子学器件中有着极高的潜在应用价值, 比如石墨烯中波长可调的等离极化激元、六方氮化硼中高质量的双曲声子极化激元、三氧化钼中面内各向异性的拓扑声子极化激元、碳纳米管中的一维拉廷格液体等离极化激元等. 这些极化激元相互之间以及极化激元与外场之间还能进一步发生显著的耦合相互作用, 产生各种丰富新奇的物理现象, 极大地拓展了极化激元的应用前景. 本文以几种典型的低维纳米材料中极化激元的耦合特性为例, 从表征纳米极化激元的扫描近场光学显微技术出发, 首先简单介绍几种典型极化激元的基本性质, 然后详细讨论各种极化激元之间以及极化激元与外场的耦合, 最后展望极化激元耦合作用的潜在应用.

关键词:

Abstract

Polaritons, i.e. new collective modes formed by the strong coupling between light and electrons, phonons, excitons, or magnons in matter, have recently received extensive attention. Polaritons in low-dimensional materials exhibit strong spatial confinement, high quality factor, and gate-tunability. Typical examples include gate-tunable graphene surface plasmon polaritons, high-quality hyperbolic phonon polaritons in hexagonal boron nitride, topological phonon polaritons in α-MoO_3, and one-dimensional Luttinger-liquid plasmon polaritons in carbon nanotubes. These unique properties make polaritons an excellent candidate for future nano-photonics devices. Further, these polaritons can significantly interact with each other, resulting in a variety of polariton-polariton coupling phenomena, greatly expanding their applications. In this review paper, we first introduce scanning near-field optical microscopy, i.e. the technique used to probe polaritons in low-dimensional materials, then give a brief introduction to the basic properties of polaritons. Next, we discuss in detail the coupling behavior between various polaritons. Finally, potential applications of polaritons coupling are proposed.

Keywords:

polaritons /
low-dimensional materials /
coupling behavior /
scanning near-field optical spectroscopy

作者及机构信息

上海交通大学物理与天文学院, 人工机构及量子调控教育部重点实验室, 上海　200240

通信作者: 史志文, zwshi@sjtu.edu.cn

基金项目: 松山湖材料实验室开放课题基金(批准号: 2021SLABFK07)和国家自然科学基金(批准号: 12074244)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

Corresponding author: Shi Zhi-Wen, zwshi@sjtu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the Open Research Fund of Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, China (Grant No. 2021SLABFK07) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12074244).

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施引文献

图 1 散射型扫描近场光学显微镜结构及工作原理示意图

Fig. 1. Schematic of scattering type scanning near-field optical microscope.

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图 2 一维碳纳米管中的等离激元　(a) 金属性碳纳米管中的等离激元^[30]; (b) 金属性碳纳米管中的等离激元波长与碳管数量的关系^[30]; (c) 金属性与半导体性碳纳米管中拉廷格液体等离激元随栅压的变化^[33] (出自文献[30, 33], 已获得授权)

Fig. 2. Plasmons in one-dimensional carbon nanotube: (a) Plasmons in metallic carbon nanotube^[30]; (b) quantized Luttinger liquid plasmon in metallic carbon nanotube^[30]; (c) variation of Luttinger liquid plasmons in metallic and semiconducting carbon nanotubes with gate voltage^[33] (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [30, 33]).

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图 3 六方氮化硼中的声子极化激元^[38]　(a), (b) 声子极化激元的近场红外成像; (c) 不同温度下声子极化激元的空间衰减分布(出自文献[38], 已获得授权)

Fig. 3. Phonon polaritons in hexagonal boron nitride^[38]: (a), (b) Nanoscale infrared images of phonon polaritons; (c) line profiles of the temperature-dependent phonon polaritons (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [38]).

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图 4 石墨烯中表面等离激元的耦合　(a) 表面等离激元耦合的示意图及电场分布^[48]; (b) 耦合器件的结构示意图; (c) 等离激元耦合模式的近场成像; (d) 不同区域的等离激元的振动曲线; (e) 等离激元耦合模式的傅里叶变换^[49] (出自文献[48, 49], 已获得授权)

Fig. 4. Surface plasmon coupling in graphene: (a) Schematic of plasmon coupling and the electric field distribution^[48]; (b) device structure of the two graphene layers; (c) near-field infrared imaging of the interlayer-coupled plasmons; (d) plasmon line profiles extracted from different regions; (e) Fourier transform of the coupling modes^[49] (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [48, 49]).

