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随着X射线光源品质的提升，X射线波段的量子调控成为了新兴的前沿领域，基于薄膜平面腔的X射线腔量子光学是其中一个重要分支。X射线腔量子光学研究始于原子核跃迁体系，近期兴起了调控原子内壳层跃迁的研究工作。原子内壳层跃迁存在丰富的候选体系和退激通道，极大地拓宽了X射线腔量子光学的研究范围。此外，内壳层激发及其退激通道对应着多种X射线谱学表征技术，促进X射线腔量子光学和谱学技术的融合，有望促成X射线谱学新技术的出现。本文概述了基于原子内壳层跃迁的X射线腔量子光学，介绍了基本的实验体系和实验方法、经典和量子理论模型与以及已经实现的一些量子光学现象。最后，本文将简介内壳层X射线腔量子光学仍需要解决的一些问题，同时展望未来的发展方向。In the last decade, X-ray quantum optics has emerged as a new research field, driven by significant advancements in X-ray sources such as new generation synchrotron radiations and X-ray free electron lasers, as well as improvements in X-ray methodologies and sample fabrication. A very successful physical platform is the X-ray planar thin-film cavity, also known as the X-ray cavity QED setup, which represents a significant branch of X-ray quantum optics. So far, most X-ray cavity quantum optical studies are based on the Mössbauer nuclear resonances. However, the scope of the applications is limited by the few available nuclear isotope candidates and the lack of general applicability. Recently, X-ray cavity quantum control in atomic inner-shell transitions has been realized in experiments where the cavity effects simultaneously modify the transition energy and the core-hole lifetime. These pioneer works suggest that the X-ray cavity quantum optics with inner-shell transitions will become a new promising platform. Actually, the core-hole state is the fundamental concept in a variety of modern X-ray spectroscopic techniques. Therefore, integrating X-ray quantum optics with X-ray spectroscopies could lead to potential applications in core-level spectroscopies communities.
In this review, we introduce the experimental systems for the X-ray cavity quantum optics with inner-shell transitions, including the cavity structure, sample fabrications, and experimental methods. We explain that X-ray thin-film cavity samples require high flux, high energy resolution, small beam divergence, and precise angular control, necessitating synchrotron radiations. The grazing reflectivity and fluorescence measurements are shown in Fig.1, along with a brief introduction to resonant inelastic X-ray scattering. We also describe the theoretical simulation tools, including the classical Parratt's algorithm, semi-classical matrix formalism, quantum optical theory based on the Jaynes-Cummings model, and the quantum Green's function method. We discuss the similarities and characteristics of the electronic inner-shell transition compared to the nuclear resonance. Based on the observables, such as reflectivity and fluorescence spectra, we introduce several recent works, including cavity-induced energy shift, Fano interference, and core-hole lifetime control. In conclusion, we summarize the review and discuss several future directions. In particular, designing new cavity structures is essential to addressing current debates on the cavity effects with inner-shell transitions and discovering new quantum optical phenomena. Integrating modern X-ray spectroscopies with X-ray cavity quantum optics is a promising research area that could lead to valuable applications. Furthermore, X-ray free-electron lasers, which offer much higher pulse intensity and much shorter pulse duration, will advance X-ray cavity quantum optics studies from linear to multiphoton and nonlinear regimes.-
Keywords:
- X-ray quantum optics /
- X-ray planar thin-film cavity /
- synchrotron radiation /
- inner-shell transition
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