钴氧化物中晶格与自旋的关联耦合效应研究

陈盛如; 林珊; 洪海涛; 崔婷; 金桥; 王灿; 金奎娟; 郭尔佳

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20230206

摘要

强关联电子体系具有多序参量耦合且极易受到外场高效调控的特性. 钴氧化物(LaCoO₃)是一类典型的多铁性(兼具铁弹性和铁磁性)氧化物材料, 受到了研究者们广泛和深入的研究. 过去, 针对钴氧化物的研究都集中于应力作用下的铁弹性相变和结构调控方面. 近年来, 研究人员新奇地发现钴氧化物薄膜在张应力作用下发生顺磁到铁磁相转变, 但其根源一直存在较大争议. 部分实验证据表明应力将会导致钴离子价态降低产生自旋态转变, 而另一些研究者认为应力诱导的纳米畴结构会呈现高自旋态的长程有序排列, 才是钴氧化物薄膜铁磁性的主要原因. 本综述主要介绍近几年来钴氧化物薄膜和异质结中自旋与晶格之间关联耦合效应的系列进展. 在保持钴离子价态不变时, 通过薄膜厚度、晶格失配应力、晶体对称性、表面形貌、界面氧离子配位和氧八面体倾转等结构因素诱导钴氧化物薄膜的自旋态可逆转变, 从而形成高度可调的宏观磁性. 进而, 研究者们利用原子级精度可控的薄膜生长技术构筑了单原胞层钴氧化物超晶格, 通过高效的结构调控, 实现了超薄二维磁性氧化物材料. 这些系列进展不仅澄清了强关联电子体系中晶格与自旋等序参量之间的强耦合关系, 而且为实现氧化物自旋电子器件所需的超薄室温铁磁材料提供了优良的候选者.

关键词:

Abstract

Strongly correlated electronic system contains strong coupling among multi-order parameters and is easy to efficiently tune by external field. Cobaltite (LaCoO₃) is a typical multiferroic (ferroelastic and ferromagnetic) material, which has been extensively investigated over decades. Conventional research on cobaltites has focused on the ferroelastic phase transition and structure modulation under stress. Recently, researchers have discovered that cobaltite thin films undergo a paramagnetic-to-ferromagnetic phase transition under tensile strain, however, its origin has been controversial over decades. Some experimental evidence shows that stress leads the valence state of cobalt ions to decrease, and thus producing spin state transition. Other researchers believe that the stress-induced nano-domain structure will present a long-range ordered arrangement of high spin states, which is the main reason for producing the ferromagnetism of cobalt oxide films. In this paper, we review a series of recent researches of the strong correlation between spin and lattice degrees of freedom in cobalt oxide thin films and heterojunctions. The reversible spin state transition in cobalt oxide film is induced by structural factors such as thin-film thickness, lattice mismatch stress, crystal symmetry, surface morphology, interfacial oxygen ion coordination, and oxygen octahedral tilting while the valence state of cobalt ions is kept unchanged, and thus forming highly adjustable macroscopic magnetism. Furthermore, the atomic-level precision controllable film growth technology is utilized to construct single cell layer cobaltite superlattices, thereby achieving ultra-thin two-dimensional magnetic oxide materials through efficient structure regulation. These advances not only clarified the strong coupling between lattice and spin order parameters in the strongly correlated electronic system, but also provided excellent candidate for the realization of ultra-thin room temperature ferromagnets that are required by oxide spintronic devices.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
中国科学院物理研究所, 北京凝聚态物质科学国家研究中心, 北京　100190

2.
中国科学院大学物理科学学院和材料与光电研究中心, 北京　100049

3.
橡树岭国家实验室, 材料科学与技术分部, 橡树岭　37831

4.
松山湖材料实验室, 东莞　523808

通信作者: 郭尔佳, ejguo@iphy.ac.cn

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划青年项目(批准号: 2020YFA0309100)、国家重点研发计划(批准号: 2019YFA0308500)、国家自然科学基金联合重点项目(批准号: U22A20263)、国家自然科学基金原创探索计划(批准号: 52250308)、国家自然科学基金(批准号: 11974390)、国家自然科学基金创新研究群体项目(批准号: 11721404)、中国科学院依托大科学装置开展建制化科研项目、中国科学院先导B类项目(批准号: XDB33030200)和粤港澳中子散射科学技术联合实验室项目(批准号: HT-CSNS-DG-CD-0080/2021)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

2.
School of Physical Sciences & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

3.
Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA

4.
Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China

Corresponding author: Guo Er-Jia, ejguo@iphy.ac.cn

Funds: Project supported by the Youth Program of National Key Research and Development Plan of China (Grant No. 2020YFA0309100), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2019YFA0308500), the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. U22A20263), the Original Exploration Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52250308), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11974390), the Science Fund for Creative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11721404), the Chinese Academy of Sciences Carries Out Organic Scientific Research Projects Relying on Large Scientific Devices, the “Strategic Priority Research Program B” of the Chinese Academy of Science (Grant No. XDB33030200), and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Neutron Scattering Science and Technology, China (Grant No. HT-CSNS-DG-CD-0080/2021)