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图 5 碳纳米管与石墨烯等离激元的耦合^[50]　(a) 耦合结构的示意图; (b) 碳纳米管等离激元的波长随石墨烯栅极电压变化的近场图像; (c) 这种不同维度的体系中等离激元耦合模式的理论计算与实验结果的对比(出自文献[50], 已获得授权)

Fig. 5. Plasmon coupling in a mixed-dimensional system between carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene^[50]: (a) Schematic of CNT/hBN/graphene heterostructure; (b) near-field images of the plasmon wavelength in carbon nanotube varying with gate voltage applied to the graphene; (c) comparison between experimentally extracted gate-dependent plasmon wavelengths and theoretical calculation of the hybrid plasmon modes (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [50]).

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图 6 银纳米线/六方氮化硼中的等离激元与声子极化激元的耦合^[59]　(a) 银纳米线和六方氮化硼异质结构形成切伦科夫辐射的近场红外成像(标尺: 2 μm); (b) 辐射角度随激发光波长而变化的理论计算与实验结果的对比; (c) 等离激元的阻力系数以及等离激元与声子极化激元的相对动量失配随激发光波长的变化 (出自文献[59], 已获得授权)

Fig. 6. Coupling between plasmon and phonon polariton in silver nanowire/boron nitride heterostructure^[59]: (a) Infrared nanoimaging of Cherenkov phonon polaritons in a silver nanowire and hexagonal boron nitride heterostructure (scale bar: 2 μm); (b) comparison between theoretical calculation and experimental results of radiation angle varying with excitation wavelength; (c) extracted plasmon damping ratio and the relative momentum mismatch between the plasmon and phonon polariton with the excitation wavelength (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [59]).

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图 7 声子极化激元之间的耦合^[61]　(a) 不同转角时声子极化激元耦合传播的近场成像; (b) 不同转角时的电场分布计算结果; (c) 声子极化激元的色散关系(出自文献[61], 已获得授权)

Fig. 7. Coupling between phonon polaritons^[61]: (a) Near field imaging of the propagation of the coupled phonon polariton at different angles; (b) calculation results of electric field distribution at different angles; (c) phonon polariton dispersion relations (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [61]).

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图 8 六方氮化硼声子极化激元与应力场的耦合^[65]　(a) 近场探测六方氮化硼中局域应力的示意图; (b) 六方氮化硼中局域应力分布的近场成像; (c) 声子极化激元与局域应力场耦合导致应力区域的红外响应随探测频率而改变; (d) 六方氮化硼的声子共振频率随应力场强度的变化; (e) 沿不同方向的应力分布与褶皱半径的关系(出自文献[65], 已获得授权)

Fig. 8. Coupling between phonon polaritons and local strain in hexagonal boron nitride: (a) Schematic of the near-field detection of local strain in boron nitride^[65]; (b) near field imaging of the local strain distribution in boron nitride; (c) different infrared response of the local strain with frequency resulted by the coupling between phonon polaritons and local strain; (d) first-principles calculation results for the TO phonon frequency shift under an isotropic biaxial strain; (e) theoretical results of local strain distribution in radial and tangential directions with the winkle radius (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [65]).

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图 9 双层石墨烯声子极化激元与应力场的耦合^[66]　(a) 通过外加电场激活双层石墨烯的声子红外活性的示意图; (b) 声子极化激元与局域应力场耦合导致应力区域的红外响应随频率而变化; (c) 60 V栅压下具有法诺线形的石墨烯声子响应; (d), (e) 声子与局域应力场耦合导致的声子共振频率的偏移(出自文献[66], 已获得授权)

Fig. 9. Coupling between phonon polaritons and local strain in bilayer graphene^[66]: (a) Schematic of the activation of phonon polariton in bilayer graphene by means of an external electric field; (b) different infrared response of the local strain with frequency resulted by the coupling between phonon polaritons and local strain; (c) graphene phonon response with Fano line shape at 60 V gate voltage; (d), (e) shift of phonon resonance frequency caused by the coupling of phonon polariton and local strain (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [66]).

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