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施引文献

图 1 钴氧化物是典型的铁弹和铁磁共存的多铁性材料　(a) LaCoO₃的原子结构示意图; (b) LaCoO₃陶瓷材料中存在不同取向的铁弹畴^[18]; (c) LaCoO₃的块材(空心圆圈)和薄膜(实心圆圈)的磁性随温度变化曲线(1 emu/g = 1 A·m²/kg), 插图为LaCoO₃薄膜在5 K时的铁磁回线^[36]

Fig. 1. Lanthanum cobaltites is a typical multiferroic materials with coexistence of ferromagnetism and ferroelasticity: (a) Schematic of atomic structure of LaCoO₃; (b) crossing (100) and (110) twins present in the same grain in LaCoO₃^[18]; (c) magnetization vs. temperature curves of LaCoO₃ bulk (open circle) and thin films (solid circle), inset shows the magnetic hysteresis loop at 5 K^[36].

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图 2 钴氧化物中铁磁性起源一直争议不断　(a) LaCoO₃薄膜中黑色条纹处的Co离子价态比其他地方的Co离子价态较低^[46,47]; (b)理论模拟和实验测量的氧K和钴L吸收边电子能量损失谱的对比, 证明黑色条纹处存在氧空位; (c)实验观测的LaCoO₃薄膜中的黑色条纹畴; (d) LaCoO₃薄膜的原子结构和Co自旋分布, 显示纳米畴亦可呈现自旋有序排列^[53]

Fig. 2. Origin of ferromagnetism in cobalt oxides has been controversial: (a) The valence states of Co ions at the black stripes in the LaCoO₃ films are lower than those elsewhere^[46,47]; (b) comparison of the theoretically simulated and experimentally measured electron-energy loss spectra at O K- and Co L-edges, demonstrating the existence of oxygen vacancies at the dark stripes; (c) experimentally observed dark stripe domains in LaCoO₃ films; (d) the corresponding atomic structure and spin state distributions of Co ions in (c), showing that nanodomains can also exhibit spin ordering^[53].

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图 3 不同厚度LaCoO₃薄膜的结构和磁性表征　(a)不同厚度LaCoO₃薄膜的X射线衍射结果; (b)不同厚度LaCoO₃薄膜在10 K时的铁磁回线; (c) LaCoO₃薄膜的饱和磁矩(M_sat)随薄膜厚度的变化关系; (d)非线性光学二次谐波信号随薄膜厚度的变化关系^[60]

Fig. 3. Structural and magnetic characterization of LaCoO₃ films with different thicknesses: (a) X-ray diffraction curves of LaCoO₃ films with different thicknesses; (b) magnetic hysteresis loops of LaCoO₃ films with different thicknesses at 10 K; (c) the saturation magnetic moment (M_sat) of the LaCoO₃ film as a function of film thickness; (d) second harmonic generation signal of nonlinear optics as a function of film thickness^[60].

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图 4 不同晶格失配应力下LaCoO₃薄膜的结构和磁性表征　(a) LaCoO₃与不同衬底的晶格常数对比示意图; (b)不同衬底上外延LaCoO₃薄膜的倒异空间矢量图; (c) LaCoO₃薄膜的饱和磁矩随应力的变化关系; (d) LaCoO₃薄膜的轨道极化率随应力的变化关系^[63]

Fig. 4. Structural and magnetic characterization of LaCoO₃ thin films under different misfit strains: (a) Schematic diagram comparing the lattice constants of LaCoO₃ and different substrates; (b) reciprocal space maps of epitaxial LaCoO₃ thin films on different substrates; (c) variation of saturation magnetic moment of LaCoO₃ films with misfit strain; (d) orbital susceptibility of LaCoO₃ film as a function of stress^[63].

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图 5 LaCoO₃薄膜的磁性和结构随厚度的变化关系　(a) LaCoO₃薄膜的界面呈现四方晶体结构; (b) LaCoO₃薄膜的内部呈现单斜晶体结构; (c) SrTiO₃/LaCoO₃双层薄膜的高分辨透射电子显微镜图, 插图显示了薄膜的原子密度和磁矩随厚度的变化关系^[66]

Fig. 5. Magnetic properties and structure of LaCoO₃ films as a function of film thickness: (a) The interface of the LaCoO₃ thin film presents a tetragonal crystal structure; (b) the interior of the LaCoO₃ film presents a monoclinic crystal structure; (c) high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of SrTiO₃/LaCoO₃ bilayer film, the inset shows the atomic density and magnetic moment of the film as a function of thickness^[66].

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图 6 LaCoO₃薄膜的表面形貌调控一维结构畴和磁各向异性　(a)一维铁弹畴的示意图; (b)具有一维结构畴的LaCoO₃薄膜(002)衍射峰的Phi扫描图; 晶相对具有一维铁弹畴LaCoO₃薄膜的(c)磁矩-磁场变化关系和(d)磁矩-温度变化关系的影响^[67]

Fig. 6. Surface topography of LaCoO₃ thin films regulates one-dimensional (1D) structural domains and magnetic anisotropy: (a) Schematic illustration of a 1D ferroelastic domain; (b) Phi scan of the (002) diffraction peaks of the LaCoO₃ thin film with one-dimensional structural domains; (c) magnetic hysteresis loops and (d) magnetization as a function of temperature of LaCoO₃ films with one-dimensional ferroelastic domains^[67].

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图 7 界面氧构型对LaCoO₃薄膜结构和磁性的影响　(a)不同周期和层厚的[(LaCoO₃)_m/(SrCuO₂)_n](L_mS_n)超晶格的高分辨透射电子显微镜图; (b)和(c)在L₃S₃和L₃S₈超晶格中LaCoO₃和SrCuO₂薄膜的晶格常数随厚度的变化关系; (d)和(e)在L₃S₃和L₃S₈超晶格中Cu L吸收边的X射线线性吸收谱; L_mS_n超晶格中(f)平均晶格常数、(g)饱和磁矩和(h)矫顽场随SrCuO₂薄膜厚度的变化关系^[72]

Fig. 7. Effect of interfacial oxygen configuration on the structure and magnetic properties of LaCoO₃ thin films: (a) High-resolution TEM images of [(LaCoO₃)_m/(SrCuO₂)_n](L_mS_n) superlattices with different repetitions and layer thicknesses; (b) and (c) lattice constants of LaCoO₃ and SrCuO₂ films as a function of thickness in L₃S₃ and L₃S₈ superlattices; (d) and (e) X-ray linear dichroism of the Cu L-edge in L₃S₃ and L₃S₈ superlattices; (f) average lattice constant, (g) saturation magnetic moment and (h) coercive field as a function of SrCuO₂ film thickness in L_mS_n superlattice^[72].

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图 8 氧八面体倾转对单原胞层钴氧化物的结构和自旋态影响　(a) LaCoO₃/DyScO₃超晶格的高分辨透射电子显微镜的暗场像以及氧八面体倾角随薄膜厚度的变化关系; (b) SrTiO₃衬底和(c) LaCoO₃/DyScO₃超晶格的明场像, 图中插图显示了八面体倾转的结构示意图; (d)利用第一性原理计算钴自旋态转变能级差与八面体转变之间的关系; (e) LaCoO₃薄膜的饱和磁矩与晶格拉伸的关系^[78]

Fig. 8. Effect of oxygen octahedral tilting on the structure and spin state of single unit cell cobaltites: (a) High-resolution TEM dark-field image of LaCoO₃/DyScO₃ superlattice and the oxygen octahedral tilt angle as a function of film thickness; bright-field images of (b) SrTiO₃ substrate and (c) LaCoO₃/DyScO₃ superlattice, the inset shows a schematic diagram of the octahedral tilted structure; (d) first-principles calculation of cobalt spin-state transition energy level difference as a function of the octahedral tilt angle; (e) the saturation moment of LaCoO₃ films as a function of lattice stretching^[78].

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图 9 DyScO₃/LaCoO₃(D₁L₁), LaFeO₃/LaCoO₃(F₁L₁)和SrTiO₃/LaCoO₃(S₁L₁)超晶格的磁性随磁场的变化关系, 插图显示了F₁L₁ 和S₁L₁超晶格中氧八面体倾转的示意图^[78]

Fig. 9. Magnetic field dependent magnetization of DyScO₃/LaCoO₃ (D₁L₁), LaFeO₃/LaCoO₃ (F₁L₁) and SrTiO₃/LaCoO₃ (S₁L₁) superlattices. The inset shows schematic diagrams of the oxygen octahedral tilt in the F₁L₁ and S₁L₁ superlattices^[78]

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图 10 钴离子自旋态与晶格参数的构效关系　(a)—(c)钴离子的(a)低自旋态、(b)中自旋态和(c)高自旋态的电子轨道占据示意图; (d)不同晶格畸变方式诱导钴离子不同自旋态之间的转化过程

Fig. 10. Relationship between cobalt ion spin states and lattice parameters: Schematic illustration of the electron orbital occupancy of (a) low-spin state, (b) intermedium-spin state, and (c) high-spin state of cobalt ions; (d) the conversion process between different spin states of cobalt ions induced by different lattice distortions.

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